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考研外语考前密押卷4
一、UseofEnglish1Thecellphoneadevicewehavelivedwithformorethanadecadeoffersagoodexampleofapopulartechnology^sunforeseensideeffects.Morethanonebillionare1usearoundtheworldandwhenaskedtheir2saytheylovetheirphonesforthesafetyandconvenience3provide.Peoplealsoreportthattheyare4intheiruseoftheirphones.Oneopinionsurvey5that〃98percentofAmericanssaytheymoveawayfrom6whentalkingonawirelessphoneinpublic7〃86percentsaytheyneverorrarelyspeak8wirelessphones〃whenconducting9withclerksorbanktellers.Clearlythereexistsa10betweenourreportedcellphonebehaviorandouractualbehavior.Cellphoneusersthatistosaymostofusare11instigatorsandvictimsofthisformofconversationalpanhandlingandit12acumulativelynegativeeffectonsocialspace.AsthesociologistErvingGuttmannobservedinanother13thereissomethingdeeplydisturbingtheme.therearedualmessagesforthepsychologicalconsequencesoneshouldsacrificehimselffortheinterestofthecommonwealthpeoplewouldstayinanunhappymarriagetheindividualisgladtodounpleasantworkatlowwagesWhichofthefollowingisNOTtruewiththe〃enjoyyourself”messageItisadifferentkindofpersonalityfromothers.Itisonethatisself-centered.Iliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Ilivemydreamstodaynottomorrow.Fromthelastparagraphwemayinferthat.thereisafearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumerculturepleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionispopularinoursocietyoneshouldnotdefaultononesbillsAmericansocietyisnotassecureaspeopleassume
6、The1920swasthedecadeofadvertising.Theadvertisingmenwentwild:everythingfromsalttohouseholdcoalwasbeingnationallyadvertised.Ofcourseadshadbeenaroundforalongtime.Butsomethingnewwashappeningintermsofbothscaleandstrategy.Forthefirsttimebusinessbegantouseadvertisingasapsychologicalweaponagainstconsumers.Withouttheirproducttheconsumerwouldbeleftunmarriedfallvictimtoaterriblediseaseorbepassedoverforapromotion.N/Isdevelopedanassociationbetweentheproductandonesveryidentity.Eventuallytheycametopromiseeverythingandanything-fromself-esteemtostatusfriendshipandlove.Thispsychologicalapproachwasaresponsetotheeconomicdilemmabusinessfaced.Americansinthemiddleclassesandabovetowhomvirtuallyalladvertisingwastargetedwerenolongerbuyingtosatisfybasicneeds-suchasfoodclothingandshelter.Thesehadbeenmet.Advertisershadtopersuadeconsumerstoacquirethingstheymostcertainlydidnotneed.Inotherwordsproductionwouldhaveto〃createthewantsitsoughttosatisfy”.Thisisexactlywhatmanufacturerstriedtodo.Thenormallyconservativetelephonecompanyattemptedtotransformtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryurgingfamiliestobuy〃allthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuseratherthanthesmallestamounttheycangetalongwith”.Oneadcampaigntargetedfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhome.Businessclearlyunderstoodthenatureoftheproblem.Accordingtoonehistorian:Businesshadlearnedasneverbeforetheimportanceofthefinalconsumer.Unlessheorshecouldbepersuadedtobuyandbuyextravagantlythewholestreamofnewcarscigaretteswomensmake-upandelectricrefrigeratorswouldbedammedupatitsoutlets.