计算机英语第2版完整课后答案202306272219460500480

练习答案TheAnswersComputerBasicsMyComputerI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByroninput;outputVLSIworkstations;mainframesvacuum;transistorsinstructions;softwaredigit;eight;bytemicrominiaturization;chipII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:artificialintelligence人工智能paper-tapereader纸空阅读机opticalcomputer光学计算机neuralnetwork神经网络instructionset指令集parallelprocessing平行处理differenceengine差分机versatilelogicalelement通用逻辑器件siliconsubstrate硅基vacuumtube真空管电子管thestorageandhandlingo费攵据的存储与处理verylarge-scaleintegrated超次觑膜集成电路centralprocessingqn典处理器personalcomputer个人计算机runacomputerprogram运行计算机程序computerprogrammer计算机程序设计员Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.ThedifficultyofwritingprogramsinmacthehinelanguageofOsandIsledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguagewhichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonicsforinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarethentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassemblerintothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaderscombinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachinesmainmemoryunitwheretheyarethenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportantsinceitallowed“libraprd卿%msoftobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststcptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarercuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguagesclosertonaturallanguageswereinventedinthe1950sforeasierfasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilersprogramsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstractbuildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsexofecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.OneespeciallypowerfulfeatureofOOPobject-orientedprogramminglanguagesisapropertywhichisknownasinheritance.Inheritanceallowsanobjecttotakeonthecharacteristicsandfunctionsofotherobjectstowhichitisfunctionallyconnected.Programmersconnectobjectsbygroupingthemtogetherindifferentclassesandbygroupingtheclassesintohierarchies.Theseclassesandhierarchiesallowprogrammerstodefinethecharacteristicsandfunctionsofobjectswithoutneedingtorepeatsourcecodethecodedinstructionsinaprogram.ThususingOOPlanguagescangreatlyreducethetimeittakesforaprogrammertowriteanapplicationandalsoreducethesizeoftheprogram.OOPlanguagesareflexibleandadaptablesoprogramsorpartsofprogramscanbeusedformorethanonetask.ProgramswrittenwithOOPlanguagesaregenerallyshorterinlengthandcontainfewer缺bugs陷，ormistakesthanthosewrittenwithnon-OOPlanguages.面向对象程序设计语言的一个特别强大的功能，是称为继承的特性继承允许一个对象获得与其具有功能联系的其他对象的属性与功能程序员把对象归为不同的类，并把类分成层次，以此将对象联系起来这些类与层次使程序员可以定义对象的属性与功能，而不必重复源代码，即程序中的编码指令因此，使用面向对象程序设计语言，可以大大缩短程序员编写应用程序所需的时间，也可以缩短程序长度面向对象程序设计语言灵活、适应性强，所以程序或程序的某些部分可用于不止一项任务使用面向对象程序设计语言编写的程序，比使用非面向对象程序设计语言编写的程序，一般长度短且包含的错误少I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:object-orienteduserinterfaceEventControlsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:functioncall函数调用event-drivenprogramming事件驱动编程clickonapushbutton点击按钮applicationwindow应用程序窗口classhierarchy类继承childwindow子窗口applicationdevelopmentenvironment应用程序开发环境pull-downmenu菜单dialogbox对话框scrollbar滚动条I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Giventhearraycalledobjectwith20elementsifyouseethetermobjectioyouknowthearrayisinform;ifyouseethetermobject

[10]youknowthearrayisinformsubscript;indexInmostprogramminglanguagesanarrayisastaticdatastructure.Whenyoudefineanarraythesizeis.fixedAnisapictorialrepresentationofafrequencyarrayhistogramAnarraythatconsistsofjustrowsandcolumnsisprobablyanarraytwo-dimensionalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:

1.barchart条形图SoftwareDevelopmentI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:application;operatingassemblerscompilerinterpreterDebuggerLoopdevicedriverJohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:inferenceengine推理机systemcall系统调用compiledlanguage编译语言parallelcomputing平彳亍计算patternmatching模式匹酉己freememory空闲内存interpreterprogram解释程序libraryroutine库程序intermediateprogram中间程序，过渡程序sourcefile源文件interpretedlanguage解释（性）语言devicedriver设备驱动程序sourceprogram源程序debuggingprogram调试程序objectcode目标代码applicationprogram应用程序utilityprogram实用程序logicprogram逻辑程序inkcartridge墨盒programstorageandexecution程序的存储与执行Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Acompilerincomputerscienceisacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecodebutneedcaompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoa1ow-1eve11anguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize（compile）al1insthetructionsinagivensetofsourcecodetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameassimorilartoacomputersmachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasmathechinelanguagethecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguageotherprograms一suchasassemblersbinders（联编程序），linkers（连接程序），andloaders（装入程序）一finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystemssoonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersforpersonalcomputers（PC）andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguagesocompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Insoftwareabugisanerrorincodingorlogicthatcausesaprogramtomalfunctionortoproduceincorrectresults.Minor一bugsforexampleacursorthatdoesnotbehaveasexpected-canbeinconvenientorfrustratingbutnotdamagingtoinformation.Moreseverebugscancauseaprogramo“thang”（stoprespondingtocommands）andmightleavetheuserwithnoalternativebuttorestarttheprogramlosinganypreviousworkthathasnotbeensaved.Ineithercasetheprogrammermustfindandcorrecttheerrorbytheprocessknownasdebugging.Becauseofthepotentialrisktoimportantdatacommercialapplicationprogramsaretestedanddebuggedascompletelyaspossiblebeforerelease.Minorbugsfoundaftertheprogrambecomesavailablearecorrectedinthenextupdate;moreseverebugscansometimesbefixedwithspecialsoftwarecalledpatchesthatcircumvents规避）th（eproblemorotherwisealleviates减轻（）itseffects.