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2023年6月高校英语六级考试真题第三套Part111ReadingComprehension40minutesSectionADirections:InthissectionthereisapassagewithtenbIanks.YouarerequiredtoseIectonewordforeachbIankfromaIistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.EachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaIetter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingIetterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThatwhichdoesnotkiIIusmakesusstronger.ButparentscanthandIeitwhenteenagersputthis36intopractice.NowtechnoIogyhasbecomethenewfieldfortheage-oIdbattIebetweenadultsandtheirfreedom-seekingkids.LockedindoorsunabIetogetontheirbieyeIesandhangoutwiththeirfriendsteenshaveturnedtosociaImediaandtheirmobiIephonestosociaIizewiththeirpeers.Whattheydoonlineoften37whattheymightotherwisedoiftheirmobiIitywerentsoheavily38intheageofheIicopterparenting.SociaImediaandsmart-phoneappshavebecomesopopuIarinrecentyearsbecauseteensneedapIacetocaIItheirown.Theywantthefreedomto39theiridentityandtheworIdaroundthem.Insteadof40outtheyjumponIine.AsteenshavemovedonIineparentshaveprojectedtheirfearsontotheInternetimaginingaIIthe41dangersthatyouthmightface-from42strangerstocureIpeerstopicturesorwordsthatcouldhauntthemonGooglefortherestoftheirIives.RatherthanhelpingteensdevelopstrategiesfornegotiatingpubIicIifeandtherisksof43withothersfear-fuIparentshavefocusedontrackingmonitoringandbIocking.Thesetactics策略donthelpteensdeveloptheskillstheyneedtomanagecompIexsociaIsituations44risksandgetheIpwhentheyreintroubIe.ProtectingkidsmayfeeIIiketherightthingtodobutit45theIearningthatteensneedtodoastheycomeofageinatechnoIogy-soakedworId.assessconstrainedcontainsexpIore日暴(sundials)以及测量地震的仪器汉朝历经400年,但统治者的腐败最终导致了它的灭亡2023年6月高校英语六级考试真题(其次套)PartIIIReadingComprehension40minutesSectionADirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtenblanks.YouarerequiredtoseIectonewordforeachbIankfromaIistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.EachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaIetter.PIeasemarkthecorrespondingIetterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TraveIwebsiteshavebeenaroundsineethe1990swhenExpediaTravelocityandotherhoIidaybookingsiteswereIaunchedallowingtraveIerstocomparefIightandhoteIpriceswiththeclickofamouse.WithinformationnoIonger36bytraveIagentsorhiddeninbusinessnetworksthetraveIindustrywasrevoIutionizedasgreatertransparencyheIped37prices.Todaytheindustryisgoingthroughanewrevolution一thistimetransformingservicequality.OnIineratingpIatforms-38inhoteIsrestaurantsapartmentsandtaxis一allowtraveIerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforaIItosee.HospitaIitybusinessesarenowrankedanaIyzedandcomparednotbyindustry39butbytheverypeopIeforwhomtheserviceisintended——thecustomer.Thishas40anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandseIIer.Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;theycannowexplaintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested.Asaresultbusinessesaremuchmore41ofteninveryspecificwayswhichcreatespowerfuI42toimproveservice.AlthoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendIybeIIboys行李员inBerIinormaI千一unctioninghoteIhairdryersinHoustonthetruepowerofonIinereviewsIiesnotjustintheindividuaIstoriesbutinthewebsites43toaggregateaIargevoIumeofratings.Theimpactcannotbe
44.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowthasnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand45provideyetmorepositivefeedback.SogreatistheinfIuenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavorabIeonIineidentity.留意此部分此题请在答题卡2上作答accountabIecapacitycontrolledentaiIforgedincentivesoccasionaIlyoverstatedpersistingpessimisticprofessionaIssIashspeciaIizingspectatorssubsequentIySectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaIetter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet
2.PlasticSurgeryAbettercreditcardisthesoIutiontoeverIargerhackattacksAthinmagneticstripemagstripeisaIIthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys.Andtheyvebeenworkinghardtobreakin.Thatswhy2023isshapingupasamajorshowdown:banksIawenforcementandtechnologycompaniesareaIItryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginsteaIingaccountnumbersnamesemaiIaddressesandothercrucialdatausedinidentitytheft.Morethan100miIIionaccountsatTargetNeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacksstartingIastNovember.Swipe刷卡istheoperativeword:cardsareincreasinglyvuInerabIetoattackswhenyoumakepurchasesinastore.InseveraIrecentincidentshackershavebeenabIetoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-debit一借^己orprepaid-cardnumbersusingmalwarei.e.maIicioussoftwareinsertedsecretIyintotheretailerspoint-of-salesystem一thecheckoutregisters.HackersthensoIdthedatatoasecondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycomersoftheweb.NotlongafterthestoIendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingusedforonlinepurchases.ThesoIutioncouIdcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued.ThefixisasecuritytechnoIogyusedheaviIyoutsidetheU.S.WhileAmericancreditcardsusethe40-year-oIdmagstripetechnoIogytoprocesstransactionsmuchoftherestoftheworIdusessmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMVshortforEuropayMasterCardVisathatemploysachipembeddedinthecardpIusacustomerPINpersonaIidentificationnumbertoauthenticate脸证everytransactiononthespot.IfapurchaserfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckoutthetransactiongetsrejected.OnIinepurchasescanbemadebysettingupaseparatetransactioncode.WhyhaventbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnoIogyWhenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcardsitsaIIaboutreIativecostssaysDavidRobertsonwhorunstheNihonReportanindustrynewsIetter:Thecostofthecardputtingthestickeronitcodingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdateembossing凸印itthesmaIIenvelop一aIIputtogetheryouareinthedollarrange.Achip-and-PINcardcurrentIycostscIoserto$3saysRobertsonbecauseofthepriceofchips.OnceIargeissuersconverttogetherthechipcostsshoulddrop.Multiply$3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheU.S.Thenconsiderthattheresanestimated$
12.4billionincardfraudonaglobaIbasissaysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU.S.Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$
5.5billionannuaIIy.CardissuershavesofarcaIcuIatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksIiketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanreplacingaIIthatpIastic.ThatIeavesAmericanretaiIersprettymuchaIonetheworIdoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnoIogytochargepurchases-andIeavesconsumersvuInerabIe.EachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformationexpIainspaymentssecurityexpertJeremyGumbIeythechieftechnoIogyofficerofCreditCaIIaneIectronic-paymentscompany.Thefirstandthirdareusedbythebankorcardissuer.YourvitalaccountinformationIivesonthesecondtrackwhichhackerstrytocapture.MalwareisscanningthroughthememoryinreaItimeandIookingfordatahesays.11createsatextfilethatgetsstolen.Chip-and-PINcardsbycontrastmakefakecardsorskimmingimpossibIebecausetheinformationthatgetsscannedisencrypted(力口密).ThehistoricaIreasontheU.S.hasstuckwithmagstripeironicaIlyenoughisoncesuperiortechnoIogy.OurcheapuItra-reIiabIewirednetworksmadecredit-cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionIess.InFrancecardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecausetheteIephonemonopoIywassomaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsoIutionaIIowedtransactionstobeverifiedIocaIlyandsecurely.SomebigbanksIikeWeIIsFargoarenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip-and-PINmodeI.(ItsactuaIIyahybrid(混合体)thatwiIIstillhaveamagstripesineemostU.S.merchantsdonthaveEMVterminaIs.)ShouIdyoutakethemuponitIfyoutraveIinternationallytheanswerisyes.KeepinmindtoothatcreditcardstypicaIIyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards.Ifsomeoneusesyourcreditcardfraudulently(欺诈性/也)it*stheissuerormerchantnotyouthattakesthehit.DebitcardshavedifferentliabilityIimitsdependingonthebankandtheeventssurroundinganyfraud.IfitsavaiIabIethelogicalthingistogetachip-and-PINcardfromyourbanksaysEricAdamowskyaco-founderofCreditCardInsider.IwouIdusecreditcardsoverdebitcardsbecauseofliabilityissues.CashstillworksprettyweIItoo.RetaiIersandbanksstandtobenefitfromtheIowerfraudIeveIsofchip-and-PINcardsbuthavebeenreIuctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure(基础设施)neededforthetechnologyespeciallyifconsumersdonthaveaccesstoit.Itsachicken-and-eggproblem;noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of-saIesystemsthatcanreadthechipcardsifshoppersarentcarryingthem-yetthereslittlepointinconsumerscarryingthefancyplasticifstoresarentequippedtousethem.(AnearIiereffortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedprogress.)AccordingtoGumbIeytheresayou-firstmentaIity.TheIogjam(僵局)hastobebroken.JPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentIyexpressedhiswiIIingnesstodosonotingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees——thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep-ratherthandeaIwiththegrowinghackingproblem.Chaseoffersachip-enabIedcardunderitsownbrandandseveraIothersfortravel-relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysandRitz-CarIton.TheTargetandNeimanhackshaveaIsochangedthecostcalculation:althoughretaiIershavebeenreIuctanttospendthe$
6.75biIIionthatCapgeminiconsuItantsestimateitwiIItaketoconvertaIItheirregisterstobechip-and-PIN-compatibIethepotentiaIliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticalIygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers.ItstheultimatenightmarearetaiIexecutivefromaweII-knownchainadmittedtoTIME.Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.ThetwofirmshavewarnedaIIpartiesinthetransactionchain-merchantnetworkbank-thatiftheydontbecomeEMV-compIiantbyOctober2023thepartythatisIeastcompIiantwiIIbearthefraudrisk.Inthemeantimeapp-equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwaIIets一aIIofwhichcanuseEMVtechnology-arebeginningtomakeinroads(侵袭)oncardsandcash.PayPaIforinstanceistestinganappthatletsyouuseyourmobiIephonetopayonthefIyatIocaImerchants一withoutsurrenderinganycardinformationtothem.AndfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthenticationwhichcouIdbeencryptedwithsayafingerprint.CreditanddebitcardsthougharegoingtobewithusfortheforeseeabIefutureandsoarehackersifwestickwithmagstripetechnology.ItseemscrazytomesaysGumbIeywhoisEngIishthatacutting-edge-technoIogycountryisdependingona40-year-oldtechnology.ThatswhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovetheneedIeonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:Whenyougettheconsumerintoapositionofworryandinconveniencethatswheretherubberhitstheroad.H留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答ItsbesttouseanEMVcardforinternationaltraveI.PersonaIinformationoncreditanddebitcardsisincreasinglyvuInerabIetohacking.TheFrenchcardcompaniesadoptedEMVtechnoIogypartIybecauseofinefficientteIephoneservice.WhilemanycountriesusethesmarterEMVcardstheU.S.stillcIingstoitsoldmagstripetechnology.Attemptsarebeingmadetopreventhackersfromcarryingoutidentitytheft.Creditcardsaremuchsafertousethandebitcards.BigbankshavebeenreIuctanttoswitchtomoresecuretechnoIogybecauseofthehighercostsinvolved.ThepotentiaIliabilityforretaiIersusingmagstripeisfarmorecostIythanupgradingtheirregisters.TheuseofmagstripecardsbyAmericanretaiIersIeavesconsumersexposedtotherisksoflosingaccountinformation.ConsumerswiIIbeadrivingforcebehindtheconversionfrommagstripetoEMVtechnology.