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考研外语模拟卷12
一、UseofEnglishTheamountofsunlightreachingEarthssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub〃globalbrighteningz/1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanetswatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.MoreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesunsstrengthatEarthssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate.moneyThethirdparagraphisintendedmainlyto.A.revealtheproblemsintheAmericanschoolsystemshowtheimportanceofthecaseagainstNewYorkstateexemplifythevalueofa〃soundbasiceducationindicatethecourtspowerovertheschoolmanagementSenatorD.P.Moynihanwouldprobablyagreethat.moremoneyforschoolswilldamagethefurtheradvancementbetterschoolswillnotnecessarilyresultfrommoremoneytherelationshipbetweeninputandoutputiswidelyignoredpoliticiansargueagainstmoremoneyfortheschoolsInputsasusedinthetextreferstoallofthefollowingExceptmoneybudgetfortheschoolB.teachingpracticesofteacherscomputersandtextbooksperformanceofschooljanitorsWhatdoesthelawsuitfiledagainstNewJerseyindicateSuchlawsuitsusuallystayundecidedforanextremelylongtime.Badjudgesintendtorendertheschoolmanagementatotalchaos.C.Thecourtsgetmoreinvolvedintoschoolroutineasthelawsuitslast.D.Thelawsuitsarealwaysdeeplycombinedwiththefundingofschools.
6、InrecentyearsMicrosofthasfocusedonthreebigtasksbuildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftwareresolvingnumerousantitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindowsoperatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide.OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindowsXPoperatingsystemcode-namedLonghornwillgoonsalein2022withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeatures:atechniquetointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyalldesktopapplications.OnthebrightsideLonghornwillcontainadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferentcomputingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetweenapplications.ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoftwhichconsiderssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth一notleastasitcompetesagainstGoogle.Thefirmsfocusonsecurity一championedby]BillGateshimself一tookresourcesawayfromLonghornadmitsGregSullivanaleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingonLonghorn.Inmid-AugustMicrosoftreleasedServicePack2ahugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomakeWindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedouttohavevulnerabilitiesoftheirownthepatcheshavemostlybeenwelcomed.Microsoftsdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturnforbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswillprobablyapplaud.YetironicallyasMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityofitsproducts一byforinstanceincorporatingfirewalltechnologyanti-virussystemsandspamfilters一itsactionsincreasinglystarttoresemblethosethatinthepasthavegotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftwareanadjacentsoftwaremarket”inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybeleveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoitIntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered“bundling〃whichwithregardtowebbrowsingsoexcitedAmericastrustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecuritydirectlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike/zcomminglingz,softwarecodeonwhichbasistheEuropeanCommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabuseditsmarketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.MicrosoftisappealingagainstthatdecisionandonSeptember30thitwillargueforasuspensionofthecommission^sremediessuchastherequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals.JustlastmonththeEuropeanUnionscompetitiondirectoratebegananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarneralargemediafirmonthegroundsthattheirproposedjointacquisitionofContentGuardasoftwarefirmwhoseproductsprotectdigitalmediafilesmightprovideMicrosoftwithunduemarketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.ThecommissionwillrulebyJanuary
2022.Microsoftitseemsinsecurityaselsewhereisgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedforitssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessiveprofits一buttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvioustargetforvirusesandregulatorsalike.ThatMicrosoftsthreetasksarecollidingisreflectedinthefactthat.thenewoperatingsystemwillbemarketedatadiscountsearchwillberemovedfromthenewoperatingsystemallsearchcapabilitieswillbecombinedintothedesktopimagesanddatawillbeexchangedmoredirectlyItisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat.computeruserscarealotaboutthesecurityoftheoperatingsystemprogrammersaredisappointedabouttheshiftofthefirmsfocusmoreresourcesarebeingengagedinthedevelopmentofLonghornpatchesandenhancementsareperfectandpopularwiththeusersTheironicalpointisthatMicrosoftsimprovementofsecurity.isgettingalongatapacedissatisfyingtoregulatorsB.bringsitselfatotalcontrolovertheoperatingsystemwillleadtoEuropeanCommissionsstricterlicencemaybeaccusedofabusingitsdominanceofthemarketWhichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothe“regulators”Para.4A.EuropeanCommission.B.EU,scompetitiondirectorate.C.ContentGuard.D.America5strusthusters.Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat.A.virusesandregulatorsareinvariablyaimedatWindowsB.MicrosoftbothbenefitsandsuffersfromitshugesuccessC.EuropeanUnionsinquiryintotheacquisitionisungroundedD.punishmentsimposedonWindowsaremostlyjustified11TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilmindustryofabusinggovernmentaidwitheveryproductionofrecentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilmindustryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe“exploitationoftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.Themovewhichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budgetfilm-makersandfinanciersisthelatestinaseriesofattemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinanattempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequerButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynightsayingtheRevenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuseinvestors.Aseriesoftaxreliefschemesintroducedin1997enablesthoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-madefilmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingataxshelterwithanestimated£400minvestedintheschemesin1997risingtoabout£2bnlastyear.ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontaxreliefbydoubledipping”thatisbyclaimingreliefmorethanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.WhilenotillegaltheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasnotplayingfair”.Itsaiddouble-dippingwasagainstthespiritoflegislationdesignedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwas〃virtuallyuniversal”with〃everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinancedonthebasisofdoubledipping”.Itwarneditwould〃takeallstepstocountersuchabuseincludingwherenecessaryadvisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmattersbeyonddoubt”.“BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasinglyexasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustryareexploitingthefilmreliefs”theRevenuesaid.〃ThegovernmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionintheUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthelegislationallows一butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberateexploitationofthosereliefs”.LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenuesactioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilmindustry.PeterJamesmanagingdirectorofMovisionEntertainmentwhichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyearsincludingthesoon-to-bereleasedMerchantofVenice”saidwhiletheeffectoftheRevenuesclampdownwouldnotBe“devastating”itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makersoverseas.IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenuesmovewaslikelytoconfuseinvestorswhohavebeenaccustomedtothebenefitsofdouble-dipping.Wecanlearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat.film-makersturntothegovernmentforfinancialhelpseveralactionshavebeentakentostoptaxevasionofficialshavephonedupmanyfilmmakerstoprotestmoretaxreliefisneededtokeeptheindustrygoing
12、AccordingtothetexttaxreliefschemeswereintendedtoA.attractmoreinvestmentintothefilmindustryB.ensuretheinterestsofinvestorsagainstlossesC.checktheriseoffilmproductionexpendituresD.preventtheinvasionofoverseasfilmmakersTheRevenueslastresortinsolvingtheproblemseemstobeA.removingtaxreliefB.protestingmoreloudlywarninglasttimemakingnewlawsInthelastthreeparagraphsthewriterintendstoshowthedisappointmentofthefilmindustryatRevenuesdecisionthestateofworryinthemindsoffilminvestorsthereactionstotheRevenuesmoveofpartiesconcernedthewayoutofthepresentdifficultsituationWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetextFilm-makersAccusedofAbusingAidProblemswiththeFilmIndustryInlandRevenuesActionsAClash:Revenuevs.FilmIndustry
16、Untilrecentlythecommonfactorinallthescienceusedtofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwasconcernedwiththemediumoftheartworkratherthantheartitself.MattersofstyleandformwerelefttoarthistorianswhocouldmakeeruditebutqualitativejudgmentsaboutwhetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobesayaLeonardo.Butthisischanging.ApaperinthisweeksProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleaguesatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatisticaltechniquestoexamineartitself一themessagenotthemedium.Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysistoexamine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeenattributedtoPieterBruegeltheEldera16th-centuryFlemishpainter.HealsolookedatPeruginos〃MadonnawithChild”a15th-centuryItalianmasterpiecelodgedinthecollegesHoodMuseumofArt.HeconcludedinagreementwitharthistoriansthateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthenticwhiletheotherfiveareimitations.Inthecaseof〃MadonnawithChild”Earthsradiationbudget11anextremelyimportantparameterthatis12known“saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle.〃Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis.〃14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarthssurfacewerefirstraisedin
1974.©ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversitysLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to
1990.A.presentsB.offersC.grantsD.provides
