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考研外语冲刺试卷14
一、UseofEnglish1Ithasbeennecessarytoreferrepeatedlytotheeffectsofthetwoworldwarsinpromotingallkindofinnovation.Itshouldbe1alsothattechnologicalinnovationshave2thecharacterofwaritselfbythe3ofnewmechanicalandchemicaldevice.OneweapondevelopedduringWorldWarII4aspecialmention.The5ofrocketpropulsionswaswel1knownearlieranditspossibilitiesasa6ofachievingspeedssufficienttoescapefromtheEarthsgravitationalpullhadbeen7bytheRussianandtheAmericanscientists.Thelatterbuiltexperimentalliquid-fuelledrocketsin
1926.8agroupofGermanandRomanianpioneerswasworking9thesamelinesandinthe1930sitwasthisteamthatdevelopedarocket10ofdeliveringawarheadhundredsofmilesaway.Reachingaheightofover100milestheV-2rocket11thebeginningoftheSpaceAgeandmembersofitsdesignteamwere12inboththeSovietandUnitedStatesspaceprogramsafterthewar.WecangettheinformationfromthearticlethattippingisverypopularinEuropeancountriesinAsiancountriestippingneverexistedtippingismorepopularinAmericathaninEuropeD.tippingispopularinAmericabecausetheAmericansaremuchricherPeoplewhodineinaNewYorkrestaurant.arenotexpectedtogiveanytiptothewaiterorwaitresshadbettertipmorethan15%soasnottobeshamedC.maybelookeddownuponwhenofferingaconsiderabletipD.arethoughtofasgenerousiftheytip15%Theauthorthinksthatgreatlyacountryseconomicgrowththequalityofserviceacustomerreceivescanimproveacountry,sculturalenvironmenttippingisnotconductivetertiaryindustry
6、Likestreetcomerprophetsproclaimingthattheendisnearscientistswhostudytheearthsatmospherehavebeenissuingpredictionsofimpendingdoomforthepastfewyearswithoutofferinganyconcreteproof.Sofareventheexpertshavehadtoadmitthatnosolidevidencehasemergedthatthisisanythingbutanaturalphenomenon.Andtheuncertaintyhasgivenskeptics-especiallyGingrichianpoliticians-plentyofammunitiontoargueagainsttakingthedifficultexpensivestepsrequiredtostaveoffalargelyhypotheticalcalcimity.UntilnowadraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternetassertsthattheglobaltemperaturerisecannowbeblamedatleastinpartonhumanactivity.Statementslikethishavebeenmadebeforebyindividualresearchers-whohavebeencriticizedforgoingtoofarbeyondthescientificconsensus.ButthisreportcomesfromtheInternationalPanelonClimateChange1PCCarespectedUNsponsoredbodymadeupofmorethan1300leadingclimateexpertsfrom40nations.Thisshiftinscientificconsensusisbasednotsomuchonnewdataasonimprovementsinthecomplexcomputermodelsthatclimatologistsusetotesttheirtheories.Unlikechemistsormolecularbiologistsclimateexpertshavenowaytodolabexperimentsontheirspecialty.Sotheysimulatethemonsupercomputersandlookatwhathappenswhenhumangeneratedgases-carbondioxidefromindustryandautoexhaustmethanefromagriculturechlorofluorocarbonsfromleakyrefrigeratorsandspraycans-arepumpedintothemodelsvirtualatmospheres.Untilrecentlythecomputermodelsweren,tworkingverywell.Whenthescientiststriedtosimulatewhattheybelievehasbeenhappeningoverthepastcenturyorsotheresultsdidn,tmeshwithreality;themodelssaidtheworldshouldnowhewarmerthanitactuallyis.Thereasonisthatthecomputermodelshadbeenoverlookinganimportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatures:sulfurdioxidesthatareproducedalongwithC02whenfossilfuelsareburnedincarsandpowerplants.Aerosolsactuallycooltheplanetbyblockingsunlightandmasktheeffectsofglobalwarming.Oncethescientistsfactoredinaerosolstheirmodelsbeganlookingmoreliketherealworld.Theimprovedperformanceofthesimulationswasdemonstratedin1991whentheysuccessfullypredictedtemperaturechangesintheaftermathofthemassiveMountPinatuboeruptioninthePhilippines.Anumberofstudiessincehaveaddedtothescientistsconfidencethattheyfinallyknowwhattheyaretalkingabout-andcanpredictwhatmayhappenifgreenhousegasescontinuetobepumpedintotheatmosphereunchecked.GingrichianpoliticiansreluctanttoaddresstheproblembecausetheythinkitisanythingbutanaturalphenomenontheeffortsmayturntobetoodifficultandexpensivetheythinkthepredicteddisasterisonlyhypotheticalsomescientistshavegonetoofarbeyondthescientificconsensusAdraftreportcurrentlycirculatingontheInternet.confirmshumansarepartlyresponsibleforglobaltemperaturerisecriticizessomeindividualresearchersforgoingtoofarfromscientifictruthC.reportsarespectedUNsponsoredbodyD.arousestheinterestofmorethan1500leadingclimateexpertsThenewfindingsaboutglobalclimatechangearebasedon.A.newdataB.thevirtualmodelsC.labexperimentsD.scientistsobservationThecomputermodelsfailedtopicturerealitybecauseA.theyonlysimulatewhathashappenedoverthepastcenturyB.theyarewronglyprogrammedC.scientistsdidn,ttakeaerosolsintoconsiderationD.toomanychemicalsareproducedalongwithC02Thesimulatedcomputermodelsareprovedreliablewhen.animportantfactoraffectingglobaltemperatureisincludedinthesimulationsanincreasingnumberofscientistsshowconfidenceinthecomputermodelsC.theysuccessfullypredictedtemperaturechangesafteravolcanoeruptionD.anumberofstudiesproducemorepositiveresults
11、Apatentisanexclusiverightgiventoaninventorforhisorherinvention.Inotherwordsapatentisamonopolyrightgiventotheinventorfortheinvention.ApatentconfersontheinventortherighttopriceandtoselltheinventioninanywayheorshedesiresintheUnitedStatespatentsaregrantedbythePatentOfficefor17years.Althougheconomistsgenerallycondemnmonopolyasaformofmarketorganizationsincemonopolyimposescostsontheeconomypatentspresentamoresubtlecaseformonopolytheory.SpecificallycanpatentmonopoliesbejustifiedTngeneraleconomistscomplainaboutthecostsofmonopolybecausetheybelievethatthesameindustrycouldbeorganizedcompetitively.Apatentmonopolygrantfor17yearspresentsadifferentproblem.Thatisthepurposeofthepatentsystemistoencourageinvention.Theissueisnotmonopolyversuscompetitionbutmorefundamentallyinventionversusnoinvention.Istheworldbetteroffwiththeinventioneventhoughitismonopolizedfor17yearsInotherwordswhatarethecostsandbenefitsofapatentConsiderthesimplecaseofanewconsumerproductwithapositivedemandsuchasacamerautilizinganewexposureprocess.Thecostsofthepatentmonopolyaresimplythedeadweightcostsofmonopolymeasuredbythelostconsumerssurplusfromthe17-yearpatentmonopoly.Thiscostmustbeassessedcarefullyinthecontextofaninventionhowever.WhatarethebenefitsofthepatentsystemFirstthereistheincreaseinconsumerwell-beingbroughtaboutimmediatelybyadesirableinvention.In17yearsthepatentmonopolyendsandasecondsourceofbenefitsarises:Thepriceofcameraswillfalltoacompetitivelevelandconsumerswillreapthebenefitsofthecameraatalowerprice.Insumtheoryofmonopolyhelpsustoassessthecostsandbenefitsofthepatent.Onecanquibbleaboutpatentmonopoliesarguingforexamplethattheyaregrantedfortoolongatime.Intheendthepatentsystemcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotpreviouslyexist.InthisrespectitisavaluableSystemfortheeconomy.Thepatentsystemalsounderscorestheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasasasourceofeconomicgrowthandprogress.Thefirstparagraphmainly.A.focusesonbusinessmonopolyB.tellsusaboutthepatentsysteminAmericaC.discussesaspecialformofmarketorganizationD.defineswhatapatentisanditsfunctionThesecondparagraphsuggestsstrongly.A.thecontradictorynatureofthepatentsystemB.theimportanceofthepatentsystemC.thebenefitsofthepatentsystemD.themonopolyofthepatentsystemThecostsofthepatentmonopoly.aremeasuredbyhowmuchtheconsumershavelostin17yearsaremeasuredbywhattheconsumershavelostin17yearscanbedeterminedbythelostconsumerssurplusfromthe17yearpatentmonopolyshouldbedeterminedinthecontextofaninventionWhatbenefitcanthepatentsystemofferwhenthepatentexpiresA.Anincreaseinconsumerwell-being.B.Areducedpriceforconsumers.C.Higherproductivity.D.Thepromotionofadesirableinvention.Thepatentsystemisvaluablefortheeconomyinthat.itcreatesgoodsandservicesandtechnologiesthatdidnotexistpreviouslyitgivesanincentivetotheinventortopublicizehisresearchfindingsithighlightstheimportanceofpropertyrightstoideasitisasourceofeconomicgrowthandprogress16Mostofushaveseenadogstaringatsometimessnarlingatandapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals0上17seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.ButdoesthedogrecognizeitselfordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreatThisquestionisinterestingforanumberofmasons.Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimalsunderstandingresearchonserfrecognitioninanimalshasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofserf-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalsoindicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentofself-recognition.Inadditionworkwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforusewithpreverbalchildren.Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.InaseriesofcleverexperimentshoweverGalluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethiscapacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmal1cagetoafull-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofserf-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsofthebodywhilewatchingtheresultsguidingfingersinthemirrorandpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.DescribingonechimpGallupsaid“Margeusedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolookedatherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril.Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofserf-recognition.Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehindtheirearsareasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthecageandbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptsintouchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdorecognizethemselvesorareself-awarefortheirattemptstotouchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.CitingfurtherevidenceforthisargumentGallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirectbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;thatistheotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeanddohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.Themainideathispassagediscussesis・Technologyhadatremendoussocial13intheperiod
19001945.Theautomobileandelectricpower14radicallychangedboththescaleandthequalityof20th-centurylife15aprocessofrapidurbanizationandavirtualrevolution16livingthroughmassproductionofhouseholdgoodsand17Therapiddevelopmentoftheairplanethecinemaandradiomadetheworldseemsuddenlysmallerandmore
18.Thedevelopmentofmanyproductsofthechemicalindustryfurthertransformedthelifeofmostpeople.Intheyears191945theconstructiveandcreativeopportunitiesofmoderntechnologycouldbe20althoughtheprocesshasnotbeenwithoutitsproblems.A.notifiedB.observedC.commentedD.detected
2、⑵transformedimitatedinnovatedD.simulatedwhetherdogsrecognizethemselvesinmirrorswhetherthegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealteredwhethernonhumanshaveaserf-conceptwhatherchimpschangetheirbehaviorwhenamirrorispresentTheevidenceindicates...Line1Para.2maybeinterpretedtomeanthat.A.nearlyallanimalshavesomeself-conceptnearlyallanimalshavenoserf-conceptnearlyallanimalshaveanawarenessoftheusesofmirrorsnearlyallanimalshaveafearofmirrorsTheauthorofthepassageprobably_.A.prefersdogstochimpsB.hasdonemoreresearchwithchimpsthandogsC.enjoyedtheexperienceinvolvedinworkingwithanimalsD.wantstoseemoreresearchonnon-humanawarenessTheauthorspurposeinthepassageis.A.tocomparedogsbehaviortochimpsbehaviorB.todefendauideaC.toexplorerecentresearchonnonhumanserf-awarenessD.toevaluateahypothesisThepurposeoftheexperimentintroducedinthelastparagraphis.toprovethatthechimpsarenotself-recognitivetoprovethatthechimpshavetheabilitytoremembertheirownappearancetoprovethatthechimpshaverealizedthatthefigurestheyseeinthemirrorarethemselvesD.toprovethatthechimpsarenon-human21PartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition41-
45.Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.10pointsA.HumanbehaviorCultureattributesPhysiologyofHomosapiensClassificationofHomosapiensHumansocietyStructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoanyindividualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies.ThetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionaryforerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofasinglespecies..Homosapiensisidentifiedforpurposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinalcordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta;thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepairofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontoftheheadstereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.ThespeciesbelongstothefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussedbelow..ThedetailsofskeletalstructuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-thegorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationtoacompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shapedspinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyovertheareaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceintheuptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthehandtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationandgrasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementistheelongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletotheotherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarilyestablishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolledbreathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursinassociationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisaprerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue.