在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误时有可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:OneofthedifferencesbetweenC#andJavaisthatJavarunsonanyplatformwithaJavaVirtualwhileC#onlyrunsinWindowsfortheforeseeablefuture.MachineWith.NETMicrosoftisopeningupachannelbothtoinotherprogramminglanguagesandtonon-.NET.developers;componentsJ2EEisasingle-languageplatform;callsfrom/toobjectsinotherlanguagesarepossiblethroughbutthiskindofsupportisnotaubiquitouspartoftheplatform.CORBAOneimportantelementofthe.NETplatformisacommonlanguagewhichrunsbytecodesinanInternalLanguageformatruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:messagingmodel消息收发模型commonlanguageruntime通用语言运行时刻环境hierarchicalnamespace分等级层次的名称空间developmentcommunity开发社区CORBA公用对象请求代理程序体系结构基本组件basecomponent7元数据标记metadatatag.虚拟机virtualmachine.集成开发环境IDEintegrateddevelopmentenvironment.简单对象访问协议SOAPSimpleObjectAccessProtocolI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:cross-platformExit;QuitUnicodeEnvironmentII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:searchpath搜索路径dynamiclibrary动态链接库codeset代码集ancestormenu祖辈菜单enduser最终用户menuitem菜单项cross-platformapplication跨平台应用程序characterset字符集SoftwareLifeCycleI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Thedevelopmentprocessinthesoftwarelifecycleinvolvesfourphases:analysisdesignimplementationand.testingInthesystemdevelopmentprocessthesystemanalystdefinestheuserneedsrequirementsandmethodsinthephaseanalysisInthesystemdevelopmentprocessthecodeiswritteninthephaseimplementationInthesystemdevelopmentprocessmodularityisaverywell-establishedprincipleusedinthephasedesignThemostcommonlyusedtoolinthedesignphaseisthe.structurechartInthesystemdevelopmentprocessandpseudocodearetoolsusedbyprogrammersintheimplementationphaseflowchartsPseudocodeispartEnglishandpartprogram.logicWhileblackboxtestingisdonebythesystemtestengineerandthewhiteboxtestingisdonebythe.user;programmerII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:standardgraphicalsymbol标准图形符号logicalflowofdata标准图形符号testcase测试用例programvalidation程序验证whiteboxtesting白盒测试studentregistrationsystem学生注册系统customizedbankingpackage定制的金融软件包softwarelifecycle软件生命周期userworkingenvironment用户工作环境implementationphase实现阶段测试数据testdata结构图structurechart系统开发阶段systemdevelopmentphase软件工程softwareengineering系统分析员systemsanalyst测试工程师testengineer系统生命周期systemlifecycle设计阶段designphase黑盒测试blackboxtesting会计软件包accountingpackageFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:development;testing;programmer;chart;engineer;attend;interfacessystem;software;small;userdevelop;changes;quality;board;UncontrolledTranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:软件工程是软件开发的一个领域；在这个领域中，计算机科学家和工程师研究有关的方法与工具，以使高效开发正确、可靠和健壮的计算机程序变得容易计算机科学的这一分支的研究，考虑软件生命周期的所有阶段软件生命周期从正式的问题详述开始，随后相继是解决方案设计、解决方案实现为程序、程序测试和程序维护软件工程师开发软件工具以及被称为编程环境的工具集，用以改进开发过程例如，软件工具可以帮助管理程序员小组正在编写的大型程序的诸多组件Softwareengineeringisanareaofsoftwaredevelopmentinwhichcomputerscientistsandengineersstudymethodsandtoolsthatfacilitate（使变得容易）theefficientdevelopmentofcorrectreliableandrobustcomputerprograms.Researchinthisbranchofcomputerscienceconsidersallthephasesofthesoftwarelifecyclewhichbeginswithaformalproblemspecificationandprogressestothedesignofasolutionitsimplementationasaprogramtestingoftheprogramandprogrammaintenance.Softwareengineersdevelopsoftwaretoolsandcollectionsoftoolscalledprogrammingenvironmentstoimprovethedevelopmentprocess.Forexampletoolscanhelptomanagethemanycomponentsofalargeprogramthatisbeingwrittenbyateamofprogrammers..TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Softwareengineeringisanareaofsoftwaredevelopmentinwhichcomputerscientistsandengineersstudymethodsandtoolsthatfaci1itate（使变得容易）theefficientdevelopmentofcorrectreliableandrobustcomputerprograms.Researchinthisbranchofcomputerscienceconsidersallthephasesofthesoftwarelifecyclewhichbeginswithaformalproblemspecificationandprogressestothedesignofasolutionitsimplementationasaprogramtestingoftheprogramandprogrammaintenance.Softwareengineersdevelopsoftwaretoolsandcollectionsoftoolscalledprogrammingenvironmentstoimprovethedevelopmentprocess.Forexampletoolscanhelptomanagethemanycomponentsofalargeprogramthatisbeingwrittenbyateamofprogrammers.软件工程是软件开发的一个领域在这个领域里，计算机科学家与工程师研究可使高效地开发正确、可靠、健壮的计算机程序变得容易的方法和工具计算机科学的这一分科中的研究，要考虑软件生命周期的所有阶段软件生命周期始于正式的问题说明，然后是解决方案的设计、它作为一个程序的实现、程序的测试以及程序维护软件工程师开发软件工具和称为编程环境的工具组，以改进开发过程例如，工具可帮助管理程序员小组正在编写的大规模程序的众多成分ModelDrivenDevelopmentI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Informationengineeringemphasizesamodelingtoolcalledrelationshipdiagrams.entityOneofthedisadvantagesofmodel-drivendevelopmentisthelongofprojectsdurationUnlikestructuredanalysisanddesignandinformationengineeringobject-orientedanalysisanddesignattemptstomergetheandconcernsintosingularconstructscalledobjectsdata;process或process;dataUnlikelogicalmodelsphysicalmodelsshownotonlywhatasystemisordoesbutalsohowthesystemisphysicallyandtechnically.implementedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:checkbox复选框或选择框structureddesign结构化设计buildingblock信息系统的构建模块databaseschema数据库模式radiobutton单选按钮系统建模技术systemmodelingtechnique模型驱动开发model-drivendevelopment数据流程图dataflowdiagram下拉式菜单drop-down或pul『downmenu滚动条scrollbarWhatIsaDesignPatternFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Adesignpatterngenerallyhasfouressentialelements:thepatternnamesolutionandconsequencesproblemReusabilityisoftenafactorinobject-orienteddesignsotheofapatternincludeitsimpactonasystemsflexibilityextensibilityorportabiliconsequencesThesolutionofadesignpatterndescribestheelementsthatmakeupthetheirrelationshipsresponsibilitiesandcollaborationsdesignWithreusableobject-orientedsoftwareyourdesignshouldbetotheproblemathandbutalsoenoughtoaddressfutureproblemsandrequirementsspecific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:procedurallanguage过程化语言commondesignstructure通用设计结构classandobjectinteraction类与对象交互designconstraint设计约束设计模式designpattern可复用软件reusablesoftware面向对象的系统object-orientedsystem继承层次inheritancehierarchyUnit7DatabaseSectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

1.datastorageEntitiesDBMSordatabasemanagementsystemInconsistencySQLorStructuredQueryLanguagestorageengine;queryprocessorprocedurecallsdatapresentation;datastorageII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:languageprecompiler程序语言预编译器businesslogicimplementation业务逻辑实现queryprocessor查询处理器datamodeling数据建模storageengine存储弓|擎tieredarchitecture分层结构databasemanager数据库管理员datapresentationlayer数据表现层logicaldatabasedesign逻辑上的数据库设计entityrelationshipdiagram实体关系图querylanguage查询语言hostlanguage主机语言DataModificationLanguageDML数据修改语言dataredundancy数据冗余relationaldatabase关系数据库relationaldatamodel关系数据模型databasemanagementsystem（DBMS）数据库管理系统dataelement数据元素dataaccess数据存取queryoptimization查询优化Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoryanddesignedforeasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.dTheatamaybeintheformoftextnumbersorencodedgraphics.Sincetheirfirstexperimentalappearanceinthe1950sdatabaseshavebecomesoimportantinindustrialsocietiesthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Inthe1960ssomedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailablebuttheirusewasfunnelled（传送）throughafewso-calledresearchcentresthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledthembinatches（——批）.On-linedatabases——thatisdatabasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer-firstappearedinthe1970s.Forthehomeusertheequipmentrequiredincludesacomputerterminalatelephoneandamodemwhichenablestheterminalanddtheatabase（usuallysometypeofsearch-servicesystem）ctoommunicate.Theusersimplydialsthenumberoftheserviceprovidesapasswordcodeifordentificationandbilling（i己账），andtypesinquestionstoachosendatabaseontheterminal*skeyboard.Thedatareceivedmayeitherbedisplayedonaterminalscreenorprintedout.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.StructuredQueryLanguage（SQL）incomputerscienceisadatabasesublanguageusedinqueryingupdatingandmanagingrelationaldatabases.DerivedfromanIBMresearchprojectthatcreatedStructuredEnglishQueryLanguage（SEQUEL）inthe1970sSQLisanacceptedstandardindatabaseproducts.AlthoughitisnotaprogramminglanguageinthesamesenseasCorPascalSQLcaneitherbeusedinformulating（系统地阐述）interactive（交互式的）queriesorbeembeddedinanapplicationasinstructionsforhandlingdata.TheSQLstandardalsocontainscomponentsfordefiningalteringcontrollingandsecuringdata.SQLisdesignedforbothtechnicalandnon-technicalusers.在计算机科学中，SQL语言（结构化查询语言）是一种用于查询、更新和管理关系数据库的数据库子语言SQL语言源自IBM公司的一个研究项目，这个项目在20世纪70年代创建了SEQUEL语言（结构化英语式查询语言）SQL语言是一种公认的数据库产品标准虽然它不是与C语言或Pascal语言同样意义上的编程语言，但SQL语言或可用于使交互式查询公式化，或可作为处理数据的指令嵌入应用程序SQL语言标准也包analoguecomputer模拟计算机digitalcomputer数字计算机general-purposecomputer通用计算机processorchip处理器芯片operatinginstructions操作指令inputdevice输入设备Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinputprocessesdatastoresdataandproducesoutput.Accordingtomtheodeofprocessingcomputersareeitheranalogordigitai.Theycanbeclassifiedasmainframesminicomputersworkstationsormicrocomputers.Allelseforexampletheageofthemachinebeingequalthiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputersspeedsizecostandabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputerstherehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificancesuchasUNIVACintroducedintheearly1950swcrebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputersappearingintheearly1960swerethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputersdatingfromthe1960sintegratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchmicrasocomputerswhichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s1arge-scaleintegralionenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedcotombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachescomputotingincludingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Acomputersystemincludesacomputerperipheral夕卜围的devicesandsoftware.Theelectricelectronicandmechanicaldevicesusedforprocessingdataarereferredtoashardware.Tnadditiontothecomputeritselftheterm“hardware”referstocomponentscalledperipheraldevicesthatexpandthecomputersinputoutputandstoragecapabilities.Computerhardwareinandofitselfdoesnotprovideaparticularlyusefulmindtool.Tobeusefulacomputerrequiresasetofinstructionscalledsoftwareoracomputerprogramwhichtellsthecomputerhowtoperformaparticulartask.Computersbecomeevenmoreeffectivewhenconnectedtoothercomputersinanetworksouserscanshareinformation.