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英语的词性通常分为10类其中名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词为实词,冠词、介词、连词和感叹词为虚词文章标题通常实词大写,虚词小写冠词冠词是放在名词前面的一种虚词,不能单独使用冠词有两种不定冠词a/an定冠词theA:a/an的用法l.a用在读音为辅音开头的名词之前an用在读音为元音开头的名词之前【注意】1这里指的是“读音”,而不是指字母例如auniversity/usefulbook/usualthing/European/anhour2另外在单独一个字母前也用an如A/E/F/H/I/L/M/N/O/R/S/X如Theresanmintheword-music..表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,通常在首次提到某人或某物时用a/an以表示与其他事物的区别11gavehimabookyesterday.2Iamreadinganinterestingstory..用在事物的度量单位前,如时间、速度、价格等,表示“每一个”Weoftengotoschooltwotimesaday.2Thepotatoissoldatabout30yuantenjin..特定的词组如afewalittlehaveagoodtimehavealookanumberofhaveacoldgoforawalk等.a/an+序数词表示“又一,再一例如Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuyafourthone.B:定冠词the的用法
1.定冠词特指某些人或某些事物Thebaginthedeskismine.2Isthisthebookyouarelookingfbr3Doyouknowthemaninback.如果第一次提到某人或事物的时候,用a/an那么以后再次提到的话,就变成特指的人或事物了;或者说话双方都知道的名词前例如⑴Openthedoorplease.2IboughtabookfromXinhuaBookshop.Thebookcostme15yuan..定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前这些事物当然是特指的事物,不可能有两个以上Ihesunthemoontheearththeworldthespringof20234定冠词与形容词连用,可表示某一类人或事物thc+形容词表示“一类人”1Healwayshelpsthepoor.2Thedisabledcangotothisspecialschool.【注意】the用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人例如TheGreensareverykindtous..用在形容词或副词的最高级和序数词前Heisthetalleststudentsinmyclass.2Jimwasthefirststudentwhocametoschoolthismorning..用在西洋乐器前面;在中国乐器前面可加可不加如playthepiano/violinplaytheerhu练习
二、用适当的介词填空HearrivedMoscow3:30theafternoon.TheyweretalkingChinesenameswhenIcametheirroom.MrSmithisverystricthisstudentsandhiswork.Thankslookingmylittlecat.
5.HewillgotoHainanvacation.
5.1spent10dollarsmypen.=Ipaidtendollarsmybook.decidedtoswimtheriverbuthedidntagreeme.Ididntknowthewayherhouse.ThatoldmantoldmegoCenterStreetandturnleft.Youcanseeahoteltheright.Herhouseisacrossthehotel.Mymommakesmebeinbed10:30schoolnights.WhatdidyoudothesummervacationJimlookshismotherbutheisher.Heisveryshy.Wewontgotobedwefinishourhomeworknight.Fillthemixtheturkeythencookitahightemperature.Finallyplaceitaplate.Beforeweeatturkeywcshouldcutitthinpiecesandcatitvegetables.Wecanimproveourphysicalhealthexercise.Sothebestwaytokeephealthyisdoingsportseveryday.Pourhalfacupofcomthepopcornmachineturnit.Afewminuteslatergetpopcornoutandaddsomesaltorsugarit.Thenyoucanenjoyit.Thereweremanygoodssale.Iboughtapairoftrousersagoodprice.thehelpofmyEnglishteacherIcanleaniEnglishbetter.ordertoimprovemyselfIneedtomakeaplan.
18.Idbegladtohelpoutanyofthepartypreparations.形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征,在句中可作定语、表语和补语形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边但是如果形容词修饰不定代词时,要放在这些词之后,例如somethingnice1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式如theoldthelivingtherichthepoor2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用theBritishtheEnglishtheFrenchtheChinese.3)多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为数词一描绘词(大小,长短一形状,新旧一颜色)一出处一材料性质,类别一名词,如asmallroundtabicatallyellowbuildingadirtyoldbrownshirtanexpensiveJapanesesportscarthosethreebeautifullargesquaresoldbrownwoodtable典型例题:longstraightblackhairTonyisgoingcampingwithboys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittle副词主要用来修饰行为动词、形容词、副词或其它结构
一、副词的位置1)在行为动词之前Ireallylikeher.2)在bo动词、助动词、情态动词之后3)当有多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后Hecanalsoplaytheviolinbeautifully.
二、副词的排列顺序1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后At103HaijiaoshiStreet;at10onTuesdayJune3rd2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.3)多个副词在一起的排列顺序程度+地点+方式+时间副词注意副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词Imissherverymuch.形容词与副词的比较级大多数形容词和副词都有比较级和最高级的变化,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种1)规则变化2)不规则变化:good/wellbad/ill/badlymuch/manylittlefar-(fartherfurther.在英语中两者都可指距离在美语中,farther表示距离,fbrthcr表示进一步$11Ihavenothingfurthertosay.old-(eldereldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系如Myelderbrotherisanengineer.Maryistheeldestofthethreesisters.)
(二)形容词比较级和最高级的用法.原级的用法:用于两者之间对比意思为“和相同A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.比较级的用法A+形容词比较级+than+B形容词比较级前还可以用muchevenstillalittleabit等来修饰如BeijingismuchmorebeautifulthanTokyo.Hisbrotherisalittleyoungerthanme.2)数字+形容词比较级+than如2mtwoyearsolderthanyou.Sheisaheadtallerthanme.3)比较级+and+比较级表示“越来越”如Theearthisgettingwannerandwarmer.the+比较级,the+比较级结构,表示“越…就越…如:ThemoreIstudyitthemoreIlikeit.which/who+is+比较级如WhichcityisbiggerBeijingorTianjinWhoishappieryouorI
3.最高级用法用于三者及以上的人或事物的比较,最高级前加the最高级前有物主代词,序数词和名词所有格时,不加定冠词,后面跟带in或of表范围的短语1)oneofthe+最高级如Ourcityisoneofthesafestcitiesintheworld.2)最高级可以与原级、比较级转换如Sheisthebestinherclass.=Sheisbetterthananyotherstudentinherclass.Nootherstudentinherclassisbetterthanshe.Nootherstudentinherclassisasgoodasshe.单选
1.TheairinBeijingisgettingmuchnowthanafewyearsago.A.cleanB.cleanerC.cleanestD.thecleanest
2.Ifyouwanttobethinnerandhealthieryoudbettereatfoodandtakeexercise.A.morefewerB.morelessC.fewermoreD.lessmore
3.-WhichdoyoulikebetterMcdonaldsorKFC-IjustlikeChinesefastfood.A.BothB.EitherC.NeitherD.None
4.Comediesarentasascartoonsforkids.A.popularB.morepopularC.lesspopular
5.ShedidveryattheWorldTableTennisChampionshipbutZhangYiningdideven.A.betterwellB.wellwellC.wellbetterD.betterbetter
6.Tomdrawsbetterthanhisbrother.A.moreB.veryC.even
7.—TomissixandheishissisterJane.HowoldisJane—Three.A.asoldasB.threeyearsolderthanC.threeyearsyoungerthan
8.Rememberboysandgirls.youworkresultyouwillget.A.ThebettertheharderB.TheharderthebetterC.Thehardthebetter
9.Itsraining.Wehavetostayathome.A.badlyB.heavyC.heavily
10.Jackhasthreefriends.Mikeisofthefour.A.mostcleverestB.morecleverC.thecleverestD.cleverest
11.—WhoisyourfavoritebasketballplayerinChina—YaoMingofcourse.Nooneelseplays.A.betterB.bestC.goodD.well
12.Tmafraidtheheadmasterisbusytomeetthevisitors.A.toomuchB.muchtooC.somuchD.verymuch
13.1thinkMrLiismuchthanMrsLiA.seriouserB.moreseriousC.serious
14.Illgotodosomeshopping.Theresverymeatleft.A.muchB.alittleC.littleD.few
15.TheYellowRiverisntasastheChangjiangRiver.A.longB.longestC.longerD.thelongest
16.WhoisJimLiLeiorLingFengA.tallestB.tallerC.thetallest
17.-ManypeopleliketoreadthebookBusiness@theSpeedofThought.-Thatsright.Theresinit.A.somethinginterestingB.interestingsomethingC.nothinginteresting
18.Thismathproblemissodifficultthatonlystudentscanworkitout.
