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考研外语考前冲刺试卷1
一、UseofEnglish
1、In1971ateamofexpertspreparedareportentitledTheLimitsofGrowth/zbased1acomputeranalysisoffutureeconomictrends.2presentedinmoderatelanguagetheconclusionsreached.3thisinquiryareshocking..4thatworldproductiongrowthisverygreatandpersistsuncheckedtheexpertsdemonstratethatonlyoneoutcomeispossible一arathersuddenuncontrollabledeclineinpopulationandindustrialcapacity5beforetheyear
2100.@Forthisdisastertwomainfactorswillberesponsible:firsttheacuteshortageoffarminglandwhichwilllead6massstarvationand7theabsoluteincreaseinindustrialproduction8willcancelanyattemptto9pollutionandwill10exhaustnaturalresources.Theseconsequenceswillfollow11technologytemporarilysucceeds12multiplyingavailableresources;thesoonertheyareexploited13theywillbeusedup.NuclearEnergyandPublicSafetyUraniumOreandItsCharacteristicsC.ScientificApproachtoDisposalofNuclearWastesD.NuclearProcessandItsWastes
6、Theuseofheatpumpshasbeenheldbacklargelybyskepticismaboutadvertisersclaimsthatheatpumpscanprovideasmanyasunitsofthermalenergyforeachunitofelectricalenergyusedthusapparentlycontradictingtheprincipleofenergyconservation.Heatpumpscirculateafluidrefrigerantthatcyclesalternativelyfromitsliquidphasetoitsvaporphaseinaclosedloop.Therefrigerantstartingasalow-temperaturelow-pressurevaporenterscompressordrivenbyanelectricmotor.Therefrigerantleavesthecompressorasahotdensevaporandflowsthroughaheatexchangercalledthecondenserwhichtransfersheatfromtherefrigeranttoabodyorair.Nowtherefrigerantasahigh-pressurecooledliquidconfrontsaflowrestrictionwhichcausesthepressuretodrop.Asthepressurefallstherefrigerantexpandsandpartiallyvaporizesbecomingchilled.Itthenpassesthroughasecondheatexchangertheevaporatorwhichtransfersheatfromtheairtotherefrigerantreducingthetemperatureofthissecondbodyofair.Ofthetwoheatexchangersoneislocatedinsideandtheotheroneoutsidethehousesoeachisincontactwithadifferentbodyofair:roomairandoutsideairrespectively.Theflowdirectionofrefrigerantthroughaheatpumpiscontrolledbyvalves.Whentherefrigerantflowisreversedtheheatexchangersswitchfunction.Thisflow-reversalcapabilityallowsheatpumps一eithertoheatorcoolroomair.NowifundercertainconditionsaheatpumpputsoutmorethermalenergythanitconsumesinelectricalenergyhasthelawofenergyconservationbeenchallengedNonotevenremotely:theadditionalinputofthermalenergyintothecirculatingrefrigerantviatheevaporatoraccountsforthedifferenceintheenergyequation.Unfortunatelythereisonerealproblem.Theheatingcapacityofaheatpumpdecreasesastheoutdoortemperaturefalls.Thedropincapacityiscausedbythelesseningamountofrefrigerantmassmovedthroughthecompressoratonetime.Theheatingcapacityisproportionaltothismassflowrate:thelessthemassofrefrigerantbeingcompressedthelessthethermalloaditcantransferthroughtheheat-pumpcycle.Thevolumeflowrateofrefrigerantvaporthroughthesingle-speedrotarycompressorusedinheatpumpsisapproximatelyconstant.Butcoldrefrigerantvaporenteringacompressorisatlowerpressurethanwarmervapor.Thereforethemassofcoldrefrigerant一andthusthethermalenergyitcarries一islessthaniftherefrigerantvaporwerewarmerbeforecompression.Herethenliesagenuinedrawbackofheatpumps:inextremelycoldclimates一wherethemostheatisneeded一heatpumpsareleastabletosupplyenoughheat.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistoexplainthedifferencesintheworkingofaheatpumpwhentheoutdoortemperaturechangescontrasttheheatingandthecoolingmodesofheatpumpsdescribeheatpumpstheiruseandfactorsaffectingtheiruseadvocatethemorewidespreaduseofheatpumps、ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthecourseofaheatingseasontheheatingcapacityofhheatpumpisgreatestwhenA.heatingisleastessential.electricityratesarelowestC.itscompressorrunsthefastestD.outdoortemperaturesholdsteady
8、IftheauthorsassessmentoftheuseofheatpumpsiscorrectwhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthelessonthatadvertisersshouldlearnfromthiscaseDonotmakeexaggeratedclaimsabouttheproductsyouaretryingtopromote.Focusyouradvertisingcampaignonvagueanalogiesandveiledimplicationsinsteadofonfacts.Donotusefactsinyouradvertisingthatwillstraintheprospectiveclientsabilitytobelieve.Donotassumeinyouradvertisingthattheprospectiveclientsknoweventhemostelementaryscientificprinciples.Accordingtothepassagetheroleoftheflowrestrictioninaheatpumpistomeasureaccuratelytheflowrateoftherefrigerant-massatthatpointcompressandheattherefrigerantvaporbringabouttheevaporationandcoolingofrefrigerantexchangeheatbetweentherefrigerantandtheairatthatpointTheauthorregardsthenotionthatheatpumpshaveagenuinedrawbackasaA.causeforregretB.signofprematuredefeatismwelcomechallengefocusforaneducationalcampaign
11、Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsandhuman-relations^experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwhole-heartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue—andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyareagainandagaintestedbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsociabilitycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanonesfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortothenineteenthcenturytreeenterprisecapitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities——thoseofloveandofreason——aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingwan.By〃awell-oiledcoginthemachinery〃theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanisanecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividualsfunctionisnegligibleworkingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesocietyC.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesocietythoughfunctioningsmoothlyD.ahumb1ecomponentofthesocietyespeciallywhenworkingsmoothlyWhatistherealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesA.TheyarelikelytolosetheirjobsB.TheyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlifeTheyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceTheyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependenceFromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothoseA.whoareatthebottomofthesocietyB.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatusC.whoprovebetterthantheirfellowcompetitorsD.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworldTosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshouldA.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestorsofferhigherwagestotheworkersandemployeesenablemantofullydevelophispotentialitiestakethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted.WhatisoneoftheauthorsattitudetowardsindustrialismA.ApprovalB.DissatisfactionC.SuspicionD.Tolerance16Americaisthelandoftheautomobile.Thiscountryhasonly6percentoftheworldspopulationbut46percentoftheworldscars.Rightnowthereare97millionprivatelyownedcarsconsuming75billiongallonsofgasolineandtravelinganestimated1000billionmilesayear.Thefiguresalsoaffirmsomethingweknoweverytimewerefillourgasolinetank.Theautomobileisaverythirstypieceoftechnology.OfthetotalpetroleumsupplyintheUnitedStates30percentgoestoquenchthatthirst.Everyyearforeachpassengercarabout800gallonsofgasolineareconsumed.Otheraspectsofourcommitmenttotheautomobilealsobearmentioninghereittakesagreatdealofenergytomanufactureoneautomobile一about150millionBTUsofenergy.Thisisequivalentto1200gallonsofgasolineenoughtorunacarforabout16000miles.Weexpendenergyintheprocessofshippingcarsfromfactoriestoshowroomsdisplayingthemforsalehandmakingreplacementpartsforrepairs.Oneoutofsixjobsinthenationisassociatedwiththeautomobilebusiness.Abouttwogallonsofgasolineareconsumedintheprocessofmakingeverytengallonsthatarepumpedintoanautomobilesgastank.Buildinghighwaysandparkinglotshasusedupmuchofourland.Ithasbeenestimatedthatwehavepavedover21000squaremilesofthiscountryssurfacemostofittoaccommodatetheautomobile.Theautomobileisalsothelargestcontributortoournationsairpollutionproblemandaveryseriousonebecausemostofitspollutantsareemittedinourlargemetropolitanareas.Asidefromthegreatimpactthatwouldoccurifeveryoneseriouslypractisedconservationoneshouldstopandthinkabouthisowncasualuseoftheautomobile.Therearenumeroussituationswherebetterplanningandawarenesscouldreallymakeadifferenceinenergysavingsanddollars.BecausetheautomobileusesthelargestpercentageofenergyinanaverageAmericanfamilysenergybudgetandalmosthalfofthedollarstheimpetusforsavingsistremendous.AccordingtotheauthorwhatdomostpeoplerealizeA.AlternatesourcesofenergymustbefoundB.CarpoolshelptosolvesomeoftheenergyproblemC.TheautomobileuseslargeamountsofgasolineD.Greateffortshavebeenmadetosolvetheenergyproblem
17、MostpeopledonotrealizethatthemanufactureoftheautomobilerequiresmuchenergygasolineismoreexpensivethanhomeheatingoilautomobilespeedlowersenergyefficiencyD.oilresourcescouldsomedayrunoutThereappearstobenoalternativetothesolutionadvocatedbytheauthorsofthereport14theimmediateadoption15measurestorestrictglobalinvestmentinnewplantsandmachinerytotherate16whichphysicalcapitalnowwearsout.Unfortunately17mostpartyleadersareeitherblindtotheurgencyoftheseissues18arecompelledtoignorethem19theselfishinterestsofcitizensonwhosevotestheydepend20politicalsupport.atbyonin
2、2SoThereforeHoweverThough
3、3byatto
18、Theauthorsimplicationisthatsmallcarsuseenergyefficientlyanti-pollutiondevicesonautomobilesarenoteffectiveAmericanshavetoimportagreatquantityofgaseachyearAmericanswasteenergyTheauthorsuggeststhatenergysavingscouldberealizedwithmoreeffectivetransportationofconsumergoodswithbettereducationalprogramsandplanningtechniqueswithanefficientsystemofinner-citytransportationwithforcefullimitationoftheuseoftheautomobile
20、ThebesttitleforthepassagemightbeAmericansAnnualConsumptionofGasImportanceofEnergyConservationC.EnergyProblemsD.Automobile—AmericasThirstyMachine21PartB10pointsInthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA、BC、D、E、F、Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.10pointsWillAmericascitieseveragainbeplacesmostpeoplewanttoliveinItseemsunlikely.Hereasin1970Americassuburbscontained25%morefamiliesthanitscitiestodaytheycontain75%more.Middle-classfamilies一〃thebedrockofastablecommunity”inthewordsoftheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment一associatecitieswithpovertyandthereforecrime.
41.NowondersomanyfamiliesequatetheAmericandreamwithahomeinthesuburbs.Buttheresultingurbansprawlcarriesacost.AreportthisweekfromtheSierraClubwhichhasbeenpreachingecologicalsensitivityformorethanacenturyunderlineswhatitcalls“thedarksideoftheAmericandream〃trafficcongestion;commutingjourneysthatstealtimefromfamilyandwork”;airandwaterpollution;lostfarmlandandrecreationalspace;increasedflooding;andmoretaxestopayforasuburbaninfrastructurethatrangesfrompolicingtosewagesystems.
42.PuttingnumberstoitsargumenttheSierraClubreckonsairpollutioncostsUSagriculturemorethan$
2.5billioneveryyear〃anditarguesthatthepavingoverofnaturalwetlandshelpsproducethefloodsthatcostAmericaanaverageof$
4.3billionayear.Intheperiodfrom1970to1990urbansprawlledthetwincitiesofMinneapolis一StPaulinMinnesotatoclose162schoolsinandaroundthecitycenterswhilebuilding78newonesintheoutersuburbs.Betweenl970and1995Mainespent6ver$338millionbuildingnewschoolsevenasthenumberofstudentsinitspublicschoolsfellby
27000.