含定义、改变和控制数据以及保护数据安全的成分SQL语言既是为懂技术的用户也是为不懂技术的用户设计的I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:columns;rowspermanent;temporaryClustered;nonclusteredCHECK;PRIMARYKEYII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:globaltemporarytable全局临时表partitioneddata分区的数据virtualtable虚拟临时表permanenttable永久固定表logoutofasystem退出登录的系统primarykey主键foreignkey外键databaseobject数据库对象clusteredindex簇索引localtemporarytable本地临时表.NETDataAccessArchitectureFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:ADO.NETisthemodelfor.NET—basedapplicationsdataaccessADO.NETcurrentlycomeswithtwocategoriesofproviders:andprovidersbridge;native或native;bridgeDatabaseconnectionallowsanapplicationtoreuseanexistingconnectionfromapoolinsteadofrepeatedlyestablishinganewconnectionwiththedatabasepoolingInhandlingdataaccessexceptionconditionsyoucanplaceyourdataaccesscodewithinanblockandtrapanyexceptionsgeneratedbyusingblockswiththeappropriatefiltertry;catchTranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:bridgeprovider桥接提供程序datalibrary数据文件库connectionpooling连接池化技术database-specificfunctionality数据库特有的功能默认设置defaultsetting异常处理程序exceptionhandler.数据源datasource.基本类baseclassPARTNetworkandCommunicationTHREEUnit8TelecommunicationsandInformationSuperhighwaySectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Telegraphdots;dashesMediapoint-to-pointAnalogDigitaltext-basedmodemII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:microwaveradio微波无线电digitaltelevision数字电视DSL数字用户线路analogtransmission模才以传输on-screenpointer屏幕（触摸屏）上的指示（器）computerterminal计算机终端radiotelephone无线电话cellulartelephone蜂窝电话（移动电话）decentralizednetwork分散的网络wire-basedinternalnetwork基于普通网线的内部网络fiber-opticcable光缆faxmachine传真机wirelesscommunications无线通信point-to-pointcommunications点对点通信modulatedelectricalimpulse调制电脉冲communication（s）satellite通信卫星telegraphkey电报电键transmissionmedium传输媒体cordlesstelephone无绳电话metalconductor金属导体Datacommunicationsistheprocessoftransmittingandreceivingdatainanorderlywaysothedatathatarrivesdatestitsinationisanaccurateduplicationofthedatathatwassent.Whendatatravelsashortdistancesuchaswhenyousenddatafromyourcomputertoyourprinteritisreferredtoaslocalcommunications.Whendatatravelsalongdistancecothemmunicationisreferredtoastelecommunications;theprefix“tele”derivisedfromaGreekwordthatmeans“far”orufaroff.”Thedifferencebetweenashortdistanceandalongdistanceissomewhatarbitrary（武断的）.Forexampleifyourcomputersendsdatatoaprinterinthenextroomitisregardedaslocalcommunications;ifpyouhonethepersoninthenextroomyouaretransmittingdataovertelaecommunicationsdevice.Howeverthesamebasiccommunicationsconceptsapplytobothlocalcommunicationsandtelecommunications.Basicdatacommunicationsconceptsarethebuildingblocksforunderstandinghowdatatravelsonacommunicationssystem.Theseconceptscomeinhandy（派得上用处）whenyouinstallconfigureorupgradealocalareanetwork.Inadditiontheseconceptshelpyousetupmodemsfaxmachinesandcellulardatatransfers.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Informationsuperhighwayatermusedprimarilyinpublicpolicyandpoliticsreferstotheavailabilityanduseofadvancedinformationservicesthroughavarietyofhigh-capacitytransportfacilities.Thewordsuperhighwaywasintendedtoconveyimagesofacorenationalinfrastructureprovidingabundantinformationathighspeedstothegeneralpublic.ItwasmadepopularbyformerUnitedStatesVice-PresidentAlbertGoretohighlighttheimportanceofsuchaninfrastructure.Theconceptofinformationsuperhighwayremainsabstractandhasbeensuperseded替代（）somewhatbythetermsNationalorGlobalInformationInfrastructurewhicharelessfocusedonthenotionofasinglepubliclyownedmeansofinformationtransport.InpracticetheInternethasbeenthechiefcontemporaryexampleforalltheseterms.Howevermanydifferentsegmentsofthetelecommunicationsindustrypointtoservicessuchasinteractivetelevisionpromotinganinformationsuperhighway.“信息高速公路”是一个主要用于公共政策与政治领域的术语，它指通过各种大容量传输设施提供和使用先进信息服务“高速公路”一词旨在形象化地描绘一种向公众高速提供大量信息的核心国家基础设施是美国前副总统艾伯特#8226;戈尔使这个词流行开来的，其目的是突出这样一种基础设施的重要性“信息高速公路”这个概念今天依然抽象，在一定程度上已经为“国家信息基础设施”或“全球信息基础设施”的名称所取代这两个名称降低了聚焦于如下概念的程度一种单一的公有信息传输方式实际上，因特网一直是所有这些名称的主要的当代范例然而，电信业的多个不同部门面向促进信息高速公路发展的服务，如交互式电视Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:LayeringInterconnectedAlGoreorGoreBandwidthII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:errorrecovery错误恢复parityfunction奇偶函数videoondemand视频点播collisiondetection冲突检测protocollayering协议层architecturalmodel体系结构模型packetswitching包交换enterprisenetwork企业网protocolsuite协议组commercialbackbone商用骨干网I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:TransferCellsLabelIntegratedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:high-definitionTV高清晰度电视framerelay帧中继datarate数据传输率metropolitanareanetwork城域网set-topbox机顶盒multi-modefiber多模光纤protocolstack协议堆栈VPIvirtualpathidentifier虚拟路径标识符ComputerNetworksI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:EthernetLimitedBridgesRouterstelephone;wideBroadbandObjectspublickeyII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:coaxialcable同轴电缆computernetworking计算机网络multiple-accessnetwork多路访问网络managementsoftware管理软件broadbandconnection宽带连接confidentialinformation机密信息monolithicsystem单片机系统starnetwork星型网络busnetwork总线型网络ringnetwork环形网络networkresources网络资源publickeysystem公钥体制publictelephonenetwork公用电话网dataencryptionsystem数据加密系统informationsuperhighway信息、高速公路informationage信息时代computersecurity计算机安全datanetwork数据网datalink数据链路accessprotocol存取协议AlocalareanetworkLANisagroupofcomputersandotherdevicesdispersed分散overarelativelylimitedareaandconnectedbyacommunications!inkthatenablesanydevicetointeractwithanyotheronnetthework.LANscommonlyincludemicrocomputersandsharedoftenexpensiveresourcessuchaslaserprintersandlargeharddisks.MostmodernLANscansupportawidevarietycoofmputersandotherdevices.Eachdevicemustusetheproperphysicalanddata-linkprotocolsfortheparticularLANandalldevicesthatwantcommutonicatewitheachotherontheLANmustusethesameupper-levelcommunicationsprotocol.AlthoughsingleLANsaregeographicallylimitedtoadepartmentoranofficebuildingforexampleseparateLANscanbeconnectedtoformlargernetworks.SimilarLANsarelinkedbybridgeswhichactastransferpointsbetweennetworks;disimilarLANsarelinkedbygatewayswhichbothtransferdataandconvertitaccordingtotheprotocolsusedbythereceivingnetwork.ThedevicesonaLANareknownasnodesandthenodesareconnectedbycablingthroughwhichmessagesaretransmitted.NodesonaLANcanbewiredtogetherinanyofthreebasictopologiesknownasbusringandstar.