2、⑵A.trendB.treadC.trenchheanalysedthesixfacesinthepaintingMarytheinfantJesusandseveralsaintsandfoundthatthreeofthemwereprobablydonebythesamepainterwhiletheotherthreewereeachdonebyadifferenthand.TheviewthatfourdifferentpaintersworkedonthecanvasishesaysconsistentwiththeviewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino^sapprenticesdidmuchoftheworkalthoughthereisnoclearconsensusamongarthistorians.Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointoutthisisasmallnumberofimages.FurthermoreDr.Faridknewbeforeperformingtheanalysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirsttoacknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopestostudymanymorepaintings.BylookingatlargenumbersofpaintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthenticDr.FaridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidenceinthefutureEvenwiththeBruegels一realandimitation一thoughDr.Faridsresultsarepersuasive.ItistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishestherealonesfromtheimitationsbutDr.Fetidsaysthatitcanbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartistsbrushstroke.UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollocksworkthathavebeendoneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversityofOregonDr.Faridsayshistechniquecouldinprinciplebeusedforanyartist.WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoasetofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribeparticularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughsofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethiswayitispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingverylittleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferentimagescanthenbecompared.OncehedidthisDr.FaridfoundthatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegelswerenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpresstheimitations.ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesixfacesasdistinctpaintings.Itseemsthatcuratorsmaysoonbeabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.ThemessageDr.Faridsworkfocusesoniscloseto.A.whattheartworkintendstotellB.thestyleandformoftheworkC.thecommonfactorofscienceD.thequalityoftheartworkWhydidDr.FaridexaminePeruginosMadonnawithChild”Toindicateitwasacreationofcooperativework.Toillustratetheconsistencyofhistoriansjudgments.Todemonstratethevalidityofwaveletanalysis.D.Toprovetheauthenticityofthispainting.Faridsreactiontothescepticsaccusationsis.A.recognitionB.supportC.denialD.suspicionWecaninferfromthetextthat.Dr.FaridthinksithardtotelltherealworksfromtheimitationsTaylorsmethodmaynotbeappliedtootherartistsworkC.RealBruegelsuseddifferenttypesofwaveletsfromthoseofimitationsD.CuratorsmaysoonputforwardtheirownwayofexaminingTheauthorsattitudetowardsDr.Faridsworkisthatof.A.disbeliefB.enthusiasmC.neutralityD.approvalPartB10pointsThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.10pointsA.DothechildrensversesofEdwardLearHilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymesorarethosesomethingdifferentaltogetherWhataboutplaygroundrhymesclappingorskippinggamesfootballchantspopsongsoroldmusic-hallsongsWhatabouttheworkofRobertGravesW.H.AudenLouisMacNeiceevenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymesoftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.Seeitsnotassimpleasitappears.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinterseveningitisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions——theoralandthewritten.Fromthisdiminutivebeginningthebookmeasuredjust3inby7/4inandfromALittlePrettyPocket-BookpublishedinthesameyearbyJohnNewberythefirstspecialistchildrenspublisheranentireliteraturesprang.Suddenlytherandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition一thelullabiescountinggamesfragmentsoffolksongsmummersplayspoliticalsquibsdoggerelscurrilousadultballadsriddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanontowhichthenameofnurseryrhymesbecameattachedintheearly19thcentury.ThesatellitechildrenschannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora〃modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium^whichcouldbe〃aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife”.Sooffyougo.ExceptwhatisanurseryrhymeexactlyAndhowdoesitdifferifindeeditdiffersatall一fromanyothersortofchildrenspoetryCollectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessiveeccentricandproprietorialtendenciesandfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKerwhodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutchwhichwasinfacthisowninvention.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearningbut一togetherwiththeirnaturalpartnersthephysicalactivitiesofskippingclappingjumpingdancingtheyarethegreatfreeunbreakableever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpietheleadingauthorityonchildrensloreandliteratureandherlatehusbandPeterintheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymesnoteafragmentofachildrenssongintheBible〃Wehavepipeduntoyouandyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyouandyehavenotwept.〃Butonthewholereferencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcenturywhenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumbsPrettySongBookpublishedbyawomanMaryCooperandeditedbyZ/N.Lovechild’appearedin1744intwovolumesat4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseumcontainingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:〃BahbahablacksheepWhodidkillCockRobbinandTherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun〃.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn,tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTuckeraformerseniorlect
22、
4223、
4324、
4425、
4526、PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsJackS.Kilbyanelectricalengineerwhoseinventionoftheintegratedcircuitgaverisetotheinformationageandheraldedanexplosionofconsumerelectronicsproductsinthelast50yearsfrompersonalcomputerstocellphonesdiedMondayinDallas.Hewas