19.ThiskindofT-shirtlooksandsellsinthemarket.A.nicegoodB.wellwellC.nicewellD.goodnice
20.-Lookthisdigitalcameraisreallycheap!Ifsonlyfivehundredyuan.-Thethebetter.Imshortmoneyyouknow.A.cheaperofB.cheapfbrC.expensiveofD.moreexpensivefbr变副词的规则一般直接+ly“元音字母+e结尾”去e+ly“辅音字母+y结尾”改y为i+ly如1quick-quicklypolite—politelyquiet—quietlyreal-reallyhelpfiil-helpfullycarefiil-carefullyhopeful-hopefiillyslow-slowlybeautifiil-beautifullyglad-gladly等如2:busy-busily;angry-angrily;easy-easilyhappy——happilyheavy-heavily
3.某些以辅音字母加不发音的e结尾和以-ue结尾的形容词先去e再+y或ly如:iruc-truly;tcrriblc-tcrribly;gentle-gently;possible-possiblysimple-simplyprobable-probablycomfbrtable-comfbrtably注意:部分名词变形容词如weeklymonthlydailyfriendlymotherlylovely等hard既可以做形容词也可以做副词而hardly只能做副词有些词既可以作形容词又可以作副词,如earlylatemuchfastslowhardlittleloud等例句:Thankyouverymuchadv.Thereismuchwaterintheriveradj.Themusicistooloud.Pleaseturnitdown.adj.Hespeaksloudenough.Soeveryoneintheroomcanhearwhathesaidadv.另夕卜,well和good相同,但是词性不同例句HespeaksgoodEnglish.他讲一口流利的英语HespeaksEnglishwell.他英语讲得不错Well做形容词表示“健康的Pmnotwelltoday.反义词carelesshopelessmeaninglesshomelessuselessvalueless词性转换develop-devclopmcntscience—scientistviolin—violinistpiano—pianistteach—teachertrade-traderwrite——writerdrive-driverfarm—fannertravel—travelerlisten—listenerperform-performerwin——winneract—actor/actresswait—waiter/waitressmusic—musicianmagic一magicianCanada-Canadianbegin—beginningmeet—meetingbuild—buildingsay—sayingable—unablekicky—unluckyfriendly—unfriendlylike—unlikehealthy-unhealthypossible—impossiblepolite—impolitepatient-impatientproper-improperuse—usefulpeace-peacefulwonder-wonderfulcare—carefulsuccess-successfiilsurprise—surprised-surprisingbore—bored——boringexcite-excited——excitingtire-tired-tiringamaze-amazed-amazingfascinate-fascinatcd-fascinatingdisappoint-disappointed-disappointingsatisfy-satisfied-satisfyinglike—dislikeappear-disappearcover-discoveragree-disagreeadvantage-disadvantagedie—death-dead代词是代替名词的一种词类大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能代词分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词等八种用法
1、形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词;
2、句子主语用主格人称代词
3、及物动词、介词后用宾格人称代词
一、根据提示用适当的人称代词填空
1.ismyaunt.Weoftenvisit.she
2.1haveabluebike.Theredoneisnt.IYourfootballclothesareonthedesk.Pleaseputtheyaway.Thesenewhousesarcsonice.arcveryexpensivethemThefishennencaughtalotoffishdidntthemLilyisagirl.studiesinaprimaryschool.brotherliveswithandhelpswithlessonsshe
7.cantfindbikes.CanyouhelpweThisisntknife.isgreenshe
8.Isthispencil-boxLiLeisNoisverynew.heThesearehebooksKate.PutinthedeskpleasetheyWcateall\vcsandwichesyesterday.CanwchaveoneofyouisaboynameisMike.MikesfriendslikeverymuchheWearegoingtoParistostaywithaFrenchfriendof.weTheseareheplanes.ThewhiteonesareI.Theteacherwantsyoutoreturnthatbookofhe.Georgehaslosthepen.AskMaryifshewillgivehim.sheMr.andMrs.Greenandafriendoftheyarccomingtoseewe.
二、中考英语中的人称代词和物主代词考题-IsthenovelJoumeytotheWestbook-NoitsHelens.Ileftathome.A.yourmyB.yoursmineC.youitD.yourmineSomeofthestickersbelongtomewhiletherestare.-Isthisniler-Noisinmybag.A.your;meB.yours;myC.your;mineD.yours;mineTedsmotherkepttellingTednottotellliesbutdidnthelp.A.whichB.itC.he—MayIborrowyourdictionaryJim—Ohsorry.Itisnl.A.hisB.hersC.mine—Excuseme.Haveyouseenmybike--Lookatthatonenexttotheredbike.IsitA.hersB.hisC.yoursD.mine-Whoissinginginthenextroom—mustbeMaric.A.ItB.SheC.ThisD.There
8.schoolismuchbiggerthan.A.Our;theirB.Ours;theirsC.Theirs;ourD.Their;ours—Tomisthisyourdictionary--Noitsnot.ItsDavids.A.yoursB.mineC.hisD.hers
1.--Soniaisthisyourdictionary-Ohnoitsnot.AskLiLeiheislookingfbr.A.mehersB.minehimC.myherD.minehis
二、指示代词表示“那个“、这个“、“这些“、“那些”等指示概念的代词指示代词有thisthatthesethose等如Thatisagoodidea.
三、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有eachother和oneanother两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别如Theyloveeachother.Weshouldlearnfromoneanother.
四、疑问代词有whowhomwhosewhat和which等疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)如:Tellmewhoheis.
五、关系代词有whowhomwhosethatwhichas等可用作引导从句的关联词它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)如Heisthemanwhomyouarclookingfbr.
六、并列人称代词作主语时,顺序为youhe/she/itIYouheandIshouldreturnontime.注意在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面a.在承认错误,承担责任时,ItwasIandJohnthatmadeherangry.是我和约翰惹她生气了b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称.§11Iandyoutrytofinishit.c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,或当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时1)有些动词需有反身代词做宾语,如enjoyoneselfPleasehelpyourselftosomefish.2)作表语或同位语Imnotmyselftoday.我今天不舒服Thethingitselfisnotimportant.3)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词Youshouldbeproudofyourself.你应为自己感到骄傲不定代词不定代词没有确定的对象
1.初中阶段常用普通不定代词表格如下
2.普通不定代词的用法lsome与any均表示一些,既可修饰可数名词乂可以修饰不可数名词some一般用于肯定句,any用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中但在疑问句中,当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用someEg Therearentstudentsintheclassroom.—Wouldyoulikecoffee-Yesplease.⑵many修饰可数名词复数much修饰不可数名词;many和much都可和表示程度副词sotooashow连用Eg HowbottlesofwaterdoyouneedHenevereatssobreakfast.either“两者之一”;neither“两者都不”常构成的固定搭配:either/neitherof…名词代词+谓语动词第三人称单数形式;当either...or…和neither…mor…连接两个主语时谓语动词要用就近原则【注意】either还可用于否定句,表示也Eg Neitherofthebooksbegood.Neitheryounorhebewrong.both-两者都”;常与and搭配,谓语动词用复数all三者或三者以上都“,常与of连在一起Eg BothsheandIbestudents.AllofusbeEnglish.【注意】both…and…=notonly…butalso…但是both…and…连接两个主语时谓语动词用复数;而notonly-butalso…连接两个主语时,谓语动词遵循就近一致原则each可单独使用,可做代词、形容词,着重“个另『,用于两者中的每一个人或物,可与of连用;every不可单独使用,不可与f连用仅作形容词,着重“全体”,亳无例外,用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物Eg Eachmancarrieshisownbag.Weeachhaveourownoffice.Eachofthemishere.【练习】Hegaveabooktoofhisparents.Therearctreesonsideoftheroad.ofuswearsayellowT-shirt.WewearayellowT-shirt.little;alittle;few;afewEg WouldyoupleasebuysomesaltfbrmeTonyThereisleft.both;all;either;any;neither;nonenoone【注意】none与noone的区别none表示“没有一个东西;没有一个人”,既可指人也可指物,常用于回答howmany/howmuch的疑问句,可与of连用noone表示“没有一个人”,仅指人,常用于回答who的疑问句,不可与of连用Eg I.—CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning—isOK.Imfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None-WhenshallwemeetagainMakeitdayyoulike.Ilsallthesametome.A.oneB.anyC.anotherD.allit;one;that
①it特指上下文提到的同一对象是同一事物如:Thebookismine.Ifsveryinteresting.
②one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不同物ill-Whohasapen-Ihaveone.
③that常用于比较级结构中,代替前面提到的可数名词或者不可数名词,以避免重复当名词是可数名词复数时用thoseo如TheweatherinBeijngiscolderthanthatinGuangzhouinwinter.Eg ThepopulationofChinaismuchlargerthanofAmericaA.thisB.thatC.itother;theother;others;theothers;anotherOther“其他的”,只作定语,常与复数可数名词连用可以构成“some…othe什名词”2theolhei•,两者中的“另一个”,可作代词和定语;常与one连用,构成,one...iheother Eg:Givemetheotherone;notthisone.others“泛指别的人或物“,不能作定语,可以构成“some…othersEg:SomestudentslikeEnglishandothersotherstudentslikephysics.theothers是表示在一个范围内的“其余的人/物“,不能作定语Thisdictionaryisbetterthantheothers.another泛指三者或三者以上的“另一个;又一;再一”,指三者或三者以上中的另一个,常作形容词或代词Eg:Thisglassisbroken.Getmeanother.七复合不定代词⑴当形容词或else修饰复合不定代词somethingeverythingeveryone等时,形容词或else必须放在这些不定代词后如CanyoufindsomeoneelseHehassomethingimportanttotellyou.some一般用于肯定句,也可用于表示希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中;any常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中如Thereissomebodywhowantstospeaktoyou.Hedoesntwanttodoanything.3复合不定代词做主语时,谓语动词用单数Everythingispossible.练习题
一、单项选择题
1.Mikeistallerthananyboystudentsinhisclass.A.oneB.otherC.another
2.IsapandaoverthereA.thisB.thatC.thoseD.these
3.twoboysareMr.Greenssons.A.ThisB.ThatC.those
4.-Ifeelabithungry.—WhydontyouhavebreadA.someB.anyC.littleD.afew
5.Wehavetwobedroomsbutofthemisbigenoughfbrsixpeopletolivein.A.noneB.bothC.anyD.neither
6.Everybodyintheclassmustgiveinhomework.A.theirB.herC.his
7.—ArethesecarsmadeinJapan-Yes.AndtheyremuchcheaperthanmadeinAmerica.
8.Onsideoftheriverthereremanytalltrees.A.everyB.eachC.both
9.Thereismeatathome.WouldyoupleasegoandbuyA.somealittleB.alittleanyC.littlesomeD.littleany
10.1havethreebrothersareinBeijing.A.nooneofthemB.neitherofthemC.someofthemD.noneofthem
11.Theresthedoorbell;IhopeTom.A.itsB.itsC.isD.hes
12.-Howaboutthemovieyousawyesterday—Somepeoplethinkitsboringthinkitsexciting.A.othersB.otherC.eachD.another
13.Mybikeisoldandisnew.A.youB.yourC.yours
14.Thesenilersarefor.A.youandusB.meandsheC.hisandher
15.Tvereadafewbooksbutofthemisfunny.A.neitherB.eitherC.noneD.all
二、选词填空Allofusfindnecessarytotakeexerciseeveryday.itits—Whatwouldyouliketeaorcoffee—Either/Neitherthanks.Ijustpreferaglassofwater.Hurryupkids!Theschoolbusiscoming.Wehavealittle/littletimeleft.—DoyoulikethepopstarLeoorthemoviestarMary-Either/Neither.Iamnottheirfan.UnluckilyIwassittingatthetablewithsmokersoncither/bothsideofme.Myhometownisgettingmoreandmorebeautifulwithtreesandflowersoneither/bothsidesoftheroad.-Momwhatwouldyoulikecoffeeortea—Ncithcr/Nonc.Justwaterplease.---WouldyoulikesomemorenoodlesCelia--Yesjustafew/alittleplease.MymotherusedtomakebreakfastfbrmeeverymorningbutnowIdoitI.—IllhaveatennisgametomorrowImalittlenervous.—Trustyou.Yourethebestinourclub.-Whichofthetwosubjectsdoyoulikeartormusic—Neither/None.Theyarereallyinteresting.Thereareenoughcupsfbreachvisitortohaveit/one.