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Anetworkincomputerscienceisagroupofcomputersandassociateddevicesthatareconnectedbycommunicationsfacilities.Anetworkcaninvolvepermanentconnectionssuchascablesortemporaryconnectionsmadethroughtelephoneorothercommunicationslinks.Anetworkcanbeassmallasalocalareanetworkconsistingofafewcomputersprintersandotherdevicesoritcanconsistofmanysmallandlargecomputersdistributedoveravastgeographicarea.Smallorlargeacomputernetworkexiststoprovidecomputeruserswiththemeansofcommunicatingandtransferringinformationelectronically.Sometypesofcommunicationaresimpleuser-to-usermessages;othersofthetypeknownasdistributedprocessescaninvolveseveralcomputersandthesharingofworkloadsorcooperative合作的effortsinperformingatask.在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法有些类型的通信系简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:backup;loadbalancingcore;accessscaled;distributedbandwidth;configurationII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:switchedinternetwork交换式内部网routingprotocol路由协议carriersense载波侦听spanningtree生成树hierarchicalnetwork分层网络dynamicrouting动态路由选择VLANvirtuallocalareanetwork虚拟局域网UNIusernetworkinterface用户网络接口campusnetwork校园网modularmodel模块模型NetworkConnectingDevicesI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:AnisaconnectingdevicethatonlyregeneratesthesignalrepeaterWhereasarepeateroperatesonlyinthephysicallayeroftheOSImodelabridgeoperatesinboththephysicallayerandthelayeroftheOSImodeldata-linkAnisusuallyacomputerinstalledwiththenecessarysoftwareandallowstwonetworkseachwithacompletelydifferentsetofprotocolstocommunicategatewayThedistinctionbetweenthetwotermsgatewayandisdisappearing.TheyarenowusedinterchangeablyrouterII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:protocolconverter协议转换器physicaladdress物理地址或实际地址four-intcrfaccbridge四接口网桥commonbus公共总线或公用总线数据链路层dataTinklayer总线拓扑结构bustopology开放式系统互连OSIOpenSystemsInterconnection广域网WANwideareanetworkNetworkInfrastructureI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:nodes;connectionsbus;ringTerminatorHubRingLogicalStarpassive;activeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:networklayout网络布局physicaltopology物理拓扑结构logicaltopology逻辑拓扑结构starconfiguration星型结构physicalnetworkconnection物理网络连接high-endactivehub高端主动式集线器passivehub被动式集线器networknode网络节点electricalground电气接地dataflow数据流wiringcloset布线室multistationaccessunit多站访问单元startopology星形拓扑结构bustopology总线拓扑结构ringtopology环形拓扑结构networktopology网络拓扑结构centralizednetworkmanagement集中式网络管理intelligenthub智能集线器networkhub网络集线器physicalnetwork物理网络Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Ethernetoriginallydevelopedin1973atXeroxisbyfarthemostpopularnetworktechnologyinusetoday.ThelogicaltopologyofanEthernetnetworkisalwaysabus.Thepredominantphysicaltopologyusedtobeabusaswellbuthasbeeneclipsed（使暗淡）inrecentyearsbysthetartopology.BecauseEthernetislogicallyabusdataistransmittedtoeverynodeonthenetwork.Eachnodeseeseverytransmissionandreceivestransmissionsdestined（预定的）foritbasedontheaddressofitsnetworkadapter.Thisapproachtosharingasinglecableforalltransmissionsisknownasmultheipleaccessmethod.Onlyonenodecansuccessfullytransmitatanygiventimesothenodesmustagreeonawaytosharethecablewithoutinterferingwitheachother.TheEthernetstandardspecifieshowthenodessharethebus.Beforeanodestartstransmittingitbrieflylistensbusftoortheothertraffic.Thisactivityisknowncasarriersensing.Ifanothernodeisalreadytransmittingthenodedesiringtotransmittriesagainlater.Iftherestranoffiotherocnthebusthenodebeginstransmission.Thisapproachavoidstransmissionssteppingoneachother一inmostcases.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.TheInternetprovidesonlythephysicalandlogicalinfrastructurethatconnectsmillionsofcomputerstogether.ManybelievethattheWorldWideWeb（WWWorsimplytheWeb）providesthekillerapplication制胜法（宝）forthisglobalnetwork.TheWebisconsideredthecontentoftheInternetprovidingallsortsofinformationbyusingarichsetoftoolsthatmanageandlinktextgraphicssoundandvideo.ProvidingandviewinginformationontheWebisaccomplishedusingserverapplicationsandclientapplications.IfyouvealreadyexploredtheWebyou11recognizethe-sidclienteapplicationastheWebbrowser.AWebbrowserreceivesinterpretsanddisplayspagesofinformationfromtheWeb.TheusercannavigatewithinpagesjumptootherpagesbyclickinghypertextlinksandpointtojustaboutanypageontheWeb.