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考研外语考试题目及答案9
一、UseofEnglishHumanshavealteredtheworldsclimateby1heat-trappinggasessincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandevenpreventedthestartofaniceageseveralthousandyearsagoascientistsaid.Mostscientists2arise3globaltemperaturesoverthepastcentury4toemissionsofcarbondioxide5humanactivitieslikedrivingcarsandoperatingfactories.Dr.WilliamRuddimanaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiasaidatameetingoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion6humanseffect7climatewentbacknearly10000years8peoplegaveuphuntingandgatheringandbeganfarming.InacommentaryaccompanyingthearticleDr.ThomasJ.CrowleyofDukeUniversitysaidhe9Dr.Ruddimanspremiseatfirst.〃ButwhenIstartedreadingDr.Crowleywrote〃Icouldnothelpbut10whetherhejustmightbe11something.z/Theclimateofthelast10000yearshasbeenunusuallystableinthenearfutureMylarinline1ofthethirdparagraphis.A.akindofkiteB.akindofman-madematerialC.thenameofakitefactoryD.thenameofapersonWhatdoesthewordwhich〃inline3ofthethirdparagraphrefertoA.Bullet-proofvestsB.kitestring”C.ThekiteD.KevlarWhichofthefollowingadvantagesdoesn,ttheTRAMhaveTheTRAMcanhelpmaintaincontinuousmeasurementsTheinstrumentsontheTRAMcanbeusedformanytimesTheTRAMweighsonly18kilogramsTheTRAMcanbeoperatedfromthegroundThekiteislimitedbythefollowingconditionsEXCEPTfor.A.thestrengthofthewindB.airtrafficconditionsC.thepowerrequirementsoftheequipmentD.themovabilityoftheTRAM
6、TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution.Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingthe
0.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejurysdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics5suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw.Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuringthatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues.OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableoneA.thejurysystemisunnecessarilycomplexandrigidB.recentjurydecisionsaremadeagainstthedemocratictraditionthereisconstantdebateaboutitsmeritanditsdownfallsSomejurieshavemademistakesrecentlyOpponentsofthejurysystemaccusejurorsof.A.placingjusticeabovethelawknowingnothingaboutthepsychologyoftheaccusednothavingenoughknowledgeofthelawfailingtoconsiderindividualcircumstancesofeachcrime
8、Towhichoftheargumentsdoestheauthoragree.A.ThejurysystemisflawedbeyondremedySomeimprovementsshouldbemadeonthejurysystemC.ThejurysystemshouldbekeptasitisD.ThejuryshouldbecomposedofjudgesandlawyersItcanbeinferredfromthefifthparagraphthat.A.theauthorisagainstthejurysystemthejuryisseldomadequatelyinformedabouttheeaseheishearingC.bettereducatedpeopleshouldbeselectedforthejuryD.enoughlegalknowledgehelpsjurorsmakefairerdecisions
10、Theauthorsattitudetowardsthejurysystemis.A.neutralB.biasedC.negativeD.positive
11、Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeathWemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedroppersshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused.Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpracticegeneratesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNatureswayoftellingmanhowtoact.IfonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebA.theextensionoftheecosystemB.thesurvivalofthefittestthemaintenanceoflifesqualityD.theevolutionoflifeTheevolutionofthemangrovespeciesisdescribedto.A.illustratethesimilaritiesofhumansocietytothenaturalworldB.provideacontrastiveexampletothedevelopmentofhumansocietyC.explainhowNatureruthlesslygetsridoftheweakerspeciesD.howplantsevolvetomaintaintheirqualityoflifeThekeydifferencebetweenhumanandplantcompetitionforsurvivalisthat.theaimofthelatterisnottogetresourcestheformerisunnecessarilymorecomplicatedthanthelatterthelatterhasevolvedsomemorecomplexmechanismsthelattermakestheenvironmentmorehabitableAccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingwillresultfromhumancompetitionEXCEPT.A.awasteofhumanandnaturalresourcesB.economicdominateoverthecompetitorsC.constantcreationofsocialproblemsD.formationofaevercomplexsocietyTolearnlessonsfromNaturetheauthoradvocatesthathumans12civilizationtoflourish.ButthatisonlybecausepeoplechoppeddownswathsofforestinEuropeChinaandIndiaforcroplandsandpastures.Carbondioxide13bythedestructionoftheforestsplusmethaneanotherheat-trappinggas14byirrigatedricefieldsinSoutheastAsiatrappedenoughheatto15anexpectednaturalcooling.Levelsofcarbondioxideandmethaneriseandfallinnaturalcycles16thousandsofyearsandbothreachedapeakattheendofthelasticeage11;000yearsago.Boththendeclined17expected.Both18decliningthroughthepresentdayleadingtolowertemperaturesandanewiceageshouldhavebegun4000to5000yearsagoDr.Ruddimansaid.Insteadlevelsofcarbondioxidereversed8000wearsago.Thedecline19methanelevelsreversed5000yearsago20withtheadventofirrigationricefarming.A.generatingB.generatedC.originatingD.originated
2、2should.makethehumansocietymoreDarwinisticmakepeacewitheveryotherspeciesinNaturemaketheenvironmentbetterforfellowbeingsD.protecttheenvironmenttheyfindthemselvesin16Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse一nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections.Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled——theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudontlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution.Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionIIyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegiveA.solvingproblemsinreallifewithmathematicstheapplicationofmathematicsinproblemsrelatedtomechanicsitsabilitytodescribevarioussituationsD.theconstructionofmathematicalmodelingWhichofthefollowingstatementsinNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph.ManybookshavebeenwrittenonthetopicofmathematicalmodelingtheseyearsBooksdevotedtomathematicalmodelingusuallypayspecialattentiontomodelingformulationThebookintroducedheredoesnotclaimthatithadthebestmethodsforteachinghowtodealwithrealproblemsThebookintroducedheretakesthemasteryofmodelformulationasitsmainpurposeAccordingtothisintroductionthebestwaytousethisbooktobecomeagoodmathematicalmodelertotackleasmanymathematicalproblemsaspossibleC.todotheproblemsgiveninthebookononesownD.tohaveconfidenceinconstructingmathematicalmodels