〃Butwouldtheconsumerbeequaltoher/histaskasthefoundationofprivateenterpriseAtopexecutiveofoneAmericancarmanufacturerstatedthematterbluntly:businessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumer;itsmissionistheorganizedcreationofdissatisfaction”.Thisexecutiveledthewaybyintroducingannualmodelchangesforhiscompanyscarsdesignedtomaketheconsumerunhappywithwhatheorshealreadyhad.Othercompaniesfollowedhislead.Economicsuccessnowdependedonthepromotionofqualitieslikewasteandself-indulgence.Thecampaigntocreatenewandunlimitedwantsdidnotgounchallenged.Tradeunionsandthoseworkingforsocialreformunderstoodthelong-termconsequencesofmaterialismformostAmericans:itwouldkeepthemlockedincapitalismstrap.Theconsumptionofluxuriesrequiredlonghoursatwork.Businesswasexplicitinitsresistancetoincreasesinfreetimepreferringconsumptionasthealternativetotakingeconomicprogressintheformofleisure.Ineffectbusinessofferedupthecycleofwork-and-spend.The1920sadvertisingmenwentwild.A.aboutsaltandhouseholdcoalB.overtheiradsscaleandstrategyaboutapsychologicalweapontodevelopanassociationbetweentheproductandtheconsumerAtypicalexampleofcreatethewantsitsoughttosatisfy”is.acquiringthingstheymostcertainlydidnotneedtransformingtheplaintelephoneintoaluxuryfifteenphonesasthestyleforawealthyhomebuyingallthetelephonesthattheycanconvenientlyuse
8、Theimportanceofthefinalconsumerliesin.thepotentialbuyingpowerthenatureoftheproblemchangingtheproductsintocapitalthedemandsforvariousmerchandisesBusinessneedstocreateadissatisfiedconsumerbecauseit.A.promotescompetitionB.helpsimproveproductionC.putshigherstandardonthemanufacturerD.pushesforwardproductrenovationAccordingtothepassagetheterminaterialisnTrefersto.atheorythatphysicalmatteristheonlyrealityadoctrinethattheonlyvalueslieinmaterialwell-beingadoctrinethateconomicorsocialchangeismateriallycausedafocusonmaterialratherthanintellectualorspiritualthingsYoumayfallpreytoanonviolentbutfrighteningandfast-growingcrime:identitytheft.Ithappenstoatleast500000newvictimseachyearaccordingtogovernmentfigures.AndithappensveryeasilybecauseeveryidentificationnumberyouhaveSocialSecuritycreditcarddriverslicensetelephone〃isakeythatunlockssomestorageofmoneyorgoods〃saysafraudprogrammanageroftheUSPostalService.〃SoifyouthrowawayyourcreditcardreceiptandIgetitandusethenumberonitImnotbecomingyoubuttothecreditcardcompanyIvebecomeyouraccount.〃OnemajorproblemexpertssayisthattheSocialSecurityNumberSSN-originallymeantonlyforretirementbenefitandtaxpurposes一hasbecometheuniversalwaytoidentifypeople.Itisusedasidentificationbythemilitarycollegesandinbillionsofcommercialtransactions.YetashrewdthiefcaneasilysnatchyourSSNnotonlybystealingyourwalletbutalsobytakingmailfromyourboxgoingthroughyourtrashfordiscardedreceiptsandbillsoraskingforitoverthephoneonsomepretext.UsingyourSSNthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameaskingthatitbesenttoadifferentaddressthanyoursandusesitformultiplepurchases.Acoupleofmonthslaterthecreditcardcompanyoritsdebtcollectionagencypressesyouforpayment.Youdonthavetopaythedebtbutyoumustcleanupyourdamagedcreditrecord.Thatmeansgettingapolicereportandcopyoftheerroneouscontractandthenusingthemtoclearthefraudfromyourcreditreportwhichisheldbyacreditbureau.Eachstepcanrequireahugeamountofeffort.IntheCollinscasetheclearanceoftheerroneouschargesfromtheirrecordrequiredthreeyearsofporingoverrecordsand$6000insolicitorsfees.Inthemeantimetheyweredeniedaloantobuildavacationhomeforcedtopaycashforanewheatingandcoolingsystemhoundedbydebtcollectorsandembarrassedbythespectacleofhavingtheirhomewatchedbyinvestigatorslookingforthemissingcar.Ofcoursethousandsofpeoplearecaughtandprosecutedforidentitytheft.ButitwasonlylastyearthatCongressmadeidentitytheftitselfafederalcrime.Thatlawsetupaspecialgovernmentofficetohelpvictimsregaintheirlostcreditandtostreamlinepoliceeffortsbytrackingcasesonanationalscale.Consumeradvocatessaythismayhelpbutwillnotaddressthebasicproblemswhichtheybelievearecausingtheoutbreakinidentitytheft:industrysrushtoattractmorecustomersbyissuinginstantcreditinadequatecheckingofidentityandtoofewlegalprotectionsforconsumerspersonalinformation.WhichofthefollowingmayleastmakeyoufallpreytoanonviolentcrimeA.YourSocialSecurityNumber.B.Yourcreditcardreceipt.C.Yourdriverslicense.D.Yourtelephone.Themostcommonlyusedtrickforashrewdthiefis.A.peepingintocommercialtransactionsB.seizingyourSSNC.takingmailfromyourboxD.askingyouoverthephoneIfthethiefappliesforacreditcardinyournameyou.A.shouldn,tbotheritatallB.hadbetterpayforyourcarelessnessC.shouldgetareportfromthepoliceD.havetospendmuchefforttotackleitTheCollinscaseimpressthat.A.theclearanceoftheerroneouschargesisnoteasyB.theycouldnotapplyaloantobuildavacationhometheyhavetopaycashforalmosteverythingitisembarrassedtocleanupthedamagedcreditrecord
15、Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe.A.StolenIdentity:ANewEpidemicGuardagainstIdentityTheftHowtoKeepYourIdentitySafeD.BeCautiousofUsingYourSSN
16、Bythemid-sixtiesbluejeanswereanessentialpartofthewardrobeofthosewithacommitmenttosocialstruggle.IntheAmericanDeepSouthblackfarmersandgrandchildrenofslavesstillsegregatedfromwhitescontinuedtowearjeansintheirmid-nineteenth-centurysense;butnowtheywerejoinedbycollegestudents-blackandwhite-inabattletooverturndeeplyembeddedracehatred.Theclothesoftheworkersbecameasacredbondbetweenthem.Theclothingoftoilcametosignifythedignityofstruggle.Inthestudentrebellionandtheantiwarmovementthatfollowedbluejeansandworkshirtsprovidedacontrasttotheuniformsofthedominantculture.Jeansweretheoppositeofhighfashiontheoppositeofthesuitormilitaryuniform.Withtheriseofthewomensmovementinthelate1960sthepoliticalsignificanceofdressbecameincreasinglyexplicit;Rejectingorthodoxsexrolesbluejeanswereawomansweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashionsandtheviewthatwomenshouldbepassive.Thiswastheclothofaction;theclothoflaborbecamethebadgeoffreedom.Ifbluejeanswereforrebelsinthe1960sandearly1970sbythe1980stheyhadbecomeafoundationoffashion-availableinavarietyofcolorstexturesfabricsandfit.Thesesimplepantshavemadethelongjourneyz/fromworkersclothestoculturalrevolttostatussymbol.〃Ontelevisioninmagazineadvertisingonthesidesofbuildingsandbusesjeanscallouttous.Theirhumb1epastisobscured;practicalrootsareincorporatedintoanewaesthetic.JeansarenowtheuniversalsymboloftheindividualandWesterndemocracy.Theyarethecostumeofliberatedwomenwithafittightenoughtorestrictliketheharnessofold-butwiththelookoffreedomandmotion.Inbluejeansfashionrevealsitselfasacomplexworldofhistoryandchange.Yetlookingatfashionsinandofthemselvesrevealssituationsthatoftendefyunderstanding.Ourabilitytounderstandaspecificfashion-thecurrentoneofjeansforexample-showsusthataswetrytomakesenseofaboutpeoplewhoare〃14contact〃insocialsituationsbecausetheyareblatantlyrefusingto15tothenormsoftheirimmediateenvironment.Placingacellphonecallinpublicinstantlytransformsthestrangersaroundyou16unwillinglistenerswhomustcedetoyouruseofthepublic17・adecidedlyundemocraticeffectforsodemocraticatechnology.Listenersdontalwayspassively18thissituation:inrecentyearspeoplehavebeenpepper-sprayedinmovietheaters19fromconcerthallsanddeliberatelyrammedwithcarsasaresultof20behaviorontheircellphones.offorinby
2、⑵mastersownersholdersinventors