因特网只是提供了将许许多多的计算机连接在一起的物理与逻辑基础不少人认为，是万维网（WWW或简称theWeb）为这个全球网络提供了“制胜法宝”万维网被视为因特网的内容，它通过使用管理与链接文本、图形、声音和视频的一套丰富工具来提供各种信息在万维网上提供和查看信息，是使用服务器应用程序和客户应用程序完成的如果你已经探索过万维网，你就会看出客户端应用程序就是万维网浏览器万维网浏览器接收、翻译和显示来自万维网的网页信息用户可以在网页之内浏览，可以通过点击超文本链接跳到其他网页，也可以指向万维网上的儿乎任何网页I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Transmission;Internetnetwork-level;application-levelNativeprotocolstackII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:heterogeneousnetwork异构网络packetdelivery包发送IBMcompatibleIBM兼容的IPdatagramIP数据报DOSboxDOS箱机HTTPHypertextTransferProtocol超文本传送协议NNTPNetworkNewsTransferProtocol网络新闻传送协议SMTPSimpleMailTransferProtocol简单邮件传送协议securityhole安全漏洞systemcrash系统崩溃Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Internet;physicalPacketsNetworkFull-duplexII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:physicaladdress物理地址datatransfer数据迁移headerchecksum报头校验streamdelivery数据流发送virtualcircuit虚电路networklayer网络层full-duplextransmission全双工传输ARPAddressResolutionProtocol地址解释协议InternetI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:client-serverHost计算机系统包括计算机、外围设备和软件用于处理数据的电动、电子与机械设备称为硬件除了计算机本身之外，“硬件”这一术语还指被称为外围设备的组件，这些外围设备可扩大计算机的输入、输出和存储能力计算机硬件本身在本质上并未提供一件特别有用的智能工具计算机要想变得有用，就需要有称为软件或计算机程序的一套指令，来告诉计算机如何执行一项特定的任务计算机在以下情况下变得更加有效与网络中的其他计算机相连接，以使用户能够共享信息I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:displayunderwater;GUIintranetfunctionalityII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:circuitboard电路板betatestingB测试thin-clientcomputer瘦客户机电脑cellphone蜂窝电话移动电话digitalvideo数码摄像机，数码影视Pentiumprocessor奔腾处理器virtualscreen虚拟屏幕desktopcomputerspecifications台式计算机规格radiofrequency射频wearablecomputer可佩带式计算机PDAPrizefight:Palmvs.PocketPCFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:WithDataVizsDocumentsToGoyoucanviewandeditdesktopdocumentsonyourPDAwithoutconvertingthemfirsttoaPDA-specific.formatBothPalmOSandWindowsMobi1ePDAscanoffere-mailviasothatnewmessagesreceivedonyourdesktopsystemaretransferredtothePDAforon-the-goreadingsynchronizationTheWindowsMobilekeyboardBlockRecognizerandLetterRecognizerareallinputareasmeaningtheyappearanddisappearasneededvirtualGenerallyspeakingWindowsMobileperformsbetterinenteringinformationandplayingfileswhilePalmOSofferseasieroperationmoreprogramsbetterdesktopcompatibilityandastrongere-mailapplicationmultimedia;third-partyMultimediadedicated或dial-up;dial-up或dedicatedHypertextURLs或UniformResourceLocatorsBandwidthARPANETII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:listserver列表服务器transmissionscheme传输模式datapacket数据包Mbps每秒兆字节hypermediadocument超媒体文档FTP文件传输协议hostnetwork主机网络dedicatedaccess专线访问storageformat存储格式mailserver邮件服务器multimediafile多媒体文件dial-upaccess拨号访问LANlocalareanetwork局域网retrievefiles检索文件ISPInternetServiceProvider因特网服务供应商WWWWorldWideWeb万维网URLUniformResourceLocator统一资源定位符TCPTransmissionControlProtocol传输控制协议datastream数据流logon登录Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:WebpagesareactuallysmallcomputerprogramswritteninacomputerlanguageunderstoodbyWebbrowsers.Theprimary1anguageusedforWebpagesiscalledHTMLwhichstandsforHyperTextMarkupLanguage.HTMLprovidesawayofdescribingexactlyhowpaagewilllookwhenitspublishedWonebthe.HyperTextreferstothecapabilityoflinkingpagestogethersouserscanquicklynavigatethroughmaterialbasedontheirowninterests.IfyouveusedtheWindowsHelpsystemtofindtheanswertoaquestionyouveprobablyclickedseveralhypertextlinks.Markupreferstothecapabi1ityspecifytopositionsizefontcolorandotherattributesofelementsonthepage.ThereforeHTMLisproagramminglanguagethatenablesyoutocreateandlinktogetherpagesandtospecifyjustabouteverydetailofhowthepagelookswhenviewedbyaWebbrowser.HTMLisnttheendofthelineformarkuplanguages.DevelopmentofseveralnewlanguagesisunderwaytoprovidemorepowerfulWebpublishingcapabilities.OneofthemostpromisingisXMLorExtensibleMarkupLanguage.SomeexpertsbelieveitwillreplaceHTMLinthenextfewyears.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Thepaceofchangebroughtaboutbynewtechnologieshashadasignificanteffectonthewaypeopleliveworkandplayworldwide.Newandemergingtechnologieschallengethetraditionalprocessofteachingandlearningandthewayeducationismanaged.Informationtechnologywhileanimportantareaofstudyinitsownrightishavingamajorimpactacrossallcurriculumareas.Easyworldwidecommunicationprovidesinstantaccesstoavastarrayofdata.RapidcommunicationplusincreasedaccesstoITinthehomeatworkandineducationalestablishmentscouldmeanthatlearningbecomesatrulylifelongactivity一anactivityinwhichthepaceoftechnologicalchangeforcesconstantevaluationofthelearningprocessitself.新技术带来的变化速度对于全世界人们的生活，工作和娱乐方式产生了重要影响新兴技术对传统的教学过程以及教育的管理方式提出挑战信息技术虽然本身就是一个重要的学习领域，但同时也在所有的课程领域产生着重大影响方便的全球通信使我们可以即时访问巨量的数据快速的通信，加上在家里、工作场所和教育机构使用信息技术机会的增多，可能意味着学习成为一项真正持续终生的活动一一在这项活动中，技术变化的速度迫使我们要对学习过程本身不断作出评估I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Destinationcommercial;educational;governmental

3.Plainheaders;footersII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:

1.plaintext纯文本

2.destinationaddressmail-useragent邮件用户代理messagetransferagent消息传送代理graphics-basedfileanalogsignal模拟信号domainname域名textfile文本文件texteditor文本编辑器e-mailaddress电子邮件地址I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:56K.LowsoundcardReflectorsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:soundcard声卡Webpage网页videocamera摄像机，摄像头plug-insoftware嵌入软件input/outputport输入/输出端口homepage主页videocapturecard视频捕获卡chatroom聊天室ITandComputerApplicationFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:ProductionTechnologicalagricultural;industrialLargestProcessorsInformation-processingFlatteninginformationII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:electricmotor电动机desktoppublishing桌面出版系统（台式出版系统）information-re1atedservices信息相关服务information-basedoccupation基于信息的职业informationprocessor信息处理textualdata文本的数据numericaldata数字的数据audiodata音频数据fibreoptics纤维光学digitalthermometer数字温度计informationrevolution信息革命technologicalrevolution技术革命globalmarket全球市场IT（informationtechnology）信息技术multimediaproduct多媒体产品informationspecialist信息专家databasemanagement数据库管理videodata视频数据information-processingsystem信息处理系统telephonehelpline电话服务热线Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Itisfrequentlyclaimedthatthepomosttent（强有力的）agentofchangeonpresent-daysocietyandtheeconomywillprovetobeinformationtechnology.Theso-