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考研外语提分试卷4
一、UseofEnglish
1、BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin
1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody
7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofmanswhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary
1986.Manyofthebodys13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearthsmagnetic
14.Ifthisdeath.Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.Adoctorsmedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.AccordingtotheNASsreportoneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis.prolongedmedicalproceduresinadequatetreatmentofpainsystematicdrugabuseinsufficienthospitalcareWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword/zaggressivez/Paragraph6Bold.Harmful.Careless.Desperate.Q目10GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey.managetheirpatientsincompetentlygivepatientsmoremedicinethanneededreducedrugdosagesfortheirpatientsprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients
6、Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagementthemoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheyeintheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryonesexperienceintheorganization.ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBMhalfofthemworkinginmanagementdepartmentandnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofATTCocaColaPrudentialandMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathesseenatbigcompaniesheweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlongtermcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image30%;andexposureafull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreasesitwontsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourworkandhowhighuptheyare.RidiculousbeliefsNottoomanypeopleespeciallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswholikeColemanfeelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes.“Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefsz/saysKaleelJamisonaNewYorkbasedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.Theythinkthatifyouworkhardyou11getaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion./zSheadded“Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinktheyvegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility.Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemaleshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.Accordingtothepassage“thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid/zPara.1probablyrefersto〃〃.A.theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefsB.criticismsthatshapeeveryonesexperiencethetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheyetheideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementintheorganizationToachievesuccessinyourcareerthemostimportantfactoraccordingtothepassageisto.A.workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiorsB.projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyouC.letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouareD.performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiorsThereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey.A.knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotionB.dontwantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolorC.dontwanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefsD.believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolorThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.TheImportanceofBeingVisibleRoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementC.JobPerformanceandAdvancementD.SexandCareerSuccessInthelastparagraph“playdowntheirvisibilityreferstoA.showoffB.beverymodestC.notshowthemselvesD.todebasethemselves
11、Undercertaincircumstancesthehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-normalatmosphericpressure.Forexamplegaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper.Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawatersothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebodyotherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogenwhichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreatheusuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheresnitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxicationknownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogencauseunderthesepressurizedheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect.Asascubadiverdescendsthepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstothebloodandfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapidnitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepainsparticularlyaroundthejoints.Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10metersthevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthiseventadivermustascendslowlyneveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubblesandmustexhaleduringascent.WhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscussA.Theequipmentdiversuse.B.Theeffectsofpressureongasesinthehumanbody.Howtoprepareforadeepdive.Thesymptomsofnitrogenbubblesinthebloodstream.Theworddiffuses〃inPara.3isclosestinmeaningto.A.yieldsB.startsC.surfacesD.travelsWhathappenstonitrogeninbodytissuesifadiverascendstooquicklyA.Itformsbubbles.B.Itgoesdirectlytothebrain.C.Itisreabsorbedbythelungs.D.Ithasanarcoticeffect.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingpresentsthegreatestdangertodiverA.Pressurizedhelium.Nitrogendiffusion.Nitrogenbubbles.Anairembolism.WhatshouldadriverdowhenascendingA.Riseslowly.B.Breathefaster.C.Relaxcompletely.D.Breathehelium.16AsthetwentiethcenturybegantheimportanceofformaleducationintheUnitedStatesincreased.Thefrontierhadmostlydisappearedandby1910mostAmericanslivedintownsandcities.Industrializationandthebureaucratizationofeconomiclifecombinedwithanewemphasisuponcredentialsandexpertisetomakeschoolingincreasinglyimportantforeconomicandsocialmobility.IncreasinglytooschoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety.ThearrivalofagreatwaveofsouthernandeasternEuropeanimmigrantsattheturnofthecenturycoincidedwithandcontributedtoanenormousexpansionofformalschooling.By1920schoolingtoagefourteenorbeyondwascompulsoryinmoststatesandtheschoolyearwasgreatlylengthened.Kindergartensvacationschoolsextracurricularactivitiesandvocationaleducationandcounselingextendedtheinfluenceofpublicschoolsoverthelivesofstudentsmanyofwhominthelargerindustrialcitieswerethechildrenofimmigrants.ClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschoolscorporationsUnionschurchesandotheragencies.Reformersearlyinthetwentiethcenturysuggestedthateducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofspecificpopulations.Immigrantwomenwereonesuchpopulation.Schoolstriedtoeducateyoungwomensotheycouldoccupyproductiveplacesintheurbanindustrialeconomyandoneplacemanyeducatorsconsideredappropriateforwomenwasthehome.Althoughlookingafterthehouseandfamilywasfamiliartoimmigrantwomen.Americaneducationgavehomemakinganewdefinition.Inpreindustrialeconomieshomemakinghadmeanttheproductionaswellastheconsumptionofgoodsanditcommonlyincludedincome-producingactivitiesbothinsideandoutsidethehomeinthehighlyindustrializedearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStates.Howeveroverproductionratherthanscarcitywasbecomingaproblem.ThustheidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasaconsumerratherthanaproducer.Schoolstrainedwomentobeconsumerhomemakerscookingshoppingdecoratingandcaringforchildren“efficiently〃intheirownhomesorifeconomicnecessitydemandedasemployeesinthehomesofothers.Subsequentreformshavemadethesenotionsseemquiteout-of-date.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph1thatoneimportantfactorintheincreasingimportanceofeducationintheUnitedStateswas.thegrowingnumberofschoolsinfrontiercommunitiesanincreaseinthenumberoftrainedteacherstheexpandingeconomicproblemsofschoolstheincreasedurbanizationoftheentirecountryThephrasecoincidedwithinthefirstsentenceofPara.2isclosestinmeaningto.wasinfluencedbyhappenedatthesametimeasissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost
16.Astudyof5580coal一mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitivelivingsundial.A.blanketedB.sweptC.coveredD.spread
2、2A.thisB.suchC.soD.either
3、⑶A.ringsB.cyclesC.begantogrowrapidlyD.ensuredthesuccessofAccordingtothepassageoneimportantchangeinUnitedStateseducationbythe1920swasthat.mostplacesrequiredchildrentoattendtheamountoftimespentonformaleducationwaslimitednewregulationswereimposedonnontraditionaleducationadultsandchildrenstudiedinthesameclassesVacationschoolsandextracurricularactivitiesarementionedinPara.2toillustratealternativestoformaleducationpro-videdbypublicschools.theimportanceofeducationalchangesactivitiesthatcompetedtoattractnewimmigrantstotheirprogramstheincreasedimpactofpublicschoolsonstudentsAccordingtothepassageearly-twentieth-centuryeducationreformersbelievedthat.A.differentgroupsneededdifferentkindsofeducationpecialprogramsShouldbesetupinfrontiercommunitiesA目20tomodernizethemC.corporationsandotherorganizationsdamagededucationalprogressD.morewomenshouldbeinvolvedineducationandindustryPartB10pointsInthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA、B、CD、EFGtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.10pointsFromtheseventeenthcenturyEmpireofSwedenthestoryofagalleonthatsankatthestartofhermaidenvoyagein1628mustbeoneofthestrangesttalesofthesea.FornearlythreeandahalfcenturiesshelayatthebottomofStockholmharboruntilherdiscoveryin
1956.