43.ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximatelydoublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichistheprolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageofbrainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiodoftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unliketheearlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodemhumanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturityaproportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-roundeddomestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthecharacteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensionsrequiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythehumanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisbornprematurely.44Thephysiologicaladaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthedevelopmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityinbehavior.Thebrain,sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneuralconnectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthatlearnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.Newenvironmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslowgeneticselection;thus
25、4526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsTechnologyistheapplicationofscientificmethodandknowledgetoindustrytosatisfyourmaterialneedsandwants.Thisresultsinnewprocessesandinnewproductssuchaswashingmachinerecordplayersmotorearselectroniccomputersnuclearweaponsandspacerockets.Atechnologisthasthescientificknow-howortechniqueformakinganddoingthings.Theknow-howmaybeoriginalasitisdevisedforaspecificpurposeoritmaybeinheritedastheaccumulatedskillandknowledgeofgenerationsofspecialists.Weliveinatechnologicalsociety.Almosteveryaspectoflifeinthemodemworldisinfluencedforbetterorworsebyyourtechnologicalsurroundings.46Communicationstransportationmanufacturingminingandexplorationtheserviceindustriesmedicineagriculture-allaredominatedbimethodsandapparatuswhicharetheresultsoftechnologicaladvances.Thebasisoftechnologyisscience.47Withoutthefundamentaldiscoveriesandunderstandingprovidedbysciencetechnologywouldbeahit-or-missaffairlackingdirectionandmakinglittleprogress.Onecanarguethatoursocietyisbeginningtosufferfromtoomuchtechnologybutwewi11neverreturntotheprimitivelifeofourforefather-technologyiswithusanditwillremainwithus.Justasitisimportanttostudyhistorysothatwecanappreciatehowtheworldcametoitspresentstateitisimportanttolearnsomeofthebasicconceptsofsciencesothatwecanappreciatetherolethattechnologyplaysinmodemsociety.48Forwithoutsomeknowledgeofthescientificprinciplesbywhichtechnologyoperatesonecanneitherhandlewithtechnologynorassistindirectingitintotheproperchannels.Inrecenttimeswehavehadthegeneralattitudethatwhateveristechnologicallypossibleshouldbedone.49Itisnowbecomingincreasinglyapparentthatourscientificandtechnologicalprogresshasoutstrippedourcapacitytoperformorabsorbeverythingthatispossible.Moreandmorewewillhavedecisionstomake;inwhatdirectionsshouldthethrustofournewdiscoveriesbemadeThesituationrequiresthatwemakeintelligentdecisions-decisionsbasedonaknowledgeandanunderstandingofwhatcanbedonewhatwillbethebenefitsandwillbetheconsequences.Scientistsdonotmakethesedecisions;peoplemakethem.50Itisthereforeincumbentoneveryindividualtoacquirethebasicknowledgethatwillpermithimtoparticipateintelligentlyindirectingthecourseofourtechnologicaladvancement.47484950参考答案[
一、UseofEnglish]l~5BAADA6~10BDACA1广20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]l~5CACBD610CABCC11〜30点击下载查看答案