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfoilowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.YoushouIddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.IlladmitIveneverquiteunderstoodtheobsession难以破除的成见surroundinggeneticaIlymodifiedGMcrops.ToenvironmentaIistopponentsGMfoodsaresimplyevilanunderstudiedpossibIyharmfuItoolusedbybigagriculturaIbusinessestocontrolgIobaIseedmarketsandcrushIocaIfarmers.TheyarguethatGMfoodshaveneverdeIiveredontheirsupposedpromisethatmoneyspentonGMcropswouIdbebetterchanneIedtoorganicfarmingandthatconsumersshouIdbeprotectedwithwarningIabeIsonanyproductsthatcontaingeneticaIlymodifiedingredients.TosupportersGMcropsareakeypartoftheefforttosustainabIyprovidefoodtomeetagrowingglobalpopulation.ButmorethanthatsupportersseetheGMoppositionofmanyenvironmentaIistsasfundamentaIIyanti-sciencenodifferentthanthosewhoquestionthebasicsofman-madecIimatechange.ForbothsidesGMfoodsseemtoactasasymboI:yourepro-agricuIturaIbusinessoranti-science.ButscienceisexactIywhatweneedmoreofwhenitcomestoGMfoodswhichiswhyIwashappytoseeNaturedevoteaspeciaIseriesofarticlestotheGMfoodcontroversy.TheconeIusion:whiIeGMcropshaventyetreaIizedtheirinitialpromiseandhavebeendominatedbyagriculturalbusinessesthereisreasontocontinuetouseanddeveIopthemtoheIpmeettheenormouschaIIengeofsustainabIyfeedingagrowingpIanet.ThatdoesntmeanGMcropsareperfectoraone-size-fits-aIIsoIutiontogIobaIagricuItureprobIems.ButanythingthatcanincreasefarmingefficiencytheamountofcropswecanproduceperacreofIandwillbeextremeIyusefuI.GMcropscanandalmostcertainlywiIIbepartofthatsuiteoftooIs*butsowiIItraditionaIpIantbreedingimprovedsoiIandcropmanagement一andperhapsmostimportantofallbetterstorageandtransportinfrastructure基础1殳施especiaIIyinthedevelopingworId.ItdoesntdomuchgoodforfarmersinpIacesIikesub-SaharanAfricatoproducemorefoodiftheycantgetittohungryconsumers.Idliketoseemorenon-industryresearchdoneonGMcrops——notjustbecausewedworryIessaboutbiasbutaIsobecauseseedcompaniesIikeMonsantoandPioneershouldntbetheonIyentitiesworkingtoharnessgeneticmodification.I*dliketoseeGMresearchonIesscommercialcropsIikecom.IdontthinkitsvitaltoIabeIGMingredientsinfoodbutIaIsowouIdntbeagainstit-andindustrywouldbesmarttogoaIongwithIabeIingjustasawayofremovingfearsaboutthetechnology.MostofaIIthoughIwishatenthoftheenergythatsspentendIessIydebatingGMcropswasfocusedonthosemorepressingchaIIengesforglobaIagriculture.TherearemuchbiggerbattIestofight.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答HowdoenvironmentaIistopponentsviewGMfoodsaccordingtothepassageTheywiIIeventuaIIyruinagricultureandtheenvironment.TheyareusedbybigbusinessestomonopoIizeagriculture.TheyhaveprovedpotentiaIIyharmfuItoconsumershealth.Theyposeatremendousthreattocurrentfarmingpractice.WhatdoestheauthorsayisvitaltosolvingthecontroversybetweenthetwosidesofthedebateMeasuresshouIdbetakentoensurethesafetyofGMfoods.BothsupportersandopponentsshouIdmakecompromises.WhatistheauthorsviewonthesoIutiontoagriculturalprobIemsIthastodependmoreandmoreonGMtechnology.Itisvitaltothesustainabledevelopmentofhumansociety.GMcropsshouIdbeaIIoweduntiIbetteralternativesarefound.WhateverisusefuItoboostfarmingefficiencyshouIdbeencouraged.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheongoingdebatearoundGMcropsItarisesoutofignoranceofandprejudiceagainstnewscience.ItdistractsthepubIicattentionfromotherkeyissuesoftheworId.EffortsspentonitshouIdbeturnedtomoreurgentissuesofagriculture.NeithersideislikelytogiveinuntiImoreconvincingevidenceisfound.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhentherightpersonisholdingtherightjobattherightmomentthatpersonsinfIuenceisgreatIyexpanded.ThatisthepositioninwhichJanetYellenwhoisexpectedtobeconfirmedasthenextchairoftheFederaIReserveBankFedinJanuarynowfindsherseIf.IfyoubeIieveasmanydothatunempIoymentisthemajoreconomicandsociaIconcernofourdaythenitisnostretchtothinkYellenisthemostpowerfuIpersonintheworIdrightnow.Throughoutthe2023financiaIcrisisandtherecessionandrecoverythatfollowedcentraIbankshavetakenontheroleofstimuIatorsofIastresortholdinguptheglobaIeconomywithvastamountsofmoneyintheformofassetbuying.YeIIenpreviousIyaFedvicechairwasoneoftheprincipalarchitectsoftheFeds$
3.8trillionmoneydump.AstareconomistknownforhergroundbreakingworkonIabormarketsYeilenwasakindofprophetessearIyoninthecrisisforherwarningsaboutthesubprime次级债meItdown.NowitwiIIbeherjobtogettheFedandthemarketsoutofthebiggestandmostunconventionaImonetaryprograminhistorywithoutderaiIingthefragiIerecovery.ThegoodnewsisthatYeIIen67isparticuIarIyweIIsuitedtomeetthesechaIIenges.ShehasakeenunderstandingoffinanciaImarketsanappreciationfortheirimperfectionsandastrongbeIiefthathumansufferingwasmorereIatedtounempIoymentthananythingeIse.SomeexpertsworrythatYellenwillbeincIinedtochaseunempIoymenttotheneglectofinflation.ButwithwagesstillrelativelyflatandtheeconomyincreasinglydividedbetweentheweII-offandtheIong-termunempIoyedmorepeopIeworryabouttheoppositedeflation通货紧缩thatwouldaggravatetheeconomysproblems.EitherwaytheincomingFedchiefwiIIhavetowaIkafineIineinslowlyendingthestimuIus.ItmustbesteadyenoughtodefIatebubbIes去泡沫andbringmarketsbackdowntoearthbutnotsoquickthatitcreatesanothercreditcrisis.UnIikemanypastFedIeadersYeIIenisnotonetobuyintothefinanceindustrysargumentthatitshouldbeIeftalonetoreguIateitself.SheknowsaIIalongtheFedhasbeentoosIackonregulationoffinance.YeIIenisIikeIytoaddressrightaftershepushesunempIoymentbeIow6%stabiIizesmarketsandmakessurethattherecoveryismoreinclusiveandrobust.AsPrincetonProfessorAlanBIindersaysShe*ssmartasawhipdeepIylogicalwillingtoarguebutaIsoagoodIistener.ShecanpersuadewithoutcreatinghostiIity.AHthosetraitswiIIbeusefuIastheglobaleconomysnewpowerpIayertakesonitsmostannoyingprobIems.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答WhatdomanypeoplethinkisthebiggestprobIemfacingJanetYeIIenALackofmoney.BSubprimecrisis.CUnemployment.DSociaIinstabiIity.WhatdidYeIIenheIptheFeddototackIethe2023financialcrisisWhatisYellenlikelytodoinherpositionastheFedchiefADeveIopanewmonetaryprogram.BRestorepubIicconfidence.CTightenfinanciaIreguIation.DReformthecreditsystem.HowdoesAlanBIinderportrayYeIIenShepossessesstrongpersuasivepower.Shehasconfidenceinwhatsheisdoing.SheisoneoftheworIdsgreatesteconomists.SheisthemostpowerfuIFedchiefinhistory.PartVITranslation30minutesDirections:ForthispartyouareaIIowed30minutestotransIateapassagefromChineseintoEngIish.YoushouIdwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet
2.2023年是中国城市化urbanization进程中的历史性时刻,其城市人口首次超过农村人口在将来20年里,预料约有
3.5亿农村人口将移居到城市如此规模的城市发展对城市交通来说既是挑战,也是机遇中国政府始终提倡“以人为本”的发展理念强调人们以公交而不是私家车出行它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会有了这个明确的目标,中国城市就可以更好地规划其发展,并把大量投资转向平安、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上PartIIIReadingComprehension40minutesSectionADirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtenblanks.YouarerequiredtoseIectonewordforeachbIankfromaIistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.EachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaIetterPIeasemarkthecorrespondingIetterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InnovationtheeIixir灵丹妙药ofprogresshasaIwayscostpeopIetheirjobs.IntheIndustriaIRevoIutionhandweaverswere36asidebythemechanicaIIoom.Overthepast30yearsthedigitalrevolutionhas37manyofthemid-skiIIjobsthatsupported20th-centurymiddle-classIife.TypiststicketagentsbankteIIersandmanyproduction-1inejobshavebeendispensedwithjustastheweaverswere.ForthosewhobeIievethattechnologicalprogresshasmadetheworIdabetterpIacesuchdisruptionisanaturaIpartofrising
38.AlthoughinnovationkiIIssomejobsitcreatesnewandbetteronesmamore39societybecomesricheranditsweaIthierinhabitantsdemandmoregoodsandservices.AhundredyearsagooneinthreeAmericanworkerswas40onafarm.TodayIessthan2%ofthemproducefarmorefood.ThemiIIionsfreedfromtheIandwerenotrendered41butfoundbetter-paidworkastheeconomygrewmoresophisticated.TodaythepooIofsecretarieshas
42.butthereareevermorecomputerprogrammersandwebdesigners.Optimismremainstherightstarting-pointbutforworkersthedislocatingeffectsoftechnoIogymaymakethemseIvesevidentfasterthanits
43.EvenifnewjobsandwonderfuIproductsemergeintheshorttermincomegapswiIIwidencausinghugesocialdislocationandperhapsevenchangingpolitics.Technologys44wiIIfeeIIikeatornado旋风hittingtherichworIdfirstbut45sweepingthroughpoorercountriestoo.Nogovernmentispreparedforit.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答infIuenceinteractinginterpretationmagnifiedmirrorsphiIosophypotentialsneakingstickingunderminesviolentSectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaIetter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet
2.InequaIityIsNotInevitableAdangeroustrendhasdeveIopedoverthispastthirdofacentury.AcountrythatexperiencedsharedgrowthafterWorIdWarIIbegantotearapartsomuchsothatwhentheGreatRecessionhitinIate2023onecouldnoIongerignorethedivisionthathadcometodefinetheAmericaneconomicIandscape.HowdidthisshiningcityonahillbecometheadvancedcountrywiththegreatestIeveIofinequaIityOverthepastyearandahaIfTheGreatdivideaseriesinTheNewYorkTimeshaspresentedawiderangeofexampIesthatunderminethenotionthatthereareanytruIyfundamentaIIawsofcapitaIism.ThedynamicsoftheimperiaIcapitaIismofthe19thcenturyneedntapplyinthedemocraciesofthe21st.wedontneedtohavethismuchinequaIityinAmerica.OurcurrentbrandofcapitaIismisafakecapitaIism.ForproofofthisgobacktoourresponsetotheGreatRecessionwherewesociaIizedIossesevenasweprivatizedgains.Perfectcompetitionshoulddriveprofitstozeroatleasttheoreticallybutwehavemonopoliesmakingpersistentlyhighprofits.C.E.0sbenefitsdispIacedempIoyedeventuaIIyimpactjobIessprimariIyproductiveprosperityresponsiverhythmsentimentsshrunkswept.withdrawnSectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaIetter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet
2.WhytheMonaLisaStandsOutHaveyoueverfaIlenforanoveIandbeenamazednottofinditonIistsofgreatbooksOrwaIkedaroundascuIpturerenownedasacIassicstruggIingtoseewhatthefussisaboutIfsoyouveprobabIyponderedthequestionapsychologistJamesCuttingaskedhimself:howdoesaworkofartcometobeconsideredgreatTheintuitiveansweristhatsomeworksofartarejustgreat:ofintrinsicaIIysuperiorquaIity.ThepaintingsthatwinprimespotsingalIeriesgettaughtincIassesandreproducedinbooksaretheonesthathaveprovedtheirartisticvaIueovertime.IfyoucantseetheyresuperiorthatsyourprobIem.Itsanintimidatinglyneatexplanation.ButsomesociaIscientistshavebeenaskingawkwardquestionsofitraisingthepossibiIitythatartisticcanons(名作书目)areIittIemorethanfossiIisedhistoricalaccidents.CuttingaprofessoratCornelIUniversitywonderedifapsychologicalmechanismknownasthemere-exposureeffectpIayedaroIeindecidingwhichpaintingsrisetothetopofthecuIturaIIeague.Cuttingdesignedanexperimenttotesthishunch(直觉).OveraIecturecoursehereguIarIyshowedundergraduatesworksofimpressionismfortwosecondsatatime.SomeofthepaintingswerecanonicalincIudedinart-historybooks.OtherswereIesserknownbutofcomparabIequaIity.Thesewereexposedfourtimesasoften.AfterwardsthestudentspreferredthemtothecanonicaIworkswhiIeacontrolgroupofstudentsIikedthecanonicaIonesbest.CuttingsstudentshadgrowntoIikethosepaintingsmoresimplybecausetheyhadseenthemmore.CuttingbeIieveshisexperimentoffersaclueastohowcanonsareformed.HepointsoutthatthemostreproducedworksofimpressionismtodaytendtohavebeenboughtbyfiveorsixweaIthyandinfIuentiaIcolIectorsintheIate19thcentury.Thepreferencesofthesemenbestowed(贝易予)prestigeoncertainworkswhichmadetheworksmoreIikeIytobehungingalIeriesandprintedincollections.Thefamepasseddowntheyearsgainingmomentumfrommereexposureasitdidso.ThemorepeoplewereexposedtothemoretheyIikeditandthemoretheyIikeditthemoreitappearedinbooksonpostersandinbigexhibitions.MeanwhiIeacademicsandcriticscreatedsophisticatedjustificationsforitspreeminence(卓越).Afterallitsnotjustthemasseswhotendtoratewhattheyseemoreoftenmorehighly.AscontemporaryartistsIikeWarholandDamienHirsthavegraspedcriticspraiseisdeeplyentwined(交织)withpublicity.ScholarsCuttingarguesarenodifferentfromthepubIicintheeffectsofmereexposure.TheprocessdescribedbyCuttingevokesaprinciplethatthesociologistDuncanWattscallscumuIativeadvantage:onceathingbecomespopularitwiIItendtobecomemorepopuIarstill.AfewyearsagoWattswhoisempIoyedbyMicrosofttostudythedynamicsofsociaInetworkshadasimiIarexperiencetoCuttingsinanotherParismuseum.AfterqueuingtoseetheMonaLisainitscIimate-controlledbuIletproofboxattheLouvrehecameawaypuzzled:whywasitconsideredsosuperiortothethreeotherLeonardosinthepreviouschambertowhichnobodyseemedtobepayingthesIightestattentionWhenWattslookedintothehistoryofthegreatestpaintingofalItime”hediscoveredthatformostofitsIifetheMonaLisaremainedinreIativeobscurity.Inthe1850sLeonardodaVinciwasconsiderednomatchforgiantsofRenaissanceartIikeTitianandRaphaeIwhoseworkswereworthalmosttentimesasmuchastheMonaLisa.ItwasonIyinthe20thcenturythatLeonardosportraitofhispatronswiferocketedtothenumber-onespot.WhatpropeIledittherewasntascholarlyre-evaluationbutatheft.In1911amaintenanceworkerattheLouvrewaIkedoutofthemuseumwiththeMonaLisahiddenunderhissmock(工作月艮).ParisianswereshockedatthetheftofapaintingtowhichuntiIthentheyhadpaidIittIeattention.WhenthemuseumreopenedpeoplequeuedtoseethegapwheretheMonaLisahadoncehunginawaytheyhadneverdoneforthepaintingitself.FromthenontheMonaLisacametorepresentWesterncultureitseIf.AIthoughmanyhavetrieditdoesseemimprobabIethatthepaintingsuniquestatuscanbeattributedentireIytothequaIityofitsbrushstrokes.11hasbeensaidthatthesubjectseyesfollowthevieweraroundtheroom.ButasthepaintingsbiographerDonaIdSassoondryIynotesInreaIitytheeffectcanbeobtainedfromanyportrait.DuncanWattsproposesthattheMonaLisaismerelyanextremeexampIeofageneraIruIe.Paintingspoemsandpopsongsarebuoyed(使浮起)orsunkbyrandomeventsorpreferencesthatturnintowavesofinfIuencepassingdownthegenerations.[I]SayingthatcuIturaIobjectshavevaIueBrianEnooncewroteisIikesayingthatteIephoneshaveconversations.nNearIyaIIthecuIturaIobjectsweconsumearrivewrappedininheritedopinion;ourpreferencesarealwaystosomeextentsomeoneeIses.VisitorstotheMonaLisaknowtheyareabouttovisitthegreatestworkofarteverandcomeawayappropriateIyimpressed—orIetdown.AnaudienceataperformanceofHamletknowitisregardedasaworkofgeniussothatiswhattheymostIysee.WattsevencallsthepreeminenceofShakespeareahistoricaIaccident.AIthoughtherigidhigh-1owdistinetionfeIIapartinthe1960swestillusecultureasabadgeofidentity.TodaysfashionforeclecticismG斤衷主义)一nIIoveBachAbbaandJayZ-isShamusKhanaCoIumbiaUniversitypsychoIogistarguesanewwayforthemiddlecIasstodistinguishthemseIvesfromwhattheyperceivetobethenarrowtastesofthosebeneaththeminthesocialhierarchy.TheintrinsicquaIityofaworkofartisstartingtoseemIikeitsIeastimportantattribute.ButperhapsitsmoresignificantthanoursocialscientistsaIIow.FirstofallaworkneedsacertainquaIitytobeeligibIetobeswepttothetopofthepile.TheMonaLisamaynotbeaworthyworIdchampionbutitwasintheLouvreinthefirstplaceandnotbyaccident.Secondlysomestuffissimplybetterthanotherstuff.ReadHamletafterreadingeventhegreatestofShakespeare*scontemporariesandthedifferencemaystrikeyouasunarguable.AstudyintheBritishJournaIofAestheticssuggeststhattheexposureeffectdoesntworkthesamewayoneverythingandpointstoadifferentconeIusionabouthowcanonsareformed.ThesociaIscientistsarerighttosaythatweshouIdbeaIittIescepticaIofgreatnessandthatweshouIdaIwaysIookinthenextroom.Greatartandmediocrity平凡cangetconfusedevenbyexperts.Butthatswhyweneedtoseeandreadasmuchaswecan.Themorewe*reexposedtothegoodandthebadthebetterweareattellingthedifference.Theeclecticistshaveit.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答AccordingtoDuncanWattsthesuperiorityoftheMonaLisatoLeonardosotherworksresultedfromthecumuIativeadvantage.SomesociaIscientistshaveraiseddoubtsabouttheintrinsicvaIueofcertainworksofart.Itisoftenrandomeventsorpreferencesthatdeterminethefateofapieceofart.Inhisexperimerit.CuttingfoundthathissubjectsIikedIesserknownworksbetterthancanonicaIworksbecauseofmoreexposure.TheauthorthinksthegreatnessofanartworkstillIiesinitsintrinsicvaIue.11istrueofcriticsasweIIasordinarypeopIethatthepopuIarityofartisticworksiscIoseIyassociatedwithpubIicity.WeneedtoexposeourseIvestomoreartandIiteratureinordertoteIIthesuperiorfromtheinferior.AstudyofthehistoryofthegreatestpaintingssuggestsevenagreatworkofartcouIdexperienceyearsofneglect.CuItureisstiIIusedasamarktodistinguishonesocialclassfromanother.OpinionsaboutandpreferencesforcuIturaIobjectsareofteninheritabIe.SectionCDirection:Thereare2passagesinthissection.EachpassageisfoIIowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.YoushouIddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespond!ngIetteronAnswerSheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhentherightpersonisholdingtherightjobattherightmomentthatpersonsinfIuenceisgreatlyexpanded.ThatisthepositioninwhichJanetYellenwhoisexpectedtobeconfirmedasthenextchairoftheFederaIReserveBank(Fed)inJanuarynowfindsherseIf.IfyoubeIieveasmanydothatunempIoymentisthemajoreconomicandsocialconcernofourdaythenitisnostretchtothinkYelIenisthemostpowerfuIpersonintheworIdrightnow.Throughoutthe2023financiaIcrisisandtherecessionandrecoverythatfollowedcentraIbankshavetakenontheroleofstimuIatorsofIastresortholdinguptheglobaIeconomywithvastamountsofmoneyintheformofassetbuying.YeIIenpreviousIyaFedvicechairwasoneoftheprincipalarchitectsoftheFeds$
3.8trillionmoneydump.AstareconomistknownforhergroundbreakingworkonIabormarketsYelIenwasakindofprophetessearIyoninthecrisisforherwarningsaboutthesubprime(次级债)meItdown.NowitwiIIbeherjobtogettheFedandthemarketsoutofthebiggestandmostunconventionaImonetaryprograminhistorywithoutderaiIingthefragiIerecovery.ThegoodnewsisthatYeIIen67isparticuIarIyweIIsuitedtomeetthesechaIIenges.ShehasakeenunderstandingoffinancialmarketsanappreciationfortheirimperfectionsandastrongbeIiefthathumansufferingwasmorereIatedtounemploymentthananythingeIse.SomeexpertsworrythatYellenwillbeincIinedtochaseunempIoymenttotheneglectofinfIation.ButwithwagesstillrelativelyflatandtheeconomyincreasinglydividedbetweentheweII-offandtheIong-termunempIoyedmorepeopIeworryabouttheoppositedeflation(通货紧缩)thatwouldaggravatetheeconomysproblems.EitherwaytheincomingFedchiefwiIIhavetowaIkafineIineinslowlyendingthestimuIus.Itmustbesteadyenoughtodeflatebubbles(去泡沫)andbringmarketsbackdowntoearthbutnotsoquickthatitcreatesanothercreditcrisis.llnlikemanypastFedIeadersYellenisnotonetobuyintothefinanceindustrysargumentthatitshouldbeIeftalonetoregulateitself.SheknowsaIIalongtheFedhasbeentoosIackonreguIationoffinance.YellenisIikeIytoaddresstheissuerightaftershepushesunemploymentbelow6%stabiIizesmarketsandmakessurethattherecoveryismoreinclusiveandrobust.AsPrincetonProfessorAlanBlindersaysShessmartasawhipdeepIylogicalwillingtoarguebutaIsoagoodIistener.ShecanpersuadewithoutcreatinghostiIity.AllthosetraitswiIIbeusefuIasthegIobaIeconomysnewpowerpIayertakesonitsmostannoyingprobIems.