41..Triplegundecksmountedsixtyfourbronzecannon.ShewasintendedtoplayaleadingroleinthegrowingmightofSweden.AsshewaspreparedforhermaidenvoyageonAugust101628Stockholmwasinferment.FromtheSkeppsbronandsurroundingislandsthepeoplewatchedthisthingofbeautybegantospreadhersailsandcatchesthewind.Theyhadlaboredforthreeyearstoproducethisfloatingworkofart;shewasmorerichlycarvedandornamentedthananypreviousship.Thehighsterncastlewasariotofcarvedgodsdemonsknightskingswarriorsmermaidscherubs;andzoomorphicanimalshapesablazewithredandgoldandbluesymbolsofcouragepowerandcrueltywereportrayedtostirtheimaginationsofthesuperstitioussailorsoftheday...Asthewindfreshenedtherecameasuddensquallandtheshipmadeastrangemovementlistingtoport.TheOrdnanceOfficerorderedalltheportcannontobeheavedtostarboardtocounteractthelistbutthesteepeningangleofthedecksincreased.Thenthesoundofrumblingthunderreachedthewatchersontheshoreascargoballastammunitionand400peoplewentslidingandcrashingdowntotheportsideofthesteeplylistingship.
45.InthatfirstglorioushourthemightyVasawhichwasintendedtoruletheBalticsankwithallflagsflying一intheharborofherbirth.Allgunportswereopenandthemuzzlespeepedwickedlyfromthem.Vasasailedmajesticallyoutofthebay.ThiswastheVasaroyalflagshipofthegreatimperialfleet.KingGustavusAdolphusTheNorthernHurricane,thenattheheightofhismilitarysuccessintheThirtyYearsWarhaddictatedhermeasurementsandarmament.Thelowergunportswerenowbelowwaterandtheinrushsealedtheshipsfate.Assoonasherdiscoverytheworldbecameshocker.ThenthecannonsoftheanchoredwarshipsthunderedasalutetowhichtheVasafiredinreply.AssheemergedfromherdriftingcloudofgunsmokewiththewaterchurnedtofoambeneathherbowherflagsflyingpennantswavingsailsfillinginthebreezeandtheredandgoldofhersuperstructureablazewithcolorshepresentedamoremajesticspectaclethanStockholmershadeverseenbefore.4243444526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10points46TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit.UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.47TheprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacherstimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.48SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.49ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteenWhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglish-speakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeer地位相同的group.PeergroupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeover-emphasized.50Theseparationofsecond-languagelearnersfromthemain-streamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]「5BAABD6〜10ADCCD11~20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]广5BCBAD6〜10ACBAC11〜30点击下载查看答案C.circlesD.rounds
4、⑷A.surveyB.revealC.predictD.release
5、⑸stilleventhenalso
6、6butbecauseunlesswhen
7、7chemistryconstructionphysiologyconstitution
8、⑻retreatreserveresortrefuge
9、9putintakeovermakeupsetoff10numberfigureshareproportion11A.sufferedB.sufferC.sufferingD.tosuffer12unexpectedlyactuallydisappointedlypractically13A.performancesB.operationsC.functionsD.workings:14A.environmentfieldlayershell15wouldexpectexpectsexpectexpected16affectedrespectedprotectedD.connected17A.besideatbyon18A.timesabovetimeC.timesinD.times19formationexplosioneruptionpropulsion20duetoaptforallbutD.priorto
二、ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsTheSupremeCourtsdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffect”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects一agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen一ispermissibleifthedoctorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatientspaineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthas-tendeathGeorgeAnnaschiefofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorpre-scribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.〃Itslikesurgery/zhesays.〃Wedontcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidntintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyoureaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatientssuicideaslongasyoudontintendtheirsuicide.〃Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted—suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourtsrulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof^ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering〃totheextentthatitconstitutes〃systematicpatientabuse.〃Hesaysmedicallicensingboards〃mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.z/Fromthefirstthreeparagraphswelearnthat.A.doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatientspainitisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlivestheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicidepatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicideWhichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetextA.Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients。