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中考英语语法知识讲解
一、状语从句TheAdverbialClause在复合句中,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫状语从句状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类.时间状语从句弓I导连词有whenwhiletillnot…untilsinceafterbeforeassoonasThebuswontstartuntileverybodygetson.公共汽车直到每人都上车为止,才开动WhenheknockedatthedoorIwascooking.当他敲门时,我正在煮饭Lastnightbeforehecamebackhomehiswifehadalreadycookeddinnerandwaitedfor2hours.昨天晚上在他回到家之前,他的妻子已经做好晚饭足足等了他两小时之久AfterIwenttochurchIwentshopping..地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由wherewherever引导Wherethereisawillthereisaway.哪里有志向,哪里就有出路有志者事竟成Wherethereisalifethereisahope.哪里有生命,哪里就有希望留得青山在,不怕没柴烧WhereveryougowhateveryoudoIwillberightherewaitingforyou.不管你去哪里,不管你做什么,我都会在此守侯你.原因状语从句引导连词有becauseassinceHedidntseethefilmbecausehehadseenit.他没有看那部电影,因为他已经看过了Theycouldntgetonthetrainforitwastoocrowded.他们无法上火车,因为火车太挤了比较becausesinceas和forbecause语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题当原因是显而易见的或己为人们所知,就用as或sinceoIdidn,tgobecauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobadwehavetodelayourjourney.2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用forHeisabsenttodaybecause/forheisill.Hemustbeillforheisabsenttoday.注意because不能和so连用.目的状语从句引导连词有thatsothat***inorderthatHemustgetupearlysothathecancatchthefirstbus.他必须早起,以便能赶上第一辆公共汽车Herepaintedthehousesothathecouldwelcometheguests.MillionsoftreesareplantedinNorthChinasothatthesandcanbestoppedfrommovingsouth.Themotherleftworkearlierinorderthatshecouldbeathomewhenthechildrenarrived.Sothat以便/以致例如1Theystudiedhardsothattheycouldpasstheexam.2Theystartedearlysothattheycaughttheearlybus.注意点在而脸⑴中,是引导目的状语;在例句⑵中,是引导结果状语一般来讲,从句中含有情态动词的,为目的状语无情态动词的,为结果状语.结果状语从句引导连词有thatso・・・that…,such….thatTheboxissoheavythatIcantliftit.这个盒子如此沉,以致我无法抬起来such+名词性词组+that…So+形容词/副词+that如此以致例如lSheissuchagoodteacherthatweallloveher.2Itwassuchahotdaythattheydidntgooutforawalkasusual.注意点.such+a+形容词+名词+that…,可以改写成so+形容词+a+名词+that…,例句1可以改写成Sheissogoodateacherthatweallloveher..在such+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词+that…结构中,形容词如果是many/few或much/little时,用so不用such即so+many/few+可数名词复数+that…,so+much/little+不可数名词+thaS・1TherearesomanypeopleintheroomthatIcantgetin.2Themanhassomuchmoneythathecanbuyacar..让步状语从句弓【导连词有thoughalthough;eventhough/if;whatever;howeverAlthoughheisyoungheknowsalotofthings.虽然他年龄小,但却认识许多事物Eventhoughyoudontlikehimyoustillhavetobepolite.WhateveryousayIwillnotchangemymind.注意althoughthough不能和but连用.比较状语从句常见连词as・・as..•••than-**;the--*the---JimisolderthanLucyis.吉姆比路希年长Skiingismoreexcitingthanrunning.Themoreyoupracticethemoreknowledgeyouwillget.注意than引导的比较状语从句中的谓语常省略.条件状语从句以ifunless为引导连词Ifyoueatbadfoodyoumaybeill.如果你吃到坏了的食物,就会生病Ifitdoesntraintomorrowwewillhaveasportsmeet.
二、宾语从句.语序宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序wh-等特殊疑问词作主语的从句本身就是陈述句语序但注意Themanaskedwhatthematterwas.那个人问这是什么东西.Thedoctoraskedwhatwasthematter/wrongwithher.医生问她生了什么病.初高中阶段以第二种情况为考查重点.连接词引导宾语从句的关联词有四类1从属连词that.如一般情况下可以省略Hetoldusthathefeltill.Iknowhehasreturned.注that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略在以下情况下,that不能省略EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened.and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略ThatheeversaidsuchathingIsimplydontbelievethat从句位于句首时that不可省略我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话2从属连词if/whether.如Idoubtwhetherhewillsucceed.Idontknowifyoucanhelpme.⑶连接代词whowhomwhosewhatwhichwhoeverwhomeverwhateverwhicheverWhoorwhathewasMartinneverlearned.马丁不知道他是谁,是什么样的人Iwonderwhatheswritingtomeabout.我想知道他给我写了什么4连接副词wherewhenwhyhow等Heneverknowswherethemachinewentwrong.他不知道机器哪里坏了小贴士1Whether/If连词whether•••ornot或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但从句中出现ornot或做介词宾语时只能用whethero如Iwonderwhetheritistrueornot.我不知它是真是假.小贴士2否定前移在主语为第一人称,thinkbelievesupposeexpect等动词后接宾语从句,若从句为否定句,将否定提到主句如Idontthinkyouareright.Idontbelievetheyhavefinishedtheirworkyet.Idontsupposehecaresdoeshe我想他不在意,是吗?