3、3A.theyitourconfusionintensifies.Itisafashionwhoseveryessenceiscontradictionandconfusion.Topursuethegoalofunderstandingistomovebeyondtheactualclothitselftowardthemoregeneralphenomenonoffashionandtheworldinwhichithasrisentoimportance.ExploringtheroleoffashionwithinthesocialandpoliticalhistoryofindustrialAmericahelpstorevealtheparametersandpossibilitiesofAmericansociety.Theultimatequestioniswhetherthedevelopmentofimagesofrebellionintomass-producedfashionshasactuallyresultedinsocialchange.Intheeyesofcollegestudentsinthemid-nineteenth-centurybluejeanssymbolized.A.acommitmenttosocialstruggleB.astruggleforsegregationC.thedignityofstruggleD.militaryuniformWhatisthemoststrikingfeatureofjeansinthewomensmovementA.Theclothofaction.B.Theorthodoxsexroles.C.Theirpoliticalsignificance.D.Theweaponagainstuncomfortablepopularfashions.Bysaying/zjeanscallouttous〃,Lines1-2Para.5theauthorimpliesthat.A.jeanssummonusintoactionB.jeanschallengeustoadueljeansaskustogetoutofhomejeansbecomeaneye-catchingfashionAccordingtotheauthorjeansareafashionthat.causesthechangeofworldhistoryisbeyondourunderstandingmakesnoeconomicsenseatallcausescontradictionandconfusionamongpeopleFromthelastparagraphwemayconclusionthat.A.itisdifficulttounderstandthebluejeansB.jeansareafashionrevolutionC.jeanshelprevealthebackgroundofthesocialchangesintheU.S.D.jeanshelpshapethecharacteristicsofAmericansocietyPartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition41-
45.Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.10pointsA.PeriodicalsininitialstageThefunctionofperiodicalsNewspapersandotherperiodicalsonlineTheintroductionofreviewsFeaturesofperiodicalsTheemergenceofmodernperiodicalsPeriodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies.
41.Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually..Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor..TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience.
44.ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentlemansMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford.
45.MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluent42434445PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10points46TodaytheresscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisntbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternetnottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail.〃IftheautomobileandaerospacetechnologyhadexplodedatthesamepaceascomputerandinformationtechnologyzzsaysMicrosoft〃anewcarwouldcostabout$2andgo600milesonathimbleofgas.AndyoucouldbuyaBoeing747forthecostofapizza.ProbablythebiggestpayoffhoweveristhebillionsofdollarstheInternetissavingcompaniesinproducinggoodsandservingtheneedsoftheircustomers.47NothinglikeithasbeenseensincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionwhenpower-drivenmachinesbeganproducingmoreinadaythanmencouldturnoutinnearlyayear.Allthetimespentonlinehasleftmanyyounginfotechworkerswithoutmuchtimeforlife-orlove-offline.48TheU.S.freeenterprisesystemwhichreachesafrenzyinSiliconValleyhasrecognizedthatthelocalloveboatistakingonwaterandisrushingintosavetheday.Datingservicesareapproachingoverload.Seminarsandlovedoctorsareteachingtheserichbusyyoungsingleshowtofindandcapturetheirheartsdesireinthisromanticwasteland.Anddot-comfacilitatorssuchasMatchmakercomarestrugglingtobringthesexestogetheronline.Onerealitythatlosersinthislovebazaarmustfaceisthattheyweren^tpickedbecausetheywereoutofshape.ButnottoworrysincetheCyberAgehastheanswertothisonetoo.Computerizedfitnessprogramswithaudiovisualandcyberpersonaltrainersarereadytoturnyourhomeandtreadmillintoyourownpersonalhealthclub.Turnonit.comes^One-On-OneTrainingaudioworkoutsandyoucanbendandstretchtoyourfavoritemusic.49Its〃Adventure〃seriesvideoworkoutswillautomaticallyadjustthespeedandinclineofyouriFit—compatibletreadmillasyougazeintoyourTVscreenandexperiencethebeautifulrockformationsofUtahsRedRock”orthetropicalparadiseofHawaii50Americansspendmoreonentertainmentthanonclothingorhealthcare.andtheconvergenceofcomputersandtelecommunicationsisgeneratingnewwaystoamuseourselvesundreamedofuntilnow.TheInternetisalandofendlessamusementsandamongthewildestistheSims—simulations.Theseareaboutcreatingmanagingandcontrollingthelivesoftinycomputerizedpeople.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]1〜5CBACD6~10BAADB11〜20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]1〜5AABAD6〜10BCCDD11〜30点击下载查看答案whothatwhich