3、3introductioninnovationC.eliminationD.alteration
4、⑷A.requiresB.entitlesC.furnishesD.deserves
5、⑸principledisciplinestrategydoctrine
6、6A.methodsmeansequipmentmedium
7、⑺takenoverhandedovercardedoutD.pointedout
8、8SimultaneouslyAdvantageouslyC.SpontaneouslyD.Instantaneously
9、9acrossatalongwith10capableablepossibleD.suitable11A.spoiledinformedC.labeledD.marked12A.instrumentalB.mechanicalC.structuralD.integral13influenceconnectionimpactD.conflict14ontheotherhandasaresultC.onthecontraryD.forinstance15A.encouragingB.urgingC.promotingD.assisting16A.byinC.throughD.on17appliancesutilitiesinstrumentsequipment18perceptiveaccessiblecomplexcontroversial19A.precedingB.previousC.subsequentD.following20exploitedappliedC.adoptedD.processed
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsEverybodyloathesitbuteverybodydoesitArecentpollshowedthat20%ofAmericanshatethepractice.Itseemssoarbitraryafterall.WhydoesabarmangetatipbutnotadoctorwhosaveslivesInAmericaalonetippingisnowa$16billion-a-yearindustry.Consumersactingrationallyoughtnottopaymorethantheyhavetoforagivenservice.Tipsshouldnotexist.SowhydotheyTheconventionalwisdomisthattipsbothrewardtheeffortsofgoodserviceandreduceuncomfortablefeelingsofinequality.Thebettertheservicethebiggerthetip.Suchexplanationsnodoubtexplainthepurportedoriginoftipping一inthe16thcenturyboxesinEnglishtavernscarriedthephrase〃ToInsurePromptitude^laterjust〃TIP〃.ButaccordingtonewresearchfromCornellUniversitytippingnolongerservesanyusefulfunction.Thepaperanalysesdatafrom2327groupsdiningat20differentrestaurants.Thecorrelationbetweenlargertipsandbetterservicewasveryweak:onlyatinypartofthevariabilityinthesizeofthetiphadanythingtodowiththequalityofservice.Customerswhoratedamealasexcellentstilltippedanywherebetween8%and17%ofthemealprice.Tippingisbetterexplainedbyculturethanbyeconomics.InAmericathecustomhasbecomeinstitutionalized:itisregardedaspartoftheacceptedcostofaservice.InaNewYorkrestaurantfailingtotipatleast15%couldwellmeanabusefromthewaiter.Hairdresserscanexpecttoget15-20%themanwhodeliversyourgroceries$
2.InEuropetippingislesscommon;inmanyrestaurantsdiscretionarytippingisbeingreplacedbyastandardservicecharge.InmanyAsiancountriestippinghasneverreallycaughtonatall.HowtoaccountforthesenationaldifferencesLooknofurtherthanpsychology.AccordingtoMichaelLynntheCornellpapersco-authorcountriesinwhichpeoplearemoreextrovertsociableorneurotictendtotipmore.Tippingrelievesanxietyaboutbeingservedbystrangers.AndsaysMr.Lynn〃InAmericawherepeopleareoutgoingandexpressivetippingisaboutsocialapprovalffyoutipbadlypeoplethinklessofyou.Tippingwellisachancetoshowoff.〃Icelandersbycontrastdonotusuallytip一ameasureoftheirintroversionnodoubt.Whilesuchexplanationsmaybecrudethehardtruthseemstobethattippingdoesnotwork.Itdoesnotbenefitthecustomer.Norinthecaseofrestaurantsdoesitactuallystimulatethewaiterorhelptherestaurantmanagertomonitorandassesshisstaff.Servicepeopleshouldjustbepaidadecentwage”whichmayactuallymakeeconomicsense.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.A.itisauniversalregularforthecustomerstopayatipforgoodserviceB.thereexiststhetippingcustomineachcountryinsomecountriestippinghasbecomeanindustrymoreandmorepeopleareinfavoroftippingWhatcanweknowabouttheoriginof〃tip〃?ItoriginatedfromtheEnglishinnservice.Theoriginalpurposeoftipwastoensurethatwaitercouldgetmoremoney.Thewaiterthreatenedthecustomerswithbadserviceifnotipsweregiven.D.ItoriginatedinasmallEnglishvillage.。