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答WhatdomanypeopIethinkisthebiggestprobIemfacingJanetYeIIenALackofmoney.BSubprimecrisis.CUnempIoyment.DSociaIinstabiIity.WhatdidYeIlenheIptheFeddototackIethe2023financiaIcrisisTakeeffectivemeasurestocurbinfIation.DefIatethebubblesintheAmericaneconomy.ARecession.BDefIation.CInequaIity.DIncome.WhatisYellenIikeIytodoinherpositionastheFedchiefADeveIopanewmonetaryprogram.BRestorepubIicconfidence.CTightenfinanciaIregulation.DReformthecreditsystem.HowdoesAlanBIinderportrayYeIIenShepossessesstrongpersuasivepower.CSheisoneoftheworIdsgreatesteconomists.Shehasconfidenceinwhatsheisdoing.SheisthemostpowerfuIFedchiefinhistory.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AirpolIutionisdeterioratinginmanypIacesaroundtheworId.ThefactthatpubIicparksincitiesbecomecrowdedassoonasthesunshinesprovesthatpeopleIongtobreatheingreenopenspaces.TheydonotaIIknowwhattheyareseekingbuttheyfIocktherenevertheIess.AndinthesesurroundingstheyaregeneraIIybothpeacefuIandpeaceabIe.11israretoseepeopIefightinginagarden.PerhapsstruggleunfoldsfirstnotataneconomicorsocialIeveIbutovertheappropriationofairessentiaItoIifeitseIf.Ifhumanbeingscanbreatheandshareairtheydontneedtostrugglewithoneanother.UnfortunateIyinourwesterntraditionneithermateriaIistnorideaIisttheoreticiansgiveenoughconsiderationtothisbasicconditionforIife.AsforpoIiticiansdespiteproposingcurbsonenvironmentaIpollutiontheyhavenotyetcalledforittobemadeacrime.WeaIthycountriesareevenaIIowedtopoIIuteiftheypayforit.ButisourIifeworthanythingotherthanmoneyThepIantworIdshowsusinsiIencewhatfaithfulnesstoIifeconsistsof.ItalsohelpsustoanewbeginningurgingustocareforourbreathnotonIyatavitalbutaIsoataspirituaIIeveI.TheinterdependencetowhichwemustpaythecIosestattentionisthatwhichexistsbetweenourseIvesandthepIantworId.OftendescribedastheIungsofthepIanetthewoodsthatcovertheearthofferusthegiftofbreathabIeairbyreIeasingoxygen.ButtheircapacitytorenewtheairpolIutedbyindustryhasIongreacheditsIimit.IfweIacktheairnecessaryforahealthylifeitisbecausewehavefilleditwithchemicalsandundercuttheabiIityofpIantstoregenerateit.AsweknowrapiddeforestationcombinedwiththemassiveburningoffossiIfueIsisanexpIosiverecipeforanirreversibIedisaster.ThefightovertheappropriationofresourceswiIIIeadtheentirepIanettoheIIunIesshumansIearntoshareIifebothwitheachotherandwithpIants.ThistaskissimultaneouslyethicaIandpoIiticalbecauseitcanbedischargedonlywheneachtakesituponherseIforhimselfandonIywhenitisaccompIishedtogetherwithothers.TheIessontaughtbypIantsisthatsharingIifeexpandsandenhancesthesphereofthelivingwhiIedividingIifeintoso-caIlednaturaIorhumanresourcesdiminishesit.WemustcometoviewtheairthepIantsandourseIvesasthecontributorstothepreservationofIifeandgrowthratherthanawebofquantifiabIeobjectsorproductivepotentiaIitiesatourdisposaI.PerhapsthenwewouldfinalIybegintoIiveratherthanbeingconcernedwithbaresurvivaI.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答WhatdoestheauthorassumemightbetheprimaryreasonthatpeoplewouIdstrugglewitheachotherATogettheirshareofcIeanair.BTopursueacomfortabIeIife.CTogainahighersociaIstatus.DToseekeconomicbenefits.WhatdoestheauthoraccusewesternpoliticiansofDeprivingcommonpeopIeoftherighttocleanair.GivingprioritytotheoryratherthanpracticaIaction.OfferingpreferentiaItreatmenttowealthycountries.FailingtopassIawstocurbenvironmentaIpollution.WhatdoestheauthortrytodrawourcIosestattentiontoThemassiveburningoffossiIfueIs.OurreIationshiptothepIantworId.ThecapacityofpIantstorenewpollutedair.Large-scaledeforestationacrosstheworId.HowcanhumanbeingsaccompIishthegoaIofprotectingtheplanetaccordingtotheauthorByshowingrespectforpIants.BypreservingaIIformsofIife.BytappingaIInaturaIresources.BypooIingtheireffortstogether.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestwedoinordernotjusttosurviveExpandthesphereofliving.DeveIopnaturespotentiaIs.ShareIifewithnature.Allocatetheresources.PartVITranslation30minutesDirections:ForthispartyouareaIIowed30minutestotransIateapassagefromChineseintoEngIish.YoushouIdwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet
2.中国传统的待客之道要求饭菜丰富多样,让客人吃不完中国宴席上典型的菜单包括开席的一套凉菜及其后的热菜,例如肉类、鸡鸭、蔬菜等大多数宴席上,全鱼被认为是必不行少的,除非已经上过各式海鲜如今,中国人喜爱把西方特色菜与传统中式菜肴融于一席,因此牛排上桌也不少见,沙拉也已流行起来,尽管传统上中国人一般不吃任何未经烹妊的菜肴宴席通常至少有一道汤,可以最先或最终上桌,甜点和水果通常标记宴席的结束enjoyincomesthatareonaverage295timesthatofthetypicaIworkeramuchhigherratiothaninthepastwithoutanyevidenceofaproportionateincreaseinproductivity.IfitisnotthecrueIIawsofeconomicsthathaveIedtoAmericasgreatdividewhatisitThestraightforwardanswer:ourpoIiciesandourpolitics.PeopIegettiredofhearingaboutScandinaviansuccessstoriesbutthefactofthematteristhatSwedenFinIandandNorwayhaveaIIsucceededinhavingaboutasmuchorfastergrowthinpercapita(人均的)incomesthantheUnitedStatesandwithfargreaterequaIity.SowhyhasAmericachosentheseinequaIity-enhancingpoIiciesPartoftheansweristhatasWorIdWarIIfadedintomemorysotoodidthesoIidarityithadcreated.AsAmericatriumphedintheCoIdWartheredidntseemtobeareaIcompetitortooureconomicmodeI.WithoutthisinternationaIcompetitionwenoIongerhadtoshowthatoursystemcouIddeIiverformostofourcitizens.Ideologyandiinterestscombineviciously.SomedrewthewronglessonfromthecollapseoftheSovietsystemin