calleddigitairevolutionwherebyinformation一whethertextsoundorvideo一canbeconvertedintoandfrombinarydigits（bits）andtransmittedovernglobaletworksisbelievedtobelikelytotransformindustriesbasuchnkingastelecommunicationsandpublishing.Advancesinlight-wavecommunicationstechnologybasedonopticalfibreshavevastlyincreasedvtheolumeandspeedofinformationtransmission.Thedevelopmentofflat-paneldisplays（平板显示器）hasallowedthecomputermobilityfromthedesk.Togetherthesehavecontributedtointhetegrationofcomputerandcommunicationstechnologywhichfortheusertranscends（超越）spaceandmakesinformationavailableondemand.Aswellasrichopportunitiessuchamajorsocialchangepresentsseverechallenges.Oneishowtoavoidthecreationofadividedsocietyinformaoftion“havesand“havenots”.Thisisbothanationalinterandnatianonalproblem.Othersrelatetoownershipandsecurityofinformation:cyberspace（网络空间）isanewfrontierwhereexistinglealprinciplesandpracticearehavingtoberethought.YetagaintherearemoralissuestobefacedaboutthekindsofinformationwhichshouldbeopenlyavailabletousersoftheInternet.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.YourbusinesssWebsiteisapassiveformofmarketing.InordertogetpeopletovisitityouhavetopromoteyourWebsiteaggressively.Andifyouwanttoensurethatpeoplereturnyou11havetooffervaluableservicesorcontent.MarketingpracticesontheInternetmaydifferdramaticallyfrommarketingmethodsthatyouareaccustomedtousing.OnlinemarketingfocusesmoreongeneratingpublicityandcreatingareputationforyourWebsiteratherthanongeneratingsales.Yourmarketingeffortsmustbecreativeinterestingandconstantlychanginginordertomakeyoursitestandout.Andyoumustobeylong-standingrulesifyouwanttoavoidboycotts联（合抵制）oroffendingpotentialcustomers.Websitepromotioneffortsshouldbeongoing.Dontthinkthatjustbecauseyouregisteredyoursiteonallthesearchenginesyouredone.Constantlybeonthelookoutfornewcreativewaystopromoteyoursiteandkeepupwithemergingtrends.你公司的网站是一种被动的营销形式为了让人们访问你的网站，你得积极地宣传它而且，如果你想确保人们成为网站的常客，你得提供有价值的服务或内容因特网上的营销惯例可能与你惯于使用的营销方法大不相同在线营销聚焦于引起公众注意，为你的网站创造声誉，而不是提高销售额你的营销工作必须具有创造性，能够引起人们的兴趣，并且不断变化，以使你的网站卓然出众而且，如果你想避免遭到联合抵制或者冒犯潜在顾客，你必须遵守长期存在的规则网站宣传工作应该是持续不断的不要以为仅仅因为你在所有搜索引擎上注册了你的网站，你就万事大吉了要始终不断地留意可用于宣传你网站的具有创造性的新方法，并跟上正在出现的潮流I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:hardware;dataLayersGeocodingvector;rasterII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:tabulardata表格数据rasterimage光栅图像vectormodel矢量模型statisticalanalysissystem统计分析系统modelatmosphericcirculation模才以大气循环computer-basedtool基于计算机的工具geographicinformationsystem地理信息系统databaseoperation数据库操作gridcell网格单元closedloop闭环I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Softwarekeyword-basedintelligence;computinginter-operabilityII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:domain-specifictag特定指定域标记handheldterminal手持终端设备lifecycle生命周期生存周期mobileagenttoolkit移动代理工具包XMLextensibleMarkupLanguage扩展标签语言datamining数据挖掘gametheory博弈论keyword-basedtextsearching基于关键字的搜索e-BusinessFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:commercial;networkcatalogs;enginescurrencies;checksrelationship-based;pursesSignaturescash;tokenPublicSymmetricII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:userauthentication用户认证electronicpurse电子钱包informationfilter信息过滤dataintegrity数据完整性smartcard智能卡HTML超文本标记语言symmetrickeycryptosystem对称密钥密码系统messageauthenticationcode信息鉴定码unauthorizedaccesscontrol未授权访问控制electroniccatalog电子目录electronicmoney或cash电子货币searchengine搜索引擎digitalsignature数字签名userinterface用户界面EFTElectronicFundsTransfer电子资金转帐publickeycryptosystem公钥密码系统PDApersonaldigitalassistant个人数字助理

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20.hypertextlink超文本链接3Dimage三维图像creditcard信用卡Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Thetermelectroniccommerceencompassestheentireprocessofbuyingsellingandadvertisingproductsandservicesusingelectroniccommunicationsmedia.Butwhenpeopletalkaboute-commercetodaythey，reusuallyreferringtotheemergingmarketplaceontheInternet.Retailersofallkindsarenowscramblingtoestablishthemselvesandreachcustomersinthisnewmarketplace.Themajorobstacletoecommerceistheproblemofhowtopayforproductsandservicesonline.HowcanelectronicpaymentsbemadeconvenientreliableandsecureforconsumersandretailersalikeAswitheveryotherInternettechnologyaglobalstandardforonlinetransactionsmustemergebeforee-commercebecomesawidelyacceptedpractice.Thedrivetoestablishastandardforelectronicmoneyiswellunderway.Softwaredevelopersbanksandcreditcardcompaniesareallpushingtransactionsystemstoonlinemerchantseachbettingthattheirsystemwillbecomethestandardwaytopayforthingsonline.AsaWebstorefrontowneryoumustinvestigatealltheoptionsandofferasmanychoicestoyourcustomersastheydemandwhilekeepingcostsandcomplexitiesfromgettingoutofhand.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Acomputervirusisaprogramthat“infects“computerfilesusuallyherexecuottableprogramsbyinsertinginthosefilescopiesofitself.Thisisusuallydoneinsuchamannerthatthecopieswillbeexecutedwhenthefileisloadedintomemoryallowingthemtoinfectstillotherfilesandsoon.Virusesoftenhavedamagingsideeffectssometimesintentionallysometimesnot.Avirusthatpropagates传播itselfacrosscomputernetworksissometimesreferredtoasa“Worm”especiallyifitiscomposedofmanyseparatesegmentsdistributedacrossthenetwork.ATrojanHorse”thoughtechnicallynotavirusisaprogramdisguisedassomethingusefulwhichwhenrundoessomethingequallydevious阴险的tothecomputersystemwhileappearingtodosomethingelse.