4、⑷carefulcarelesscourteouscautious
5、⑸expressedexposeddiscoveredfound
6、
(6)otherB.othersC.theotherD.another
7、⑺A.andthatasforwhereasD.onthecontrary
8、⑻onbyviafrom
9、9A.actsB.actionsC.operationsD.transactions10A.limitgulfriverboundary11eitherneitherbothall12hashadhashadhadhad13placelocationspotcontext14inoutofonwith15A.insistB.adhereC.continueD.attach16andinC.intoD.from
17、17spacephoneserviceD.facility
18、18havefindC.receiveD.accept
19、19refusedejectedrejectedrepelled
20、20goodpoorC.politeD.rude
二、ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsSomeonehascalculatedthatbythetimeanAmericanreachestheageof40heorshehasbeenexposedtoonemillionads.Anotherestimateisthatwehaveencounteredmorethan600000adsbythetimewereachtheageofonly
18.Nowofcoursewedontrememberwhatexactlytheysaidorevenwhattheproductwasbutacompositemessagegetsthrough:thatyoudeservethebestthatyoushouldhaveitnowandthatitsokaytoindulgeyourselfbecauseyoudeservethecomplimentssexappealoradventureyouaregoingtogetasaresultofbuyingthiscarorthosecigarettes.Ourconsumer-basedeconomymakestwoabsolutelyreciprocalpsychologicaldemandsonitsmembers.Ontheonehandyouneedthe“disciplinevaluestoensurethatpeoplewillbegoodworkersandleadorderlylaw-abidinglives.Ontheotherhandyouneedtheenjoyyourself〃messagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers.Oneauthorwasdisturbedaboutthe〃enjoyyourself”sidebutacknowledgedthat〃withoutameansofstimulatingmassconsumptiontheverystructureofourbusinessenterprisewouldcollapse.Theinterestingquestionhastodowiththepsychologicalconsequencesofthediscrepancybetweenthedualmessages.The“discipline〃or^traditionalvaluesthemedemandsthatonecompartmentofthepersonalityhaveawillstrongenoughtokeeptheindividualdoingunpleasantworkatlowwagesortostayinanunhappymarriageandingeneraltodothingsforthegoodofthecommonwealth.The“enjoyyourselfmessageontheotherhandtendstoencourageaverydifferentkindofpersonality-onethatisself-centeredbasedonimpulseandisunwillingtodelayrewards.AsanillustrationIcantresistrecitingoneofmyfavoriteadsofalltimeanadfromapsychologymagazine:〃Iloveme.Imjustagoodfriendtomyself.AndIliketodowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iusedtositaroundputtingthingsofftilltomorrow.Tomorrowr11drinkchampagneandbuyasetofpearlsandpickupthatnewstereo.ButnowIlivemydreamstodaynottomorrow.z/SowhathappenstousaswetakeintheseopposingmessagesasweareinfacttornbetweentheoppositepersonalitytypesthatoursocietyseemstorequireofusTileresultisanxietyfearandamysteriousdread.Thefearofbeingsuckedinanddraggeddownbyourconsumercultureisreal:thecreditcardcompanyisnotfriendlywhenyoudefaultonyourbills.Andweallknowthatthepathofpleasure-seekingandblindacquisitionisarecipeforfinancialruin-formostofusanyway-andthatinAmericansocietythereisntmuchofasafetynettocatchyouifyoufall.FromthefirstparagraphweknowthatadsinAmericaarevery.A.pervasiveB.successfulC.convincingD.impressiveAccordingtothepassagethe〃disciplinevaluesandtheenjoyyourselfare.A.contradictoryneedsfromtheconsumersB・mutuallycorrespondingpsychologicaldemandsontheconsumersforgoodworkerswholeadorderlylaw-abidinglivesmessagestogetpeopletobegoodconsumers
3、Accordingtothe〃discipline〃or^traditionalvalues”。