19、SectionIIIwillbeofnohelpunlessthereader.A.readsitcarefullyunderstandsthegeneralconceptitprovidesreadsSectionIandIIaswelltriestosolvetheproblemsprovidedinSectionsIandII
20、TheauthorofthebookhopesthatbyreadingthebookthereadercanA.bemoreproficientinmasteringmathematicalknowledgeB.bemoreproficientinapplyinghismathematicalknowledgetorealproblemsolvingC.haveabetterunderstandingofthevarioususesofmathematicalmodelsD.finedrealexcitementandsatisfactioninsolvingproblems
21、PartB10pointsYouaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalistofexamplesorheadings.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedposition41-
45.Theremaybecertainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.10points41WhatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreakerSportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK.HowwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletesThemostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy.HavewereachedthelimitofhumanperformanceNobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond.WillweeverreachanabsolutelimitTheoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbutz/whereitiswedontknow〃saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears.45InfuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewwaysAsrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrongssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed.z/Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin”saysMillar.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge.D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestaking4243444526PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.10pointsThreepassionssimplebutoverwhelminglystronghavegovernedmylife:thelongingforlovethesearchforknowledgeandunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.46Thesepassionslikegreatwindshaveblownmehitherandthitherinawaywardcourseoveradeepoceanofanguishreachingtotheveryvergeofdespair.Ihavesoughtlovefirstbecauseitbringsecstasy一sogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestofmylifeforafewhoursofthisjoy.47Ihavesoughtitnextbecauseitrelievesloneliness一thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.48IhavesoughtitfinallybecauseintheunionofloveIhaveseeninamysticminiaturetheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsoughtandthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlifethisiswhat一atlast一Ihavefound.WithequalpassionIhavesoughtknowledge.Ihavewishedtounderstandtheheartsofmen.Ihavewishedtoknowwhythestarsshine...AlittleofthisbutnotmuchIhaveachieved.Loveandknowledgesofarastheywerepossibleledupwardtowardtheheavens.Butalwayspitybroughtmebacktoearth.Echoesofcriesofpainreverberateinmyheart.49Childreninfaminevictimstorturedbyoppressorshelplessoldpeopleahatedburdentotheirsonsandthewholeworldoflonelinesspovertyandpainmakeamockeryofwhathumanlifeshouldbe.IlongtoalleviatetheevilbutIcannotandItoosuffer.Thishasbeenmylife50Ihavefounditworthlivingandwouldgladlyliveitagainifthechancewereofferedme.47484950参考答案applyattributeattendassign
3、⑶onatinto
4、4inpartinsegmentC.inproportionD.inrelation
5、⑸inforbyas
6、6thatwhich【
一、UseofEnglish]「5ABCAC6〜10ADDBC11〜20点击下载查看答案【
二、ReadingComprehension]1〜5CBDCD6~10DCBDD11〜30点击下载查看答案C.whereD.when
7、⑺fromtoaton
8、8tosincewhenaswhentowhen
9、⑼wasdelightedwithwastakenabackbytooktoagreedto
10、10A.towonderingB.tobewonderingC.wonderD.wonderingIKIDontoonforagainst12grantingpermittingprohibitingallowing13releasedwasreleasedhasbeenreleasedhadbeenreleased14A.producedB.wasproducedC.producingD.hadbeen15A.aggravateB.intensifyC.offsetD.provoke16A.lastingB.lastedlasthavelasted17toforassince18havebeenwouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.shouldhave19forinaboutD.on20A.coincidedB.coincidingC.togetherD.contrary
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.40pointsMorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes.BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto
3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhichisnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite〃stringismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms.ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstrumentsupanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude.〃0urinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutantsz/Beasleyexplains.〃Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours.〃TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekitestethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair.〃Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost.〃Baselysays“NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain〃TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:〃Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipmentspowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic.〃WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassageKiteshavebeenfoundtobeausefultoolinresearchonairconditionsBalloonsandaircraftaretraditionaltoolsinresearchonairconditionsThekitescannowflyupto10kilometershighThekitesareexpectedtoflyhigheranddomoreresearches。