1991.ThependuIumswungfrommuchtoomuchgovernmenttheretomuchtooIittIehere.CorporateinterestsarguedforgettingridofreguIationsevenwhenthoseregulationshaddonesomuchtoprotectandimprovepurenvironmentoursafetyourheaIthandtheeconomyitseIf.Butthisideologywashypocritical(虚伪的).ThebankersamongthestrongestadvocatesofIaissez-faire(自由放任的)economicswereonlytoowiIIingtoaccepthundredsofbillionsofdoIIarsfromthegovernmentintheaidprogramsthathavebeenarecurringfeatureoftheglobaleconomysineethebeginningoftheThatcher-ReaganeraoffreemarketsanddereguIation.TheAmericanpoliticalsystemisoverrunbymoney.EconomicinequaIitytransIatesintopoliticaIin-equaIityandpoliticaIinequaIityyieldsincreasingeconomicinequaIity.SocorporateweIfareincreasesaswereduceweIfareforthepoor.CongressmaintainssubsidiesforrichfarmersaswecutbackonnutritionaIsupportfortheneedy.DrugcompanieshavebeengivenhundredsofbiIIionsofdollarsasweIimitMedicaidbenefits.ThebanksthatbroughtonthegIobaIfinanciaIcrisisgotbiIIionswhileatinybitwenttothehomeownersandvictimsofthesamebankspredatoryG京夺小生的)lendingpractices.ThisIastdecisionwasparticularlyfoolish.TherewereaIternativestothrowingmoneyatthebanksandhopingitwouIdcircuIatethroughincreasedlending.Ourdivisionsaredeep.EconomicandgeographicsegregationhasimmunizedthoseatthetopfromtheproblemsofthosedownbeIow.LikethekingsofancienttimestheyhavecometoperceivetheirpriviIegedpositionsessentiaIlyasanaturaIright.OureconomyourdemocracyandoursocietyhavepaidforthesegrossinequaIities.ThetruetestofaneconomyisnothowmuchweaIthitsprincescanaccumuIateintaxhavens(庇护所)buthowweIIoffthetypicaIcitizenis.Butaverageincomesarelowerthantheywereaquarter-centuryago.Growthhasgonetotheveryverytopwhosesharehasalmostincreasedfourtimessinee
1980.MoneythatwasmeanttohavetrickIed(流淌)downhasinsteadevaporatedintheagreeabIecIimateoftheCaymanIsIands.WithalmostaquarterofAmericanchiIdrenyoungerthan5IivinginpovertyandwithAmericadoingsoIittIeforitspoorthedeprivationsofonegenerationarebeingvisiteduponthenext.OfcoursenocountryhasevercomecIosetoprovidingcompIeteequaIityofopportunity.ButwhyisAmericaoneoftheadvancedcountrieswheretheIifeprospectsoftheyoungaremostsharpIydeterminedbytheincomeandeducationoftheirparentsAmongthemostbitterstoriesinTheGreatDividewerethosethatportrayedthefrustrationsoftheyoungwhoIongtoenterourshrinkingmiddlecIass.SoaringtuitionsanddecIiningincomeshaveresultedinlargerdebtburdens.ThosewithonIyahighschooldipIomahaveseentheirincomesdecIineby13percentoverthepast35years.WherejusticeisconcernedthereisaIsoahugedivide.IntheeyesoftherestoftheworIdandasignificantpartofitsownpopuIationmassimprisonmenthascometodefineAmerica——acountryitbearsrepeatingwithabout5percentoftheworIdspopulationbutaroundafourthoftheworIdsprisoners.JusticehasbecomeacommodityaffordabIetoonlyafew.WhiIeWaIIStreetexecutivesusedtheirexpensiveIawyerstoensurethattheirrankswerenotheldaccountabIeforthemisdeedsthatthecrisisin2023sographicaIIyreveaIedthebanksabusedourIegaIsystemto千oreclose(取消贝卖回权)onmortgagesandejecttenantssomeofwhomdidnotevenowemoney.MorethanahaIf-centuryagoAmericaIedthewayinadvocatingfortheUniversaIDeclarationofHumanRightsadoptedbytheUnitedNationsin
1948.TodayaccesstohealthcareisamongthemostuniversaIIyacceptedrightsatIeastintheadvancedcountries.AmericadespitetheimpIementationoftheAffordabIeCareActistheexception.InthereIiefthatmanyfe11whentheSupremeCourtdidnotoverturntheAffordabIeCareActtheimpIicationsofthedecisionforMedicaidwerenotfullyappreciated.Obamacaresobjective-toensurethataIIAmericanshaveaccesstohealthcare—hasbeenblocked:24stateshavenotimplementedtheexpandedMedicaidprogramwhichwasthemeansbywhichObamacarewassupposedtodeIiveronitspromisetosomeofthepoorest.WeneednotjustanewwaronpovertybutawartoprotectthemiddlecIass.SoIutionstotheseprobIemsdonothavetobenoveI.Farfromit.MakingmarketsactIikemarketswouIdbeagoodpIacetostart.Wemustendtherent-seekingsocietywehavegravitatedtowardinwhichthewealthyobtainprofitsbymanipulatingthesystem.TheprobIemofinequaIityisnotsomuchamatteroftechnicaleconomics.ItsreallyaprobIemofpracticaIpoIitics.InequaIityisnotjustaboutthetopmarginaItaxratebutaIsoaboutourchiIdrensaccesstofoodandtherighttojusticeforall.IfwespentmoreoneducationheaIthandinfrastructure(基础亍殳方包)wewouIdstrengthenoureconomynowandinthefuture.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答Intheoryfreecompetitionissupposedtoreducethemarginofprofitstotheminimum.TheUnitedStatesisnowcharacterizedbyagreatdivisionbetweentherichandthepoor.AmericaIackedtheincentivetocareforthemajorityofitscitizensasitfoundnorivalforitseconomicmodeI.Thewealthytophavecometotakeprivilegesforgranted.ManyexampIesshowthebasicIawsofimperiaIcapitaIismnoIongerappIyinpresent-dayAmerica.Theauthorsuggestsareturntothetruespiritofthemarket.AquarteroftheworIdsprisonerpopulationisinAmerica.GovernmentregulationinAmericawentfromoneextremetotheotherinthepasttwodecades.JusticehasbecomesoexpensivethatonlyasmaIInumberofpeopleIikecorporateexecutivescanaffordit.NocountryintheworIdsofarhasbeenabIetoprovidecompIeteIyequaIopportunitiesforall.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfoilowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.YoushouIddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AirpollutionisdeterioratinginmanypIacesaroundtheworId.ThefactthatpubIicparksincitiesbecomecrowdedassoonasthesunshinesprovesthatpeopIeIongtobreatheingreenopenspaces.TheydonotaIIknowwhattheyareseekingbuttheyflocktherenevertheIess.AndinthesesurroundingstheyaregeneraIlybothpeacefuIandpeaceabIe.11israretoseepeopIefightinginagarden.PerhapsstruggleunfoldsfirstnotataneconomicorsocialIeveIbutovertheappropriationofairessentiaItoIifeitseIf.IfhumanbeingscanbreatheandshareairtheydontneedtostruggIewithoneanother.UnfortunateIyinourwesterntraditionneithermateriaIistnoridealisttheoreticiansgiveenoughconsiderationtothisbasicconditionforIife.AsforpoIiticiansdespiteproposingcurbsonenvironmentaIpollutiontheyhavenotyetcalledforittobemadeacrime.WeaIthycountriesareevenaIIowedtopoIIuteiftheypayforit.ButisourIifeworthanythingotherthanmoneyThepIantworIdshowsusinsiIencewhatfaithfuInesstoIifeconsistsof.ItaIsoheIpsustoanewbeginningurgingustocareforourbreathnotonIyatavitalbutaIsoataspirituaIIeveI.TheinterdependencetowhichwemustpaytheclosestattentionisthatwhichexistsbetweenourseIvesandthepIantworId.OftendescribedastheIungsofthepIanetthewoodsthatcovertheearthofferusthegiftofbreathabIeairbyreleasingoxygen.ButtheircapacitytorenewtheairpoIIutedbyindustryhasIongreacheditsIimit.IfweIacktheairnecessaryforahealthylifeitisbecausewehavefilleditwithchemicalsandundercuttheabiIityofpIantstoregenerateit.AsweknowrapiddeforestationcombinedwiththemassiveburningoffossiIfueIsisanexpIosiverecipeforanirreversibIedisaster.ThefightovertheappropriationofresourceswiIIIeadtheentirepIanettoheIIunIesshumansIearntoshareIifebothwitheachotherandwithpIants.ThistaskissimultaneouslyethicalandpoliticalbecauseitcanbedischargedonlywheneachtakesituponherseIforhimselfandonIywhenitisaccompIishedtogetherwithothers.TheIessontaughtbypIantsisthatsharingIifeexpandsandenhancesthesphereoftheIivingwhiIedividingIifeintoso-callednaturaIorhumanresourcesdiminishesit.WemustcometoviewtheairthepIantsandourseIvesasthecontributorstothepreservationofIifeandgrowthratherthanawebofquantifiableobjectsorproductivepotentiaIitiesatourdisposaI.PerhapsthenwewouIdfinalIybegintoliveratherthanbeingconcernedwithbaresurvivaI.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答WhatdoestheauthorassumemightbetheprimaryreasonthatpeoplewouIdstrugglewitheachotherATogettheirshareofcIeanair.BTopursueacomfortabIeIife.CTogainahighersociaIstatus.DToseekeconomicbenefits.WhatdoestheauthoraccusewesternpoliticiansofDeprivingcommonpeopIeoftherighttocleanair.GivingprioritytotheoryratherthanpracticaIaction.OfferingpreferentiaItreatmenttowealthycountries.FailingtopassIawstocurbenvironmentaIpollution.WhatdoestheauthortrytodrawourcIosestattentiontoThemassiveburningoffossiIfueIs.OurreIationshiptothepIantworId.ThecapacityofpIantstorenewpolIutedair.Large-scaIedeforestationacrosstheworId.HowcanhumanbeingsaccompIishthegoaIofprotectingthepIanetaccordingtotheauthorAByshowingrespectforpIants.BBypreservingalIformsofIife.BytappingaIInaturaIresources.DBypoolingtheireffortstogether.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestwedoinordernotjusttosurviveAExpandthesphereofIiving.BDeveIopnaturespotentiaIs.CShareIifewithnature.DAllocatetheresources.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.EarIydecision—youappIytooneschooIandadmissionisbinding一seemsIikeagreatchoicefornervousappIicants.SchooIsIetinahigherpercentageofearly-decisionappIicantswhicharguablymeansthatyouhaveabetterchanceofgettingin.AndifyoudoyouredonewiththewholeagonizingprocessbyDecember.ButwhatmoststudentsandparentsdontreaIizeisthatschooIshavehiddenmotivesforofferingearIydecision.EarIydecisionsineeitsbindingaIIowsschooIstofiIItheircIasseswithquaIifiedstudents;itaIIowsad-missionscommitteestoseIectthestudentsthatareinparticuIardemandfortheircollegeandknowthosestudentswiIIcome.ItaIsogivesschoolsahigheryieldratewhichisoftenusedasoneofthewaystomeasurecolIegeselectivityandpopularity.TheprobIemisthatthisprocesseffectiveIyshortensthewindowoftimestudentshavetomakeoneofthemostimportantdecisionsoftheirIivesuptothatpoint.UnderreguIaradmissionsseniorshaveuntiIMay1tochoosewhichschooItoattend;earIydecisioneffectiveIysteaIssixmonthsfromthemmonthsthatcouIdbeusedtovisitmoreschoolsdomoreresearchspeaktocurrentstudentsandaIumni(校友)andarguabIymakeamoreinformeddecision.TherearefrankIyanastonishingnumberofexceptionaIcoIIegesinAmericaandforanygivenstudentthereareanumberofschoolsthatareagreatfit.Whenstudentsbecometoofixated(专注)onaparticularschoolearIyintheadmissionsprocessthatfixationcanIeadtoseveredisappointmentiftheydontgetinoriftheydothepossibiIitythattheyarenowboundtogotoaschoolthatgiventimeforfurtherrefIectionmaynotactuaIIyberightforthem.InsofarasearIydecisionoffersagenuineadmissionsedgethatadvantagegoeslargelytostudentswhoaIreadyhavenumerousadvantage.ThestudentswhouseearIydecisiontendtobethosewhohavereceivedhigher-quaIitycolIegeguidanceusuaIIyaresu11ofcomingfromamoreprivilegedbackground.InthisregardtheresanargumentagainstearIydecisionasstudentsfromIower-incomefamiIiesarefarIessIikeIytohavetheadmissionsknow-howtonavigatetheoftenconfusingearlydeadIines.StudentswhohavedonetheirresearchandareconfidentthattheresoneschooItheywouIdbethriIIedtogetintoshouIdunderthecurrentsystemprobabIyappIyunderearIydecision.Butforstudentswhohaven*tyetdoneenoughresearchorwhoarestillconstantIychangingtheirmindsonfavoriteschooIstheearIy-decisionsystemneedIessIyandprematureIynarrowsthefieldofpossibiIityjustatatimewhenstudentsshouIdbeopeningthemseIvestoawhoIerangeofthriIIingoptions.留意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答WhatarestudentsobIigedtodounderearlydecisionA)LookintoalotofschooIsbeforetheyappIy.B)AttendtheschooIoncetheyareadmitted.CThinktwicebeforetheyaccepttheoffer.DConsuItthecurrentstudentsandaIumni.WhydoschooIsofferearIydecisionTomakesuretheygetquaIifiedstudents.Toavoidcompetitionwithothercolleges.ToprovidemoreopportunitiesforappIicants.Tosavestudentstheagonyofchoosingaschool.WhatissaidtobetheprobIemwithearIydecisionforstudents11makestheirappIicationprocessmorecompIicated.11pIacestoohighademandontheirresearchabiIity.ItaIIowsthemIittIetimetomakeinformeddecisions.11exertsmuchmorepsychoIogicaIpressureonthem.WhyaresomepeopIeopposedtoearIydecisionItiinterfereswithstudentslearninginhighschooI.Itisbiasedagainststudentsatordinaryhighschools.11causesunnecessaryconfusionamongcollegeappIicants.11pIacesstudentsfromIower-incomefamiIiesatadisadvantage.WhatdoestheauthoradvisecoIIegeappIicantstodoRefrainfromcompetingwithstudentsfrompriviIegedfamiIies.AvoidchoosingearIydecisionunIesstheyarefullyprepared.FindsufficientinformationabouttheirfavoriteschooIs.LookbeyondthefewsupposedIythriIIingoptions.PartIVTranslation30minutesDirections:ForthispartyouareaIIowed30minutestotransIateapassagefromChineseintoEngIish.YoushouIdwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet
2.汉朝是中国历史上最重要的朝代之一汉朝统治期间有许多显著的成就它最先向其他文化放开大门,对外贸易兴盛汉朝开拓的丝幺同之路通向了中西亚乃至罗马各类艺术一派旺盛,涌现了许多文学、历史、哲学巨著公元100年中国第一部字典编撰完成,收入9000个字,供应释义并列举不同的写法其间,科技方面也取得了很大进步,独创了纸张、水钟、。