43.44・AmongthecountryslargestcitiesthemostthreatenedapparentlyarethecitizensofAtlanta;amongmedium-sizedcitiesitisthepeopleofOrlandoFloridawhohavemosttofear;andamongsmallcitiestheinhabitantsofMcAllenTexas.AsforLosAnglesthe〃grand-daddyofsprawl”thecitydeservesa^dishonorablemention”alongwithSanDiegoandPhoenix.45・OneideabeingtriedinpartsofMichiganandMarylandisforcommunitiestobuyfarmlandorenvironmentallysensitivelandtopreventitsdevelopment;anotherideapracticedinOregonandWashingtonstateistosetan〃urbangrowthboundary〃toencloseanurbanareawithinaninviolategreenbelt;athirdistooffertaxinducementstocommunitiesthatforgodevelopmentrights.ButinthelandofthecarperhapsthemostunlikelyideaisthatAmericanswillfollowtheexampleofNewJerseywhichrecentlyvotedforhigherpetroltaxestopreserveamillionacresofundevelopedlandoverthenexttenyears.Moreoverasthesuburbexpandstheinnercitystaxbaseshrinkssettingoffaviciouscycleofhighertaxeslowercorporateprofitshigherjoblessnessandlowerpropertyvalues.Itwasobviousthatafter1970peoplepreferredtoliveinthesuburbwhileworkinthecity.CanurbansprawlberepulsedTheyhaveapoint:thepovertyrateinAmericasurbanareasrosefrom
14.2%in1970to
21.5%in1993withmostoftheincreaseintheinner-cityareasfromwhichthemiddleclasshasfled.Meanwhiletheexhaustionofcommutersishardlylessenedbynewandbetterroadssinceeach1%increaseinnewlane-milesgenerateswithinfiveyearsa
0.9%increaseintraffic.Thehouseinthesuburbmaynotbefullofconveniencesofeverysortsocarsaretheonlymeansforshoppingandtransportation.AllthistheSierraClubmaintainsillustratesthethreatthaturbansprawlrepresentstothequalityoflife.42434445PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsTheprocessofenteringtheconfinesofpoliticalandeconomicpowercanbepicturedasasysteminwhichpersonsarechosenfromapoliticalelitepool.46Inthisreservoirofpossibleleadersaretheindividualswiththeskillseducationandotherqualificationsneededtofillelitepositions.Itisherethatcompetitiondoesexistthatthehighestachieversdodisplaytheirabilitiesandthatthebestqualifieddogenerallysucceed.Herewhatismoreimportantisenteringthisreservoirofqualifiedpeople.47Manyinthemassesmayhaveleadershipabilitiesbutunlesstheycangainentranceintotheelitepooltheirabilitieswillgounnoticed.Thoseofthehigherclassandstatusrankentermoreeasilyintothiscompetitionsincetheyhavebeenaffordedgreateropportunitiestoacquiretheneededqualifications.48Inadditiontoformalqualificationstherearelessobvioussocial-psychologicalfactorswhichtendtonarrowthepotentialelitepoolfurther.49“Self-assertion〃and“self-elimination〃areprocessesbywhichthoseofhighersocialstatusassertthemselvesandthoseoflowersocialstatuseliminatethemselvesfromcompetitionforelitepositions.AyoungmanwhosefamilyhasbeenactiveinpoliticswhohasattendedHarvardandwhohasestablishedanetworkofconnectionstothehighpositioninthebusinessorpoliticalworldwillhaveapromisingfuture.50Ontheotherhandayoungmanwithlessprestigious有声望的familybackgroundnoconnectionsandonlyahighschooleducationorevenacollegedegreefromastateuniversitywouldnotlikelyexpectafurtherplaceforhimselfatthetop.AsPrewittandStoneexplainsuchanindividualhasfewmodelstofollownocontactstoputhimintotherightchannelsandlittlereasontothinkofhimselfaspotentiallywealthyorpowerful.〃Thusself-selectionaidsinfilteringoutthoseoflowerincomeandstatusgroupsfromthepoolofpotentialelites.Mosteliminatethemselvesfromthecompetitionearlyinthegame.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]广5CDAAC6〜10BBBAB11〜20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]1〜5DCBDA6〜10CACCA1「30点击下载查看答案D.on
4、⑷AssumingIncaseApartfromInaddition
5、5A.sometimeB.sometimesC.sometimeD.sometimes
6、6intobyway
7、7onsecondlastlyinaddition
8、8A.thatwhichoneD.experts
9、⑼reduceincreasecomparematch
10、10necessarilyeventuallytimelydoubtfullyii、nhoweverfurthermoreevenifbecause12byinonat13A.thelessB.theslowerC.thesoonerD.thefewer14namelyconsequentlymoreoverasaresult15toofbywith16attobyin17howeverthoughprovidingevenif18andorneitherbut19becauseofapartfrominadditiontoinspiteof20onbyinfor
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsOneofthemajorproblemsofnuclearenergyistheinabilityofscientiststodiscoverasafewaytodisposeoftheradioactivewasteswhichoccurthroughoutthenuclearprocess.Manyofthesewastesremaindangerouslyactivefortensofthousandsofyearswhileothershavealifespanclosertoaquarterofamillionyears.Variousmethodshavebeenusedtodatebutallhaverevealedweaknessesforcingscientiststocontinuetheirsearch.Thenuclearprocessinvolvesseveralstageswiththedangerofradioactivityconstantlypresent.Fuelfornuclearreactorscomesfromuraniumorewhichwhenminedspontaneouslyproducesradioactivesubstancesasbyproducts.Thischaracteristicofuraniumorewentundetectedforalongtimeresultinginthedeathduetocancerofhundredsofuraniumminers.TheUnitedStatesattemptedtoburymuchofitsradioactivewastematerialincontainersmadeofsteelcoveredinconcreteandcapableofholdingamilliongallons.Foralongtimeitwasbelievedthatthenuclearwasteproblemhadbeensolveduntilsomeofthesetanksleakedallowingtheradioactivewastestoseepintotheenvironment.Canadapresentlystoresitsnuclearwasteinunderwatertankswiththelong-termeffectslargelyunknown.Howeverplansareunderconsiderationforabove-groundstorageofspentfuelfromreactors.Theseplansincludethebuildingofthreevastconcretecontainerswhichwouldbetwostorieshighandapproximatelythelengthandwidthoftwofootballfields.OthersuggestionsincludeenclosingthewasteinglassblocksandstoringtheminundergroundcavernsorplacinghotcontainersintheAntarcticregionwheretheywouldmelttheicetherebysinkingdownadverseeffectontheicesheets.Itisimpliedinthepassagethattheprimarydifficultyinseekingasafewaytodisposeofnuclearwastesiscausedbythenuclearprocessinvolvingthedangerofradioactivityatitseverystagefuelfornuclearreactorsproducingdangerouswastestheweaknessscientistshavefoundineverypreviousmethodsthenatureofnuclearwastestogetherwiththeirlengthylifespan
2、Accordingtothepassageuraniumoreisverydangerousbecauseitproducesradioactivesubstancesafteritisdugoutithascauseddeathsofmanyminerstheminingofitproducesdangerousby-productsD.thereisaprobleminminingtechniquesAccordingtothepassagescientistsfailedtodiscoverthecharacteristicofnuclearprocessB.discoverthenatureofuraniumoresavethelifeofuraniumminersstorenuclearwastesinunderwatertanksHotcontainersofnuclearwastestobeputinAntarcticregionwouldA.remainaboveicesheetsB.besafetoenvironmentC.behighlyprobableD.remainunderseaThebesttitleforthepassagemightbe。