81.HisdeathafterabriefbattlewithcancerwasannouncedyesterdaybyTexasInstrumentstheDallas-basedelectronicscompanywhereheworkedforaquartercentury.46TheintegratedcircuitthatMr.KilbydesignedshortlyafterarrivingatTexasInstrumentsin1958servedasthebasisformodernmicroelectronicstransformingatechnologythatpermittedthesimultaneousmanufacturingofamerehandfuloftransistors晶体管intoachipindustrythatroutinelyplacesbillionsofLilliputian微小的switchesintheareaofafingernail.Hisachievement一theintegration一yieldedathinchipofcrystalconnectingpreviouslyseparatecomponentsliketransistorsresistorsandcapacitorswithinasingledevice.ForthatcreationcommonlycalledthemicrochiphewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin
2000.47DuringhiscareeratTexasInstrumentsheclaimedmorethan60patentsandwasalsooneoftheinventorsofthehand-heldcalculatorandthethermalprinter.ButitwasMr.Kilbysinventionoftheintegratedcircuitthatmostbroadlyshapedtheelectronicera.〃Itshardtofindaplacewheretheintegratedcircuitdoesn,taffectyourlifetoday〃RichardK.TempletonTexasInstrumentspresidentandchiefexecutiveofficersaidinaninterviewyesterday.Thatshowbroaditsimpactis.〃ItisanimpactMr.Kilbysaidthatwaslargelyunexpected.48〃WeexpectedtoreducethecostofelectronicsbutIdontthinkanybodywasthinkingintermsoffactorsofamillionz/hesaidinanundatedinterviewcitedbyTexasInstruments.49TheremarkableaccelerationofthemanufacturingprocessbasedontheintegratedcircuitwaslaterdescribedbyGordonE.Mooreco-founderoftheIntelCorporationwhosepartnerRobertN.NoyeeinventedanotherversionoftheintegratedcircuitjustmonthsafterMr.Kilby.In1965threeyearsafterthefirstcommercialintegratedcircuitscametomarketDr.Mooreobservedthatthenumberoftransistorsonacircuitwasdoublingatregularintervalsandwoulddosofarintothefuture.50TheobservationwhichcametobeknownasMooreslawbecamethedefiningattributeofthechip-makingindustrycenteredinwhatisnowknownasSiliconValleywhereIntelwasbasedratherthaninDallas.47484950参考答案【
一、UseofEnglish]「5AACBD6〜10CDABC1广20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]1〜5ADBCC610BADCBn~30点击下载查看答案D.treaty
3、3A.creaturesB.resourcesC.processesD.activities
4、⑷A.AtthebestB.AtfirstglanceC.AtalleventsD.Atanyrate
5、5muchfareverD.still
6、6A.nowthatincaseonlyifD.evenafter
7、7A.nothingbutB.nothingthananythingelseanythingbut
8、8A.offsetB.disruptC.restoreD.relieve
9、⑼reflectionradiationilluminationillustration
10、10blockingescapingC.gaugingD.manifestingA.commitsB.demonstratesrevealsrepresents12rarelybadlyactuallypoorly13A.indicatedB.emphasizedC.describedD.quantified14AttentionWorriesConcernsPuzzles15inoftowith
16、16monitoringobservingmeasuringrecording17A.ongoingB.outgoingC.incomingD.upcoming18facultyteamgroupD.staff19A.pointsB.stationsC.establishmentsD.bases20downaroundtoby
二、ReadingComprehension1PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsUntilrecentlythemainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedtobetheteachersunionswhohaveopposedanysortofreformoraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfromanunexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.FiftyyearsagoitwasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethroughBrownV.BoardofEducation
1954.Nowthecourtshavemovedfrombroadprinciplestomicromanagementtellingschoolshowmuchmoneytospendandwhere一rightdowntothecorrectcomputerortextbookTwenty-fourstatesarecurrentlystuckinvariouscourtcasestodowithfinancingschoolsystemsandanother21haveonlyrecentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.NothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthananIl-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettledsortofinNewYorkCitythehomeofAmericasbiggestschoolsystemwith
1.Imstudentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.AttheendofthismonththreeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingasjudicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtbytheCampaignforFiscalEquityaleftishadvocacygroupagainstthestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustbespenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwithasoundbasic”education.Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyforschoolsisabadthing.ButarethecourtsdoinganygoodTwosuspicionsarise.Firstjudgesaremakingalazyassumptionthatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternationalresultsshowthelinkbetween〃inputsandoutputs〃isvague一somethingwelldocumentedbyamongothersthelateSenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Secondthecourtsaremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtimetheyhavegenerallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsandbadteachers.Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealreadysaidthatinordertodeterminethenecessaryspendingtheymayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityofcomputerstextbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeofinterventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshaveweirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetofinputs”—thearchaicworkpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.DavidSchoenbrodandRossSandlerofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthedemandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereformandtransformanexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.Andofcoursethelitigationneverends.Kentuckyforexampleisstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.AlawsuitfirstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin1981wasdecided〃fouryearslater一butithasreturnedtothecourtninetimessinceincludingearlythisyearwitheachdecisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthestatesschools.Badjudgesareevenhardertobootoutofschoolthanbadpupils.Theauthorseemstobelievethat.thecourtsinterventionoftheschoolmicromanagementisundesirableitisinappropriateforthecourtstoshiftfromprinciplestodailymanagementteachersusedtosupporttheschoolreformandassumetheresponsibilityschoolswereusuallyatalosshowandwheretospendtheir。