三、用所给词的适当形式填空Thispencilisnot.isathomeheThetwinsarefromIndia.parentsarebothdoctors.gotoschoolbybike.Thesetwobikesare.willcometovisitournextSaturdaytheyIhaveagoodfriend.isagirl.nameisSally.motherisanEnglishteacher.WelikeverymuchsheWhafsthisisabird.nameisPollyitaregoingtoseeafilm.Wouldyouliketogowithweshefatherworksinahotel.heworksinauniversity.
7.1dontlikeIwatch.Ilikeyour.
8.Pmastudentofhe.
9.Thatsisntyouwatch.Itsshe.
10.Thisisshebag.Ifsolderthanhe.—Wouldyouliketogowithwcorthey…Janeisthisyouumbrella一NoitsnotI.Ididnttakeonethismorning.Thedogwhichyouplayedwithjustnowisthey.--Billisthatyoursisterspetdog—Nosheiswhite.NoonetaughtJapanese.learneditallby.I
四、用不定代词及不定副词填空canrunfasterthanhe.Hesthewinner.MaybeputmydictionaryIcantfindit.Imsothirsty.Shallwegettodrink
4.1dontthinkknowshernewaddress.
5.1thinkyoucanfindhimintheschool.
6.istoodifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.动词分类助动词、情态动词、系动词和实义动词
1、系动词LinkVerb它本身有词义,但不能单独川作谓语,后边必须跟表语初中阶段主要掌握这些系动词bekeepstayremainseemlookfeelsmellsoundtastebecomegrowturngetgofhll等等例如Hebecamemadafterthat.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.
2、情态动词cancouldmusthavetowillwouldneeddarehadbettermaymightshallshould等1情态动词不能表示正在发生或己经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生2情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s比较haveto和must1haveto表示客观的需要,must表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要MybrotherwasveryillsoIhadto
7.用在山脉、河流、海、洋、名胜古迹等专有名词前如theYellowRivertheWestLaketheGreatWall8习惯用语inthemorningbythewayintheendontherightC:零冠词的用法
1.人名、地名、国名等专有名词前通常不用冠词如Mary;Tom;Jim;MissLi;Mr.Zhang2Beijing;Shanghai;London;Paris3England;China;Germany;SouthAfrica示官衔,职位、身份的名词前不加冠词如1TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里2In1860LincolnbecamePresidentoftheUnitedStates在1860年,林肯成为美国总统.当名词前有this九hat等指示代词、my/your等形容词性物主代词时,不用任何冠词如Thisismycomputer.2Thatbookistheirteachers..年份、月份、星期、日期、季节、节日等名词前不用冠词in1988;inAugust;onThursday;onDecember8th;inspring;ThanksgivingDayWegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.ChildrensDayfallsonJune1st..“一口三餐”等名词前不用冠词havebreakfastlunchsupper【注意】1前面有形容词修饰,需用不定冠伺;Hehadabig/nice/quick/slowdinnertoday.2后面有定语修饰需用定冠词Thebreakfasthehadtodaywasgood..球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前不用冠词playsoccer/basketball/volleyball/tennis...;playchess/cards.S4tbikecarbustrainboatshipplanerocket”等与“by”连用,表示一种交通手段时,不用冠词如:bybusbytrainDidyoucomebackbyplaneorbytrain.一些固定词组中gotobedgotoschoolatnightD:在有%词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别infrontof在前面,inthefrontof在范围内的前部2有些个体名词“schoolcollegeprison»hospitalbed”等词与动词或介词连用时,有无冠词表示不同含义,如gotohospital;gotothehospitalinhospital生病住院;inthehospital在医院里3两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西Heraisesablackandwhitecat.Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.练习用aanthe填空,如果没有必要,可以不填WeoftenhavesportsafterclassandIliketoplaybasketball.callthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.客观需要Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.主观需要haveto有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式如Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.Hehastogohomeearlytoday.3在否定结构中:donthaveto表示不必;mustnt表示禁止如:Youdonthavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告诉他Youmustnttellhimaboutit.你一定不要把这件事告诉他hadbetter表示最好相当于一个助动词只有一种形式后面跟动词原形即hadbetterdosth;hadbetternotdosth如Youdbetterputonmycoat.Shedbetternotplaywiththedog.dareneed
3.实义动词及物动词和不及物动词练习
1.Youopenthedoorbeforethetraingetsintothestation.A.donthavetoB.mustntC.needntD.maynot
2.YoulearnEnglishwellTmsurewithoutopeningyourmouth.A.needntB.cantC.mustntD.maynot
3.Eventhebeststudentinourciasscouldntanswerthisquestionsoitbeverydiftkult.A.mustB.couldC.mayD.can
4.-Mikeyouaskyourteacherforhelp.Heiskind-hearted.-Yesmum.I.A.cantmustB.maycouldC.canwillD.mustwont
5.-Look!Thatwomanlookslikeourteacher.-Itbeher.SheislivinginAustralianow.A.cantB.maynotC.cant
6.Youtothemeetingthisafternoonifyonhavesomethingimportanttodo.A.neednttocomeB.dontneedcomeC.needntcome
7.-MustIcomeatfouroclock-Ohnoyou.A.mustntB.dontC.canlD.donthavelo
8.-Canyoustayherefbrdinner-SorryI.Ihavesomethingimportanttodo.A.dontB.didntC.needntD.cant
9.-Whereismyumbrella-Itsfinetoday.Youtakeanumbrellawithyou.
10.Afteralongwalkthechildrenbeverytirednow.A.canB.mustC.havetoD.need
11.-MustItakethekeyboardtotheofficerightnow-Noyou.AmustntB.cantC.dontD.neednt
12.Youplaygamesonthisbusystreet.A.mustntB.needntC.wontD.maynot
13.Boysyoubesittinginthisroom.Itisfbryourteachersonly.
14.Shecompetefbrthebestprize.Weshouldlearnfromher.A.dareB.daresC.dareto句子成份一英语句子成分有主语Subject谓语predicate宾语Object宾语补足语objectivecomplement表语predicative定语attributive状语adverbial等顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定.主语京示句子主要说明的人或事物一般位于句首但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示例如Countrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassarcgirls.(数词)Smokingdocsharmtothehealth.(动名词)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)Whattheysaidisright.(主语从句)Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语).谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征可以有不同的时态,语态和语气1)简单谓语:Wcstudyfbrthepeople.2)复合谓语IcanspeakalittleEnglish.Wearereadingbooks.HehasgonetoBeijing..表语位于系动词(比如be)之后,说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态Mysisterisanurse.(名词)Isityours(代词)Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)Thepenisbroken.(分词)Threetimessevenistwenty-one(数词)HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)Hishobbyisplayingfbotball.(动名词)Therulermustbeinyourbox.(介词短语)Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)Theonlyproblemisthathehasnotalentfbrmusic.(表语从句).宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词和宾语从句等表示例如WclikeEnglish.(名词)HowmanyrulersdoyouhaveIhavefive.(数词)Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)Ithinkheisfitfbrhisoffice.(宾语从句)Itbegantorain.(不定式短语)Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)1)只能搭配ing做宾语的有mindstandmissenjoyfinishpracticeconsidersuggestallowavoidimaginekeepbeworthgiveupcanthelpputoff.havefiin/troublc/difficulty/problcmbebusyspend…等等2)只能搭配todo做宾语的动词有agreedecidechooserefusewantplanhope等等3)注意这些单词搭配todo和doing的区别begin/startcontinuelike/love/hate/dislikepreferlearntrystopmeanrememberforgetregret4)动词+介词结构+doing如:feellikestop/keep/prevent...from...thinkof...dreamof...lookforwardto...payattentionto...get/beusedto…等等有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,人+物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语例如Hegavemesomeink.MissLiteacheshimFrench..宾补有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成亚合宾语,就是宾语补足语如Wemakehimourmonitor(班长).HislathernamedhimDongming.(名词)Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)Letthefreshairin.(副词)Wefoundeverythinginthelibraryingoodorder.(介词短语)Youcanexpecthimtohelpyou.(不定式短语)还有这些动词adviseallowaskencourageinvitewishorderremindrequirerequesttellwant+todoWesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)hearwatchseenotice+do/doinghave/make/letsb./sth.do让某人做Whathesaidmademelaugh.havemakeab./sth.donei上某人或者某事被做Iwanttogetmyhaircut.Icantmakemyvoiceheard..定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语例如Heisanewstudent.(形容词)但副词、动词不定式、介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后例如Thebikeoverthereismine.(副词)Therearcthirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)Chinaisadeveloping(发展中)country;Americaisadeveloped(发达)country.(分词)HisEnglishgrademadeussurprised.(代词)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)Ourmonitor(班长)isalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语).状语表示动作的时间、地点、方式、原因、目的、结果等等,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词等等状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首例如HesnowlivinginLondon.Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词词组)Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)Heissorrytotrouble(麻烦)you.(不定式短语)Onceyoubeginyoumustcontinue.(状语从句)Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)Howaboutmeetingagainatsix(时间状语)Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因状语)Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.(条件状语)MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随》犬语)InordertocatchupwiththeothersImustworkharder.(目的状语)Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepsoon.(结果状语)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)状语多数情况下由副词、介词短语及非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词及不定式等)充当形容词作状语的情况相对比较少见,多用于表示原因,让步,方式,伴随动作或评注等.形容词作状语时的位置比较特殊一般来说,要么位于句子的前端,要么位于句子的末端,并常用逗号分开如Younginyearheisoldinexperience他虽然年轻,却很有经验(让步状语)Fullofenthusiasmtheymakegreatprogresseachday.他们充满热情,每天进展神速(原因状语)Shegazedathimsilentforamoment.她疑视着他静默了片刻(方式状语)Shehurriedupthestepsnervousandpale.她匆忙走上台阶,神情紧张,脸色苍白(表伴随动作)Moreimportanteducationmustbeinlinewiththerequirementsofourgrowingeconomy.更重要的是教育事业必须同经济发展需求相适应(评注状语).有时形容词作状语还可以插入在主语后边,如Thegirlamazedatthesightdidntknowwhattosay..形容词作状语也可以直接位于动词后,如Manypoetsdiedyoung.许多诗人英年早逝Hesaidnothingbutsatsilentsmoking.他什么话也没说,只是静静坐在那里抽着烟.this和that也可以作副词修饰形容词和副词如IwouldhavewalkedoutIwasthatangry.我本应该走出去,我当时是那么的生气DoIlookthatstupidItsdangeroustodrivethatfast.Ididntthinkwedgetthisfar.现在分词和不定式在句子中都是可以作为状语,两者都可以位于句前或句后,但这两者作状语有明显差别.在用法上有很多独特之处,不可混用现在分词作状语可以表示条件、伴随动作、时间等;而I这个词本身有“到”,“达”,“至(某种状态)”的意思,所以我们用不定式时,则时常是为了表达主句(做某事)所要达到的目的试比较下面的句子Puttingthetwothingstogetheritwillexplode.将这两样东西放在一起就会爆炸(表条件)Turningaroundhesawherstandingstill.他转过身来,看到她仍然站着不动(表时间)Helayinhisbed,thinkingaboutwhattodonext.他躺在床上,想着下一步该怎么办(表伴随动作)Tospeaklikealocalyouneedtomigratewhenyouwereveryyoung.要达到说话像当地人一样,你需要在很小的时候就移民表目的liedideverythinghecantosavehiscompanybutinvain.无力回天表目的.虽然现在分词和不定式都可以用作结果状语,但两者有区别前者表达的是主句所述情况的应有结果,没有出乎意料之外;而后者往往表示意想不到、不希望出现的结果t前边还常加上nly这个词来加重失望的情绪Theheavyrainlastedawholedaymakingaseriousfloodfbrthevillage.严重的洪水Shegothometolearnthathergrandpahaspassedaway.她回到家,得知爷爷已经去世了Heleftthecompanyonlytofindthatstartingabusinessonhisownismuchmoredifficult.自己创业SheopenedherChristmasgiftonlytofindthattherewasnothinginside.非谓语动词作表语、定语或者状语.不定式和动名词作表语相当于名词不定式多表示具体的动作;动名词多表示习惯性的动作Ourplanistogettothetopofthemountaintonight.Myjobisteachingthemhowtousecomputer..不定式作定语与其所修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,而该不定式为不及物动词时,其后须加上适当的介词,构成及物动词短语如Imlookingfbraroomtolivein.Ineedapieceofap叩ertowriteon..分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语是主动关系;过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语是被动关系Seeingfromtheskywecanseeasmallvillage.Seenfromtheskythevillagelookssmall..从句与非谓语的转换1在宾语从句中,从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以将从句变为疑问词+tdo如Idontknowwhattobuy.=IdontknowwhatIshouldbuy.2不定式和分词作定语可以与定语从句转换如Themantalkingtomyfatherismyteacher.=Themanwhoistalkingtomyfatherismyteacher.Themoviecalled=whichiscalledToyStorymadethemmoved.3不定式和分词作状语与状语从句转换Lucygotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.=Lucygotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthefirstbus.NotknowinghisaddressIcantwriteletterstohim.=BecauseIdontknowhisaddressIcantwriteletterstohim.用所给词的适当形式填空I.IheardthesongsinginChinese.
2.Themethodneedsimprove.
3.Thoughheoftenmadehisyoungersistertodayhewasmadebyhissister.cryHowsolvetheproblemwillbediscussedattomorrowsmeeting.Jacknoticedherlookthroughhisnotebookjustnow.
12.Thestoryistouch.MydreamclimbuptothetopoftheMountTaicametrueintheend.Itwassurprisetoseeallthestudentssitsilentlyinthedininghall.asktoturnofftheTVTomwasunplcascd.
16.Shelooksdisappoint.Theproblemdiscussatthemeetinghasbeensolved.Marywasthefirstpersoncomeupwiththeidea.简单句的五种基本句型句型一S十V主谓结构这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词例如appeararrivecomediedisappearfallhappen...Thestudentsstudyhard.句型二S十V十P主系表结构常见的系动词有be;getbecometurn(变得)look(看起来)feel(感到)smell(闻起来)taste(尝起来)sound(听起来)seem(似乎)A.表示状态的连系动词有belookseemsmelltastesoundkeepstay等等B.表示转变或结果的系动词有becomegetgrowturngo等等如Springcomes.Itis.天气变得越来越暖和Donthavethefood..它已经变质了句型三S十V十O主谓宾结构例如3)我昨天看了一部电影.句型四S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有bringgivehandpassreadsellsendshowteachtell*wishwrite等间接宾语前需要加for的常用动词有buychoosemakeorderpaintplay(演奏),singget等如4)Yesterdayherfatherasabirthdaypresent.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物5)TheoldmanabouttheLongMarch.(正在给孩子们讲故事)转换K歹峋子6)Pleaseshowmeyourpicture.==Please.)Ithesalt.=Ithesalt.我把盐递给他句型五S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构此句型的动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,如call(叫),choosefindmakename(命名)Theypainted.他们把门漆成绿色Wemust.我们必须保持我们的学校整洁10)我们发现他是一个懒惰的人.注意havemakeletseehearnoticefeelwatch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时不带to如:IDThebossallday.(迫使他劳动)12)Wesaw.(他出去)判断下列句子类型和句子成分Shecame.ShelikesEnglish.Sheishappy.Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.Sheboughtabookfbrme.ShegaveJohnabook.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.Theytalkedfbrhalfanhour.Thedinnersmellsgood.Heboughtyouadictionary.Everythinglooksdifferent.Heenjoysreading.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.Hisfaceturnedred.Hebecameafamousdoctor.WhoknowstheanswerIwanttohaveacupoftea.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.WhatmakeshimthinksoSheorderedherselfanewdress.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.Thechildrenareplayinghappily.TheGreensenjoylivinginChina.主谓一致.and连接的并列成分作主语指两者时谓语动词用复数如JohnandMikearegoodatplayingfootball.指同・个人、事物或概念时,谓语动词用单数如Thewriterandteacherisquitepopularamongthestudents..不定代词或不定代词修饰的名词作主语IEachneithereitheroneotheranothermuchlittle及复合不定代词等表示单数意义,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数如I Neitherofmyparentslikestostayup.Somebodyisknockingatthedoor.2manyfewseveralboth等表示复数意义作主语时,谓语动词用复数如Bothofusarefondofpainting.3Someallany等既可表示复数意义也可表示单数意义,作主语时,谓语动词依具体意义而定如Allthemanagersinthecompanyarepresentatthemeeting.AllthemilkIboughtyesterdayhasgonebad..不定式、动名词作主语谓语动词一般用单数,但and连接的两个或多个不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数如Tosaysomethingisusuallyeasierthantodosomething.Swimminginsummerandskatinginwinteraremygreatestpleasure..表示数量的短语作主语1数量词修饰不可数名词,谓语动词用单数如Lotsofmoneywasusedtobuythatcar.2数量词修饰可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数如Lotsofboysinthatschoolwanttojointheclub..表示时间、距离、度量、金额等复数形式的名词作主语常作为一个整体来看,谓语动词用单数如Fiveyearsisalongtimetowaitfbrananswer.Twentykilogramsistooheavyfbrachild..主语后有withtogetherwithaswellasnolessthanalongwith...等修饰,谓语动词不受这些短语的影响,仍然与主语保持一致如Theoldladyaswellashertwodaughtersgoesshoppingeveryweekend.TomtogetherwithhisclassmatesstudiesJapaneseinJapan..“most/therest/分数+of+名词”作主语,谓语动词的单复数由of后面的名词决定如Therestofthestudentsareplayingfootballontheplayground.Mostofthewaterhereisnotfitfbrdrinking..集体名词familyleamclass作主语,如果是作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果侧重其中的个体成员,谓语动词用复数形式如Thefamilyisthetiniestcellofthesociety.家庭是社会最小的细胞ThewholeteamarcallgoingtotakepartintheAsianGames.所有队员都将参加亚运会.集体名词peoplepolice作主语,谓语动词用复数形式如Thepolicearesearchingfbrtheescapedcriminal..“one件复数名词”作主语谓语动词用单数如Oneofmyclosefriendshasbeenabroadforeightyears..“anumberof+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数;thenumberof+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数如Anumberofworkersarestillworkingnow.Thenumberofusisthirty-nine..并列连词oreither...or...neither...nor...notonly...butalso...等连接的并列成分作主语,谓语动词与最靠近的主语一致AreyouorhegoingtoworkinthefactoryEitheryouoryourbrotherhastogothererightnow.NotonlyIbutalsohewantstogoswimmingintheriver..therebe句式中be的单复数形势与最靠近的主语一致.morethanone..或manya…作主语,尽管意义上表示复数,但因其中心词为单数可数名词,谓语动词仍用单数如Manyastudentwishestodolesshomework.动词的时态.一般现在时的用法1经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用如everysometimesalwaysneverusuallyatonSundaysIgotoschoolat7oclockeverymorning.2客观真理,客观存在,科学事实如Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3在格言或警句中Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败注意在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时例Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证明地球是圆的4现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性如Pmhappy.Idontwantsomuch.WangwritesgoodEnglish.一般现在时三人称单数的构成1动词后直接+s2以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i+es3以sxshcho结尾的动词+es.现在进行时态的用法表示说话时或目前正在进行的动作如Theyareplayinghappily.表示现阶段不断发生或频繁发生的动作或状态如Wealllikehim.lieisstudyinginNo.7MiddleSchool.现在分词的变化规则1动词后面直接加ing;2以不发音e结尾的,去e+ing;3以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再+ing一般现在时和现在进行时练习
一、用所给词的适当形式填空
1.Myfatheralwayscomebackfromworkverylate.
2.Hesometimessleepsixhoursaday..Listen!Joansingintheclassroom.Sheoftensingthere..yourbrotherknowRussian
5.WhereJimhaveluncheverydayThegirllikewearingaskirt.Look!Sheweararedskirttoday.Whocryovertherenow
8.Itseightoclock.ThestudentshaveanEnglishclass.TheSmithfamilyusuallymilkandeggsforbreakfastbutJimsomehamburgersfbrit.have
二、写出下列动词的第三人称单数和现在分词形式.一般过去时的用法I)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态时间状语有yesterdaylastweekanhouragotheotherdayin1982等如Wheredidyougojustnow2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作如WhenIwasachildIoftenplayedfootballinthestreet..过去进行时的用法表示在过去某个时刻或过去的某段时间内正在进行的动作,或者表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行此时常与whenas引导的时间状语从句连用句中含有while引导的时间状语从句,若主从句动作在过去某个时间同时发生,则主从句谓语动词的时态都使用过去进行时,while表示“当……时候;同时”与always等频度副词连用,表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作,此时常带有赞赏、惊讶、厌恶、遗憾等感情色彩句式结构was/were+现在分词常用的时间状语at6:00yesterdayatthattimefrom8:00to10:00lastnight以及whenwhile引导的时间状语从句如HewaswatchingTVat7:00yesterdayevening.Iwassleepingwhenyoucalledmethismorning.TheywerereadingEnglishwhileyouweredoinghomework.练习一用所给词的适当形式填空I.ItwaswarmsoItakeoffmycoat.
2.JanewaitfbrmewhenIarrive.MymothercameintothebedroomwhileIlistentomusic.helieonthegroundatnineyesterdayeveningMikeandIplaytennisatthattimelastSaturdaymorning.Lastnightwereviewourlessonswhenthelightssuddenlygoout.Maryfailoffherbikewhilesherideitandhurtherselfbadly.
二、句子翻译I.昨天我到家的时候,妈妈正在厨房做晚饭.昨天的这个时候她不在购物,而是在看电影.昨天下午我一直在上表演课
5.一般将来时shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称Whicharticleshall1readfirstWillyoubeathomeatseventhiseveningbegoing2+不定式,表示即将做某事、计划,安排要发生的事或有迹象要发生的事等如WhatareyougoingtodotomorrowLookatthedarkcloudsthereisgoingtorain.be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事如WearctodiscussthereportnextSaturday.beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事如HeisabouttogotoBeijing.注意beaboutto不能与tomorrownextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用一般现在时表将来comegoarriveleavestartbeginreturn等词可以用现在进行时表示将来,意为意图、打算、安排常用于人如Imleavingtomorrow.Areyoustayingheretillnextweek2用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情如I Thetrainleavesat
6.Whendoesthebusstart3倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.4在时间或条件句中如:WhenBillcomesaskhimtowaitfbrme.rilwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.在动词hopetakecarethatmakesurethat等后Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.过去将来时态表示从过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态句式结构would/should+动词原形Wouldyoupleasepassmewateronthetable
3.Whoisyoungladywithcurlyhair—DidyoudowellinEnglishexam—YesIgotA”.Todayisunusualdayfbrhimbecausehebecamesuccessful.-WhatcanIdofbryoumadam-Iwantorangeskirtfbrmydaughter.—Excuseme.Isthereparknearhere-Yes.Ifsovertherenexttopostoffice.—Whatheavyrainitwas!—YesbutIloveairafteritrains.Itsmellssofresh.—Whereismathteacher—HestalkingwithSamsfatheroverthere.youseenfilm“WhereArcWcGoingDad*—Yesitsinterestingfilm!—Whatdoyouknowaboutkitesurfing--Itisexcitingwatersport.-Doesyourfathergotoworkbycareveryday—Nohesometimestakesbus.SomesmallshopsinBritainusuallycloseforhouratlunchtime.—Doyouoftenplaypiano-Yes.IwanttobemusicianlikeLangLang.Runningisgoodexercise.
15.Letstakephoto!Everyonecheese!Dannysgrandmotherisillinhospital.HcHgotheretoseeherafterschool.ManypeoplegaveawaymoneytopooraftertheearthquakeinNepal.LeeisactorfromSouthKorea.HesangChinesepopsongonthe2023CCTVNewYearsGala.WhiteshaveplannedtovisitGreatWallinChina.一Look!Thereismonkeyeatingappleinthetree.—Enmonkeyisverycute.名词(Noun)英语名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称特点是第一个字母大写,通常不与冠词连用
(一)人名英美人的姓名与中国人的相反,姓在后,名在前,姓名前不用冠词例如MarySmith一般熟人间通常用名称呼例如:HowsJohngettingon约翰近来好吗
(2)在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时,常把姓和称谓连用例如WouldyoupleasetellMrSmithtocometotheoffice
(3)姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人例如TheTurnershavegonetoAmerica.
(二)地名如Asia;Africa;MountEmei;theEnglishChannel theSahara;thePacificwas/weregoingto+动词原形如HetoldmehewouldgototheGreatWall.Ithoughtitwasgoingtorain.练习
一、选择填空
1.—Howlonghaveyouthebike—Forabouttwoweeks.A.boughtB.hadC.borrowedD.lent
2.Lookatthoseclouds.ItsoonIthink.A.isgoingtorainB.israiningC.willrain
3.Theradiosaysittomorrow.A.isgoingtosnowB.snowsC.willsnow
4.hesomeshoppingtomorrowafternoonA.Will...doesB.IsgoingtodoC.is...doingD.Shall...do
5.ThatdayIsawsomeparentsatthebackoftheclassroomtotheteacher.A.sittinglistenedB.satlistenedC.sittinglistening
7.Shethatsheherbesttohelpthemthenextterm.A.says...willdoB.said...willdoC.said...woulddoD.says...woulddo
8.Johnsurethathegoodatchemistrysoon.A.be...willbeB.iswouldbeC.was...willbeD.was...wouldbe
10.ItwillyouaboutthirteenhourstoflytoEnglandfromHongKong.A.spendB.takeC.costD.pay
二、用所给词的适当形式填空—Icalledyouyesterdayeveningbuttherewasnoanswer.-OhIattendaconcertthen.YotrdbetternotgoshoponSundays.Ifstoocrowd.TheteachergiveusahistorylessonwhenTomwalkedintotheclassroom.Wellnotgooutsideunlessitsnowtomorrow.
5.NeitherInorheFrenchspeakWhilemotherdosomewashImakeakitefbrJack.Whenshecomenexttime1tellherthetrueteachmyselfFrenchfrom7to9yesterdaymorning.Inotgotowork.WcfbrTomattenlastSunday.Heoftenkeptus.waitMrSmithshortstoriesbutheaTVplaythesedayswriteHedosomecookingatthattimesonothearme.Shefoundayoungmanwatchherwhenshefinishherwork.
13.1willtellhimassoonashereturn.现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,到说话之前已经完成,侧重r该动作对现在造成的影响,或者表示动作发生在过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去常和“for+时间段”或“since+时间点/句子”连用构成主语+have/has+动词的过去分词★标志性时间状语alreadyjusteverneverbeforesofartill/until/bynowyetrecentlyinthepast/lastfewyearsforsince等需要注意的事项1现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在所以,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,应注意句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,而不能是非延续性动词如xHchaslefthishometownfbrthreeyears.^Hehasbeenawayfromhishometownfbrthreeyears.2常用非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转化open--beopenclose-beclosedleave-beawaycoine/go--behere/therebegin/start-beonfinish/end/stop-beoverdie-bedeadmarry-bemarriedJoin-bein/beamemberofreach/getto/arriveatin-beinfallasleep-beasleepfallill-bcillbuy-haveborrow-keepputon—wear易混辨析一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或状态,与现在无关现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作而现在造成的影响或结果,强调现在的情况Hehasbeenadoctorfor10years.他当医生10年了10年前到现在一直是医生Hewasadoctorin
2023.在2023年,他是一名医生当时是医生,现在不一定是练习-WhereisMrZhao-HegotoMountEmci.Hereturninthreedays.Monicayoupasstheexam.Congratulations!beawayfrommyhometownfbralongtime.Imissitalot.BecauseInotfinishmytaskyet.Ihavetostayhere.Ineedonemorehour.Anewshopopenfbraweeknearby.Letshavealookthere.Shemarryfbrtenyearsandnowshehasalovelygirl.过去完成时态时间标志bybefore»whenbythetime等等用法
1.表示某一动作持续到过去某一时间;
2.过去某一时刻之前己经完成的动作或者呈现的状态练习
1.Wepaintthehousebeforewemovedin.
2.Myfatherreadthenoveltwice.
3.Tomsaidheneverseesuchanexcitingfilmbefore.PauluooutwithJimafterhemakeaphonecall.Ourplanfailbecausewemakeaterriblemistake.Whenthechairmanfinishhisspeechheleavethehall.Bytheendoflasttermwelearnabout1000Englishwords.heardtheSmithscametoShanghaiin2023theylivethereforthreeyearssincethen.被动语态的构成I.am/is/arewas/were+done
2.一般将来时态will/shall+bedone或am/is/aregoingtobe+done
3.情态动词+be+done
4.完成时态have/has/had+been+done注意
①不及物动词词组如takeplacehappenriseappearcomeout没有被动语态许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的短语,相当于及物动词,在变为被动语态时,动词后的介词和副词不可省略如Youshouldtakecareofthechildren.-*Thcchildrenshouldbetakencareof.
②谓语动词带双宾语时,既可将间接宾语转化为主语,也可将直接宾语转化为主语此时要在被保留的间接宾语前加上相应的介词如Mymothergavemeabook.-*IwasgivenabookbymymotherfAbookwasgiventomebymymother.
③在某些主动语态中省略“to”的动词不定式变为被动语态时,要加“to”常见的动词有makelethavegetseewatchhearfeel»notice等如Wesawthemonkeyjumpoffthetree.-*Themoneywasseentojumpoffthetree.
2.主动形式表被动意义1系动词如feellooksoundsmelltaste等用主动形式表被动含义2当动词openlockwrite»drawrcad»sellcleanwashcutbumdrivecatdrink等作不及物动词时,动词表示主语多为物的某种性质,可用主动语态表被动意义3need/require/beworth+doingdoing表示被动意义=nccd/rcquirc+tobedonetobedone是不定式的被动结构4happentakeplacebreakoutcomeoutcometruerunoutgiveout/offturnout等以主动形式表示被动意义
1.TheOlympicGamesholdeveryfouryears.
2.Smokingnotallowinpublic.TodayChineseteachinmanyschoolsintheworld.Somefamouspaintingsshowinthehallnextweek.Manymodemtallbuildingsputupthesedaysinourcity.
(二)动名词和不定式一些表示感宜或使役意义的动词,如hearwatchseefeelnoticelistentolookat等后面的宾语补足语可以用动词原形,表示过程或做过某事,如强调正在发生,需要用动词的ing形式比较Iheardhersinginginthenextroom.Iheardhersinginthenextroom.而letmakehavehelp等后面只能用动词的原形Letmedoit.Help后面可以用动词的原形或todo形式动词不定式的构成to+do动词原形,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、宾补、表语和状语作主语可形式主语it来替换如:1Tosayiseasytodoisdifficult.—Itiseasytosayitisdifficulttodo.TobehereatChristmastimeismydream.—ItismydreamtobehereatChristmastime.Togoabroadishisdream.—Itishisdreamtogoabroad..作宾语v.+todo是动作的接受者如plandeciderefuseneedlearnagreepromisestartbegintryfbrgetrememberstopgoontodowish/cxpcct/hopc....作宾语补足语v+sb.+todo是对宾语加以补充说明的文字如I wantwishgetorderlikewouldlikehelpfindasktellsbtodo....系动词+表语,说明主语身份、特征、属性或状态系词分三类1各种beamisarewaswere2感官动词feellooksoundtastesmell3表示变化和不变的词getgoturnbecomeMywishistobeascientist.ThebestwayistojoinanEnglishclub.Ifeelbettertoday..作状语,修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等如1Iwenttheretoseemyteacher.目的状语2原因状语,多用于“sb+be+adj.+todo”结构中.Ifeelhappytoknowhim.3结果状语多用于“sb+be+adj.+todo3enoughto”结构中.Theboywastootiredtomove..疑问词whowhatwhichwherewhenhow+todo可构成不定式短语,在句中可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idontknowwhattodo/howtodothat.Hecantellyouwheretogetthebook.Thequestioniswhomtoask.
一、观察下列不定式在句中的作用Toseeistobelieve.
2.Tomwantstoseeanalien.
3.Thesadmoviemadeuscry.
4.Hewastooexcitedtosayaword.
5.Itisimportantforustodrinkenoughwater.
6.MybrothergotupearlytowatchthefinalsoccergameonTV.
二、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
1.NancydoherhomeworklastSaturday.
2.Petervisithisfriendsyesterday.
3.Wehadgreatfiinplayfootball.
4.Letmehelpyoufindhim.WhatSarahandLucydoovertheweekendTheyplaytennis.thechildrengotothezooyesterdaymorningNo.WouldyoumindmakesomedumplingsfbrthemHewantedtomakeeverybodyintheroomhearhimclear.Howmanypotatodidthatwomanbuy
10.LindadecidedordersomeChinesefood.
11.TomwatchTVlastSunday
12.Marysbrotherwasfoundsitinthecomer.
13.Heregretsnotfollowmyadvice.
14.Thegirfsdollwaslost.Shewashappy.
15.1feltsomebodytalkinthebedroom.
16.Momletmegoouttoplaythisafternoon.isoftenheardsinginthenextroom.
18.MrLiaskedtheboysnotmakesomuchnoise.—Wherearethetwins—Isawthemgooutfbrawalkjustnow.—IsJimathomebyhimself-No.Theresanotherboyplaywithhim.英语常用句子类型陈述句;祈使句;疑问句;感叹句
一、陈述句用来叙述某件事情的发生、发展或内容的句子,分为肯定句和否定句陈述句句末一般用句号,朗读时一般用降调如Hehasthreepens.LuckilyMikedoesnthavetheflue.
二、祈使句用来表达请求、命令、建议、祝愿、邀请或要求的句子祈使句的主语为第二人称you但为了使句子简短有力,主语you一般被省略只有在特殊的情况下,才把主语you补充出来祈使句一般读降调祈使句的否定式都在句首加dont.如Openthewindow.Becareful.Dontbelate!有时,为了使语气缓和、客气而显得有礼貌,让人容易接受,可在句首加pleasewouldyouplease…canyouplease…;或在句末加:pleasewillyouwontyou等这些部分•般读升调如:WouldyoupleasehaveacupofteaPleasecomein./Comeinplease./Comeinwillyou/Comeinwontyou
三、疑问句疑问句分为四种类型一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句和反意疑问句.一般疑问句用yes或no来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读升调陈述句变为疑问句时分三种情况1陈述句中有be动词、助动词或情态动词cancouldmaymust等时将这些词移到句首,并在句末加I二问号在对疑问句进行回答时,须注意1当回答couldwould所提的问题时,一般用canwill如——Couldyouhelpmewithmyhomeworkthisevening—YesIcan./NoIcant一Wouldyougothererightnow—YesIwill./NoIwont.在对方向你表示邀请时,可用OKsorry等来替代yesno.2在对用may所提问题的否定【用答时,一般用muslift/canX;而在对用musl所提的问题进行否定回答时,一般用neednt/donthaveto如一MayIuseyourbikenow一Yesyoumay./Noyoucant.mustnt-MustIstayatschoolthisafternoon—Yesyoumust./Noyouneedntdonthaveto.2)原陈述中没有可以提前的词时则在句首加助动词dodoesdid同时,将谓语动词变为原形动词如HespeaksChinese.Iwentshoppingyesterday..特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句,不能用yes或no来回答疑问句常用降调1)特殊疑问代词
(1)what问事物、情况或人的职业身份;如Whatdoesyourfatherdo=Whatsyourfather=WhatsyourfathersjobWhatdoyouthinkabout/of....注意WhatdayisittodayWhatsthedatetoday一Whatstoday-ItsWednesdaythe23”.WhafsLiLeilike(可以用来问相貌也可用来问人品)Whatdoessb./sth.looklike(问外貌)Whatstheweatherliketoday=Howstheweather
(2)who(作主语、宾语或表语)
(3)whom(作宾语),如WhonVWhoarcyoutalkingabout
(4)whose(作主语、宾语、表语或定语)如:WhosebagisthisWhosedidyoutake⑸which问人或事物(表选择),如WhichwillyoutakeWhichonewouldliketobuy2)特殊疑问副词whereWhereareyougoing=Whichplacedoyouwanttogoto句型转换练习Edliketogotothemovies.(对画线提问)youlikeJanelikesmuttonbeefandchicken.(否定句)Janemuttonbeefchicken.Shedlikesometomatoes(改为一般疑问句)tomatoesTomwantstowatchTVonSunday.(同义句)TomtowatchTV.Nofoodsinclass.(变同义句)inclass.Marywouldliketodrinksomething(同义句)Marydrink.Shedlikeasmallbowlofnoodles.(对画线提问)Maryhastowearsportsshoesforgymclass.(变成一般疑问句,并作肯定回答)Hedidhishomeworkafterschoolyesterday.(变成否定句)Dickdoesntmindtalkshow.(划线部分提问)Shelikeswearingcolorfulclothesbecauseshewants2beyoungandbeautiful.(对划线部分提问)1playedtheguitarovertheweekend.(对画线提问Everyweekhedoessomeshoppinginthesupermarket.(用nextweek改写)Hehastobeinbedbytenoclock.(对划线部分提问)反意疑问句的构成陈述句+附加疑问句句式特点前肯后否,前否后肯如Itisanicedayisntit注意1)陈述部分的主语是I疑问部分要用arentI.ilQ TmastallasyoursisterarentI2)陈述部分用nonothingnobodyneverfewseldomhardlylittlenone等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义如ThemanmadenoanswerdidheSomeplantsneverbloom(开花)dothey3)陈述部分有have/hadto+v疑问部分用dont/didnt+主语如Wehavetogetthereateighttomorrowdontwe4)陈述部分有hadbetter+v疑问句部分用hadntyou如Youdbetterreaditbyyourselfhadntyou5)陈述部分有Youdliketo+v疑问部分用wouldnt+主语如Youdliketogowithmewouldntyou6)感叹句中,疑问部分用be+主语如Whatanicedayisntit7)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everylhingthatnothingIhis疑问部分主语用il如Everythingisgoingprettygoodisntit8)陈述部分主语是不定代词everybodyanyonesomebodynobodynoone等,疑问部分常用复数they有时也用单数he如Everyoneknowstheanswerdontthey/doesntheNobodyknowsaboutitdothey/doeshe9)祈使句的反意疑问句疑问部分用willyou如DontdothatagainwillyouGowithmewillyou/wontyou注意Lets开头的祈使句,后用shallwe如LetsgoandlistentothemusicshallweLetus开头的祈使句,后用willyou如Letuswaitforyouinthereading-roomwillyou10)陈述部分是therebe”结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词如Theressomewateronyourdeskisntthere练习把下列句子变成反意疑问句
1.TheSmithswilltakeataxitotheairporttomeettheiroldfriends.Therearcmanypeopleintheparkonweekends.HecanrememberfewEnglishwords.
6.Youdbetterstudyhardonyourmath.Everyoneishavingagoodtimeinthewater.Tomhasanewlook.Nobodyknowshim.Shehasstrictfamilyrules.Sheneverhasanyfun.感叹句感叹句表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情,句末通常用感叹号,读时一般用降调常见形式.由what引出的感叹句,其基本结构是1what+a[an]+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语如Whatacleverboyheis!Whataninterestingbookitis!what+形容词+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语如Whatcleverboystheyare!Whatbadnewsitis!注意在一定的语境中若语义明确名词前可以不用形容词:如:Ohwhatawind!Whatafoolheis!另外,感叹句中的主语和谓语有时刑以省略如Ohwhatafineday!Whatgreatfun!.由how引出的感叹句,基本结构是“how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语”如Howtiredhelooks!Howtallthemanis!Howbeautifi.ilthegirlis!Howslowhedrives!Howbeautifullyyoudance!在一定的语境中,若语义明确,how后可以不出现形容词或副词;有时不出现形容词或副词可视为how修饰句中的动词Howwelaughed!HowImissedyou!Howhehatedthesemen!.其他形式的感叹句可用陈述句、疑问句、祈使句等,有时甚至一个单词或一个短语也可用作感叹句Thegardenlookssolovelytoday!Stoptalking!Isnlitalovelyday!Fire!Thegardenlookssolovelytoday!练习
一、用What或How填空,必要时要借助于不定冠词a或an
1.nicewatchestheyare!
2.colddayitis!excitingthingitis!
4.oldthehousesarc!
二、将下列句子改为感叹句Toinisatallboy.1What!Thebagsarebeautiful.1What!Thestoryisveryinteresting.1WhatTheweatherissunny.1WhatJennystudieshard.How宾语从句(theObjectClause)在变宾语从句时,要注意语序;时态;连接词;人称和标点.语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句,宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序,即“连+主+谓)句式注意宾语从句可放在形容词后常用形式是“be+形容词+宾语从句”^1Iamgladyoulikeit..宾语从句与主句时态的一致1)主句是现在(或将来)时态时,宾语从句可根据实际需要用不同的时态如HesaysMaryisplayingwiththecat.HesaysMaryoftenplayswiththecat.HesaysMarywillplaywiththecat.Ithinkhelefthomeyesterdaymorning.2)主句时态是一般过去时,从句要用过去时态的某种形式如Hesaidhehopedtobebacksoon.3)宾语从句表示客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等,不管主句用什么时态,从句都用一般现在时如Theteachersaidthattheearthtravelsaroundthesun.Hesaidlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.4)宾语从句中的否定转移如果主句谓语动词是thinkbelieve等而从句的意思是否定的,这时主句的谓语动词用否定式,从句用肯定式如【dontthinkyouareright.5)将普通的特殊疑问句变成宾语从句时,从句的语序要由疑问句变成陈述句的语序Whenwillthemeetingbegin1wonderwhenthemeetingwillbegin.6if和when既可以引导宾语从句,也可以引导状语从句,应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同If和when引导宾语从句时,分别意为“是否”和“何时”,时态与主句时态相呼应;引导状语从句时,意思分别为“如果,假如’和当时候“,时态呼应主将从现,主过从过§U Idontknowifhewillcome.Hewillcomeifitdoesntrain.—Doyouknowwhenhewillcomeback—WhenhecomesbackIlltellyou.简化宾语从句常用五法方法一当主句谓语动词是hopedecidewishagree等,且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为不定式结构例如Wedecidedthatwewouldhelphim.—Wedecidedtohelphim.LiMinghopeshewillbebackverysoon.—LiMinghopestobebackverysoon.方法二当主句谓语动词是knowlearnrememberforgettell等动词,且主句主语与从句主语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构例如Shecantrememberhowshecanopenthebox.—Shecantrememberhowtoopenthebox.注当主句谓语是tellaskshowteach等动词,且后带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为疑问词+不定式”结构如CouldyoutellmehowIcangetthere/howtogetthere方法三某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式作宾语补足语”结构例如LiuPingfoundthattherewasawalletlyingontheground.—LiuPingfoundawalletlyingontheground.
3.连接词1陈述句充当宾语从句,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略如Hesaidthathecouldfinishhisworkbeforesupper.2一般疑问句充当宾语从句用if或whether引导,意为是否如ArcyouanEnglishteacher-Heaskedif/whetherIwasanEnglishteacher.Idontknowif/whetherheliveshere.3特殊疑问句充当宾语从句,只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导如Couldyoutellmewhyyouwerelate4连接词可以在从句中作主语、宾语、状语、表语或主语的定语常见的连接词有whowhomwhatwhichwhosehowmanyhowmuchwhenwhy»howwhere等如CouldyoutellmewhoknowstheanswerThechildrendontknowwhatisintheirsocks.Heaskedwhosemathwasthebestinourclass.Theteacheraskedushowmanydeskstherewereintheroom.Doyouknowwhichclassheisin习题把下列句子连成宾语从句Itsgoingtorainsoon.IthoughtHeoftenhelpshisclassmateswiththeirEnglish.AllofusknewDoesherunfastIdidntknowTheyarehavingameeting.ThemansaidTheearthgoesaroundthesun.HetoldthestudentsWhywasMissZhaonothappyPleasetellmeWhichbookishersDoyouknowHowwilltheygotoLondonWewantedtoknowCanTomdotheworkHeaskedIstheskirtniceTheassistantaskedme状语从句
一、引导状语从句的从属连词有whenwhilebeforeafterassoonastilluntilsince等引导时间状语从句例如:WaituntilIcomeback.CouldyoulookafterherwhilewereawayShehastaughtinthisschoolsinceshecametothiscityin
1989.注意如主句是•般将来时,则表示将来的时间状语只用•般现在时例如PHwritetoyouassoonasIgettoBeijing.Itwillgetwarmerandwarmerwhenspringcomes.1whcnaswhile都表示“当……的时候”,但when引导的时间状语从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时发生,也可以是先后发生,when既可指时间点,也可指一段时间,所以既可引导一短暂动作动词,也可引导持续性动作的动词;用as作从属连词引导时间状语时,强调主句和从句的动作并行发生,不指先后,尤指短动作或事件同时发生如AsIlookedsomeonecamenear.as还可表示两种正发展或变化的情况,意为随着如Asspringwarmstheearthallflowersbegintobloom.随着春回大地,百花开始绽放表示主从句动作同时as意为“一边一边如Hehurriedhomelookingbehindashewent.他匆匆忙忙跑回家,一边走一边回头望while只指一段时间,从句中的谓语动词不能用终止性动词,强调某一段时间内主从句动作同时发生,常对同类的动作进行对比如Whilewewerewaitingforabusitwasrainingheavily.till和until都表示“直到……为止”主句用延续性动词,主句和从句都用肯定式意为“直到……才主句用终止性动词,从句用肯定式,主句用否定式until较till正式,until引导的时间从句可以放在句首例如Shewontleavetillyoupromisetohelpher.UntilyoutoldmeIhadheardofnothingwhathappened.since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时,其主句一般使用现在完成时例如Jimhasbeeninthefactoryfortwoyearssinceheleftschool.2becauseassincefbr等引导原因状语从句例如SinceyouwonthelpmeImustdothejobmyself.Hesoldthecarbecauseitwastoosmall.AsmymotherisawayrightnowIhavetolookaftermyyoungersisterbecauseassincefor的用法辨析都是表示各种理由的连词,但because多表示所叙述的理由是本句的重点,故because所引导的从句常放在句末例如WhywasheabsentBecausehewasbadlyill.assince用于表示理由是已知,而理由以外才是叙述的重点,两者皆多用于句首,但since重形式,as多表示理由以外的才是重点for不用于句首,而用于主句之后,补充说明理由;主句表推测时,用foi■说明原因如Asitisrainingletsstayathome.Sinceyouhavenoadrivinglicenseyouarenotallowedtodrive.Illfollowhisadvicefbrheisadoctor.2becauseof也是表示原因状语,但后面只能跟短语例如Istayedathomebecauseofthebadweather.
(三)节日,星期,月份名前通常不用冠词例如Christmas;NationalDay;Tuesday;April普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,可分为四类1)个体名词,如booko2)集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如family3)物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如air4)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如workbusinesssadness(>一般来说,个体名词可以用数目来计算称为可数名词(CountableNouns)物质名词、抽象名词和C有名词无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)o集合名词有的可数,有的不可数可数名词的复数规则变化其它名词复数的规则变化I)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接+s如twoMarystheHenrysmonkey-monkeystoy-toyshuman-humansGermans2)zero—zeros/zeroes3)名词复数的不规则变化I)child-childrenfoot-feettooth—teethmouse-micegoose-geeseman-menwoman---women(注意与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women如anEnglishmantwoEnglishmen)4)单复数同形,如sheepdeerfishChineseJapaneseli»jinyuantwolithreemufourjin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如:adollartwodollars;ametertwometers5)集体名词,如:clothespeoplepolice等本身就是复数,不能说apeopleapolice但可以说apersonapoliceman0theEnglishtheBritishtheFrenchtheChinesetheJapanese等名词,表示国民总称时作复数用6)表示由两部分构成的东西,$FI glassesjeansshortstrousers若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsofshorts7)以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s如AmericansAsiansRussiansAustraliansAfricansItaliansGermans等注意Englishmen»Frenchmen.8)复合名词的复数形式在词末加-(e)s如afternoonshousewives等把主体名词变成复数形式如lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人)等9)由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式如amandriver-mendriversawomandoctor-womendoctors等10)有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义如papers(文件),times(时代),goods(货物),works(作品)等不可数名词不可数名词的用法特征主要有以卜.几种
(1)不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语例如Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量
(2)由muchlitUe等词修饰例如Theyhavesavedmuchmoneyforfutureuse.
(3)不可数名词量的表示,例如apieceofpaperadropofwateraloafofbread一条面包abagofmoney一袋钱abottleofmilk一瓶牛奶apieceofnews/infbrmation/advice名词的格名词所有格是指•个名词与另•个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式其构成有两种
1.由名词末ifor否则whether无论,aslongasunless=ifnot等引导条件状语从句条件从句中的动词多用一般现在时表将来例如Ishallgoifheasksme.Ishantgounlessheasksme.shallgowhetherheasksmeornot.由and连接的简单句,可以用条件状语从句来改写例如Runfasterandyoullcatchupwithhim.=Ifyourunfasteryoullcatchupwithhim.thoughalthoughevenihough/if即使引导让步状语从句例如Though/Althoughhetriedhardhewasnotsuccessful.Hewentonworkingthoughitwasverylate.注意
1.汉语中的“虽然但是”在英语中thoughbut不能同时用例如:ThoughIlikelookingaftermysistersbabyshedoesntletmedoit.=Ilikelookingaftermysistersbabybutshedoesntletmedoit.但是though可以与yetstill连用这里yet虽然意思与but相同,但yet不是连词而是副词例如:Thoughitwascoldyethewentoutwithoutacoat/hcstillwentoutwithoutacoat.5so…that…,such…that…等引导结果状语从句如Yourshirtweresodirtythatyoumustwashit.注意由so...that引导的状语从句若是表示否定意思,可以用too…to太…而不能来替换例如Shewassoangrythatshecouldnotsayaword.=Shewastooangrytosayaword.sothatinorderthat引导目的状语从句例如Hehaslosthisbikesothathecan*tcometoschoolontime.as...as…;than等引导比较状语从句例如IfeelbetternowthanIwasbefore.Hewritesaswellasyou.