3.时态变化宾语从句的时态变化规律主句为现在时,从句时态不发生变化;为过去式,从句为过去的时态若从句为自然现象和普遍真理时,用一般现在时Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.Iknowheliveshere.我知道他住在这儿Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.
三、倒装句.全部倒装全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时常见的结构有_heretherenowthenthus等副词置于句首,主语为名词时Theregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.Hereisyourletter.2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,主语为名词时Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.
2.部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词dodoes或did并将其置于主语之前.否定词、半否定词起首的倒装句句首为否定或半否定的词语,如nonotneverseldomlittlehardlyatnotimeinnowaynotuntil***等NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.当Notuntil引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装never/hardly.・・without等双重否定句型,在英语写作中可用于强化语气Neverdoesadaygobywithoutmemissingyou!我没有一天不想你!Hardlycanthisproblembesolvedwithoutyourpayingattentiontoyourvocabulary.你不关注词汇量就不可能解决这个问题!.so/neither起首的倒装句以so/neither起首的倒装句,结构为so/neither+谓语(助动词/be动词/情态动词)+主语,用于说明上文所描述的情况也同样适用于下文的人或物该结构中谓语动词的选择在形式上要和上文的谓语保持一致,数要由下文的主语来决定注意,在“S0+谓语+主语”的结构中,主语是另外的人或物,而在“S0+主语+谓语”的结构中,主语仍是上文的人或物,表示对上文所讲事实的肯定或强调,如,Shecanplaythepianososhecan.(她会弹钢琴,她的确会)(l)HecansingalotofEnglishsongssocanshe.他会唱很多英语歌曲,她也是
(2)ShespeaksEnglishverywellsodoI.她英语说得好,我也是
(3)LiLeihasntreadthisbookneitherhasLinFeng.李蕾没看过这本书,林风也没看过Shewenttoschooljustnow.SodidI.她刚才去学校了,我也是Shehasfinishedthework.SohaveI.她已经完成了工作,我也完成了Shewillgotoschool.Sowillhe.她将去学校,他也是.only+状语位于句首倒装OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.小贴土Only后一般不加非谓语动词构成倒装asthough引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)注意1)句首名词不能带任何冠词2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前Tryhardashewillheneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.注意让步状语从句中,有thoughalthough时,后面的主句不能有but但是though和yet可连用5其他部分倒装so…that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中Mayyouallbehappy.3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有werehadshould等词,可将if省略,把werehadshould移到主语之前,采取部分倒装WereIyouIwouldtryitagain.表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句感叹句分为两种,一种以what引导,一种以how引导句尾用感叹号用降调Whatacleverboyheis!多么聪明的小男孩啊!Howclevertheboyis!这小男孩多聪明啊!l.What引导的感叹句Whatabeautifulcityitis!(这是个)多么美丽的城市啊!l.what+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Whatabeautifulcityitis!Whataninterestingstoryshetold!what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Whatexpensivewatchestheyare!Whatterribleweatheritis!注意#What引导的感叹句中若没有形容词,要根据语境理解翻译!!Whataboy!多好/坏/聪明/愚笨/可爱/调皮的男孩!!#受形容词修饰不加不定冠词的名词为考试的重点和难点Whatgreatnews!Whatwonderfulweather!how引导的感叹句Howhotitistoday!今天天气多么热啊!How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Howcolditis!Howhardheworks!How+陈述句(主语+谓语)Howheloveshisson!HowIwanttobeateacher!How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)Howtallatreeitis!注意事项How单独引导感叹句在英语中也很常见!Howtimeflies!时光飞逝HowIwishyoudidntknowthis!我多希望你不知道此事!Howheworks!他真努力啊!上述两种感叹句可以互相转换例如Whatacleverboyheis—Howclevertheboyis!Whatacolddayitis-Howcolditis!Caution!!!#what和how引导的两种感叹句,在口语中常用简略式,即省略后一部分(陈述句部分)如:Howcold!多冷啊!Whatheavytraffic!交通多挤啊!。