二、状语从句的语序应是主语+谓语+其他成分,即陈述句的语序
三、状语从句的位置,可以放在主句前面或后面,但是若放在主句前面,要用逗号与主句分开;主句若是疑问句,那么时间状语从句只能放在主句的前面尾加s构成;
2.由介词+0件名词构成前者多用来表示有生命的东西;后者多用来表示无生命的东西例如:ChildrensPalacethelegsofthetablethenameofthebook一所有格形式的构成I单数名词后加,s其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同例如thegirlsfather2以s结尾的复数名词后加L例如twohours5walk两个小时的步行3不以s结尾的复数名词后加s例如thechildrensholiday孩子们的节R4以s结尾的人名,可以加s也可加号例如ThomassbrotherCharlessjob5表示各自的所有关系,不是共有的,则分别在名词末尾加s如JohnsandMarysroom若表示共有的,则在最后一个名词的末尾加sJill JohnandMarysroom二1所有格的用法1所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可表示无生命的东西例如1表示时间todaysnewsp叩er今天的报纸2表示自然现象themoonsrays月光3表示国家、城市机构:Shanghai^culture/historyChinaspopulation人口4表示度量衡及价值twentydollarsvalue20美元的价值fivemilesTdistance5英里的距离三为所有格所表示的关系.表示所有关系:可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物,一般不可用of表示例如:JohnspenJohnhasapen约翰的钢笔不可说apenofJohno但不可分割的所有关系,指自身拥有的不J分割的东西可用s也可用of表示例如MaryshandsMaryhastwohands玛丽的手可以说thehandsofMary.表示同位语关系通常用of表示thecityofRome罗马城thecityofPairs巴黎城.复合名词或短语,’s加在最后一个词的词尾,如amonthortwosvacation练习
1.-Doyouknowthewomanoverthere--Yes.Shesaunt.A.LilyandLucysB.LilysandLucysA.theThirdGradeB.GradeThirdC.GradeThree1wanted.A.thatB.whatC.where
4.Nobodythinksitseasytofinishsomuchworkin
6.Footballisapopulararoundtheworld.A.gameB.sportC.show
7.-Whatwouldyouliketodrinkororange-Orangeplease.A.hamburgerB.dessertC.teaD.soup
8.HowmanywouldyoulikeA.cupsofteaB.cupofteasC.cupsofteas
9.Thesearebedrooms.Thetwinsisterslikethemverymuch.A.AnneandJanesB.AnnesandJanesC.AnnesandJane
10.-Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool—Itsabout.A.10minuteswalkB.10minuteswalkC.10-minutcswalkD.10minuteswalk
11.Tedtakesometoschool.Itssohotandyoumayfeelthirsty.A.hamburgersB.bananasC.orangesD.juice
12.Thepolicesearchingfbratallmanwithlonghair.A.isB.areC.不填介词是一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的词在句中不能单独作句字成分介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语
一、表示时间的介词linonin表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般非特指的早、中、晚等如inthe20thcenturyinthe1950sin1989insummerinJanuaryinthemorninginthenightinthedaytimeinaweekin100yearsinoneslifeinonesthirties等on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚如onMay1stonThursdayonNewYearsDayonSaturdayeveningonafinemorningonacoldnightinJanuaryonNationalDay等at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等如at3:20atthistimeofyearatthebeginningofattheendof...attheageof...atChristmasatlunchtimeatnightatnoonatthistimc/momcnt等注意在lastnextthisthatsomeevery等词之前一律不用介词如thistenn;nextFridayWemetlastyear.“at时间点,有on必有天,in指月季年,也和色相连”就是说,有具体的时间点的时候用at具体那一天用on说到月份,季节,年份,就用in;而且说谁穿了什么颜色的衣服的时候,也是用inXXcolor]归纳总结在初中阶段常见的固定短语inEnglishinaminute一会儿、立亥Uinashortwhile一会儿、不久inaword一句话insomewaysindangerinahurry匆匆忙忙infull全部地、详细地infrontofincommoninall总共inthiswayinneedintheendinperson亲自ingoodhealthinfactbeforeafterbefore表示“在某时刻或某件事之前,aRcr用在时刻或某件事之后byuntil/tillby表示“不迟于,“在之前例如Couldyoureplytomyinvitationbytonightuntil/till到……为止在肯定句中谓语动词要用延续性动词例如Iwaitedfbrmymumuntilshecamehome.在否定句中,not…until译成“直到……才”,谓语动词用非延续性动词例如Ididntgotobeduntilmymumcamehome.HecannotbebackuntilJanuary.inafter两者都有“在一段时间之后”之意,但“in+时间段”表示时间从现在算起,常用于将来时态;而“afte什时间段/时间点”表示的时间从过去算起,多用于过去时Eg11willfinishtheworktwohours.2Hereturnedhishometownhalfanyear.Nohurry.Thebuswillarrivetenminutes.A.atB.fbrC.inD.byinfbrduringthroughlin表示“在……时间内”“在……时间后”--从现在算起,后接时间段,常用于将来时例如:DoyouworkinthedaytimeoratnightIhearhellbebackinaweek.2after”在以后”,从过去算起,后接时间段,常用于过去时例如Theygotthereafter8hours.后接时间点,常用于将来时o例如Theplaneisleavingafternine.3foi•后接•段时间,可与多种时态连用,如与现在完成时连用,谓语动词只能用延续性动词例如Shehasworkedtherefbr8years.4during表示在期间强调“自始自终例如Duringthosedaysheaskedalotofquestions.5through=fromthebeginningtotheend”自始自终”“从头到尾”例如Dr.Bethunewentonworkingthroughthenight.注对“in+时间段”提问用howsoon;对“fbr+时间段”提问用howlong
二、ofabouton表示“关于lof仅指“关于”人或事物的存在Hespokeofthefilmtheotherday.Hethoughtofthematteryesterday.2about指“关于某人或某事物的较详细的情况CanyoutellmesomethingaboutyourselfItsabookforchildrenaboutAfricaanditspeople.3)on指“关于”学术性的或严肃性的,供专门研究用的IfsatextbookonhistoryofChina.
三、表示地点的介词1)inonto表示方位In表示“在…内”,on表示“与…相邻”,to表示“在…之外,又不相邻”aboveoveron;belowunder表示“在之上或之下”的介词above指在上方,不强调是否垂直与below相对;over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触Under”在……正下方;below”在……下,不一定在正下方”例如I Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.Thereisacatunderthetable.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.练习用below或者under填空Pleasedonotwritethisline.Mypencil-caseisLiLeisdesk.Thereisabridgetheriver.Theplaneisflyingtheclouds.Thewaterflowsthebridge.Theweatherreportsaidthatthetemperaturewouldfell(在…下面)zero.【解析】可用below或under表示在温度的上方或下方用above(上)或below(下)on表示某物体上面并与之接触°Heputhiswatchonthedesk.3)表示在某地的介词atinonOnthe+身体硬部位;inthe+身体软部位at表示较小的地点,in表示较大的地方,on表示在一个平面上Eg
①Shanghai.
②home.
③theground.TomtoldmehisparentshadarrivedBeijing.4)表示“前、后”的介词⑴infrontofinthefrontofbefore表示“在…之前infrontof=bcfbrc表示“在某一范围之外的前面;inihefromof表示“在某一范围之内的前部二Eg Tomisshortandalwayssitstheclassroom.Thereisatreemyhouse.
(2)atthebackofbehindafter三者均有“在…之后”之意atthebackof是inthefrontof的反义词,表示“在某一范围之内的后部,behind是infrontof的反义词,表示“在某一范围之外的后面”,after可与behind互换,也可以用于表示运动的词后面Eg Thecouplesarewalkingtheirson.
2.Yourcatisthetree.
3.Theresablackboardtheclassroom.
4.Thereisabankthebusstation.5)表示“里外”的介词⑴in表示“在……内”,有静止之意,inside表示“在……里面、“到……里面”,强调“以……为界”之意,into表示动作的方向,意为“到…内”Eg
①HewasreadingEnglishthedoor.
②Theboyrushedthehouse.2outside是inside的反义词,表示“在…外面,outof是into的反义词,表示“到…外”Eg Dontlookthewindowwhenyouareinclass.Theyarehavinganimportantmeetingpleasewaittheoffice.fromtofbrintooutofto从•••...至U……Eg:leave...from...fbr...ThetrainstartedfromParis.ShewillflyfromBeijingtoIIK.介词短语语法功能.作状语介词短语在句子作状语修饰动词表示“时间”,“地点”,“条件”,“方式”或“目的”等例如:
①Shegetsupat6:30inthemorningeveryday.时间
②Therearcsomebooksonthedesk.地点©Peoplecantlivewithoutairorwater.条件.作定语介词短语作定语表示某个关系,一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后例如ThegirlintheredskirtisLucy.后置定语.作表语例如
①Sheisinthenextroom.
②HeisfromEnglish.练习
一、选择填空
1.ThanksourEnglishteachershelpvvecanlearnEnglishwell.A.toB.fbrC./D.of
2.Wewenttothecountryaverycoldmorning.A.atB.inC.on
3.Mygrandfatheroftenreadsnewspapersbreakfast.A.onB.inC.afterD.of
4.Somesupermarketsopen8:
30.and8:
0.theMid-AutumnDay.A.atduringB.betweenduringC.betweenin
5.Thethirdgirltheleftisafamousmoviestar.A.onB.besideC.nextto
6.ThetwinswerebornaFridayevening.A.inB.atC.on
7.Myuncleboughtahouseasmallgardeninfrontofit.A.withB.ofC.nearD.in
8.Firstgotheparkandthenwalkabridge.Youcanfindhimonthefarm.A.throughacrossB.acrossthroughC.passcrosssome;anyfew littlenonemanymucheither neitheroneeach;everyboth;allother
1.sit
2.stop
3.play
4.study
5.dance
6.practice
7.take
8.run
9.get
10.shop
11.swim
12.die
13.put
14.teach
15.plan
16.write
17.wish
18.wash
19.catch
20.enjoy
21.have
5.hardwork!
6.heavilyitissnowing!
7.deliciousfood!
8.kindthegirlis!
9.___oldpicture!
10._tallboyTomis!A.twodays5timeB.two-daystimeC.twodaystimeD.twodaystime
5.ArethereanyonthefannA.milkB.catC.chickensD.dog。