计算机病毒是通过在计算机文件通常是其他可执行程序中插入自身的拷贝来“传染”这些文件的程序这通常以如此的方式进行，以致文件装入内存时拷贝即被执行，从而使其可再传染其他的文件，等等病毒常常产生破坏性的副作用，有时是有意的，有时则是无意的在计算机网络上自我传播的病毒有时称为“蠕虫”，尤其是在它由分布在网络各处的许多独立部分构成的情况下“特洛伊木马”虽然从技术上讲不是病毒，但它是伪装成有用东西的程序，运行时在对计算机系统做着同样阴险的事情的同时，表面上却显得在做其他的事情I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Foure-Businessvendor-centric;customer-centricInfrastructureII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:vendor-centricmodel心模式Website网站Websurfing网上冲浪middlewareserver中间件服务back-endplatform后端平台e-Businessstrategy电子商务策略binaryformat二进制格式customer-orientede-Businesssystem面向客户的电子商务系统ISVindependentsoftwarevendor独立软件推销商informationinfrastructure信息基础结构设施I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:ServicesMarketingstorefronts;consultingadvertisements;subscriptionsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:Webstorefront网上店面electronicpresskit电子版发行包onlineretail在线零售multimediademo多媒体演示onlineaccess联机访问value-addedservices增值业务productpromotion产品推车肖communicationmedium通信媒体ComputerSecurityFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:employeesHackersCrackersdamage;manipulationWormsoftwarepiracyaccess;backupPasswordsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:encryptionprogram加密程序deletioncommand删除命令authorizeduser授权的用户backupcopy备份的副本voltagesurge电涌，浪涌电压circuitbreaker断路器electroniccomponent电子含导件data-entryerror数据输入错误electronicbreak-in电路中断powerline电力线，输电线detectionprogram检测程序powersource电源destructivecomputerprogram破坏性计算机程序computervirus计算机病毒softwarepiracy软件侵权hard-diskdrive硬盘驱动器viruschecker病毒检查程序primarystorage主存储器electronicbulletinboard电子公告板surgeprotector浪涌电压保护器III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Avirusorotherunwelcomesurprisecanlurkinyourcomputersystemfordaysormonthswithoutdiscovery.Atimebombisacomputerprogramthatstaysinyoursystemundetecteduntilitistriggeredbyaecertainvnintimesuchaswhenthecomputersystemclockreachesacertaindate.AtimebombisusuallycarriedbyavirusorTrojanhorse.ForexampletheMichelangelocvirusontainsatimebombdesignedtodamagefilesonyourharddiskonMarch6thebirthdayofartistMichelangelo.Alogicbombisacomputerprogramthattrisiggeredbytheappearanceordisappearanceofspecificdata.Forexamplesupposeproagrammerinalargecorporationbelievesthatsheisonlithestofemployeestobeterminatedduringthenextcost-cuttingcampaign.Ilerhosti1ity（敌意）overcomesherethical（道德的）judgmentandshecreatesalogicbombprogramthatchecksthepayroll（在耿人员名单）fileeverydaytomakesureehermploymentstatusisstillactive.Iftheprogrammersstatuschangestouterminated“herlogicbombactivatesprogaramthatdestroysdataonthecomputer.Atimebomborlogicbombmightdomischief（祸害）inyourcomputerlongII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:datafield数据字段learningcurve学习曲线third-partysolution第三方解决方案WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒体播放器开始按钮Startbutton指定输入区designatedinputarea手写体识别系统handwriting-recognitionsystem字符集charactersetComputerArchitectureFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:input;output;storageBasicInputOutputSystemflatbedscanners;hand-heldscannersLCD-baseddot-matrixprinters;inkjetprintersdiskdrives;memoryVolatileserial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:informationretrieval信息检索voicerecognitionmodule语音识别模块touch-sensitiveregion触感区，触摸区addressbus地址总线flatbedscanner平板扫描仪dot-matrixprinter点阵打印机（针式打印机）parallelconnection并行连接cathoderaytube阴极射线管videogame电子游戏（港台亦称电玩）audiosignal音频信号operatingsystem操作系统LCD（liquidcrystaldisplay）液晶显示（器）inkjetprinter喷墨打印机databus数据总线serialconnection串彳亍连接beforethetimergoesoff.Ifthebombcontainsavirusitrepcouldlicateandspreadtootherfiles.Meanwhileyoumightsendfilesfromyourcomputertoothercomputersnotknowingthattheyareinfected.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Butthereallyamazingthingisthatwerestillonlyatthedawnofthedigitalage.Inthepasttwodecadesthepowerofmicroprocessorshasincreasedmorethanonemilliontimes.But20yearsfromnowmicroprocessorswillprobablybemorethanamilliontimesagainaspowerfulastheyaretoday.Andtheyllcontainuptoonebilliontransistors.OverthenextfewyearsthePCwillremainthemaincomputingtoolformostpeoplebutitwi11bejoinedbyal1kindsofnewmicroprocessor-powereddevicesthatwillmakeyourlifeeveneasier.Forexamplewhenyouretravelingyou11beabletocallupyouritinerarysendane-mailpostcardbookanappointmentwithyourdoctororbalanceyourbankaccountusingahandheldPCthatwillknowwhatinformationyouneedandwhenandwhereyouneedit.Andyou11beabletogetamaphotelguideorthenewsfromtheWebvianewkindsofcellphones.但是，真正令人吃惊的是，我们仍然只是处于数字时代的开端在过去20年，微处理器的功能增强了一百多万倍但是，今后20年，微处理器的功能很可能比今天再增强一百多万倍而且，它们将含有多达10亿个晶体管在今后几年，个人电脑将依然是大多数人的主要计算工具，但是，在个人电脑之外，将出现各种新颖的由微处理器驱动的设备，使你的生活更加便利例如，你旅行的时候，可以调出旅行计划，发送电子邮件明信片，预约医生，或者结算银行账户，所使用的则是手持式个人电脑，它知道你需要什么信息以及何时何地需要而且，你可以通过新型手机得到地图、饭店指南或网上新闻I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:MacrobootsectorParasiticTrojan或TrojanHorseII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:partitiontable分区表hostprogram主机程序anti-virussoftware反毒软件globaltemplate公用模板virussignature病毒特征代码BBSbulletinboardsystem公告板系统datacorruption数据毁损MBRmasterbootrecord主引导记录bootsector引导扇区macrovirus宏病毒I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Protectentertainment;challengeIPaddressbackdoorsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:systemplatform系统平台installbackdoors安置后门emailattachment电子邮件的附件vulnerabilityassessmenttool弱点评估工具networksecuritymeasure网络安全措施systemmaintenancepersonnel系统维护人员MXrecord函件交换记录hackasystem非法闯入系统RemarksbyITGiantsFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:colorTVsWebCorporationsConnectivityaccess或connectivitytelecommunications;telephonewireless;high-bandwidthInternetII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:PC-pluseraPC影响力增强的时代cablemodem海底电缆universalPCmodel通用PC模式multifunctionaldevice多功能设备informationoverload信息过载，信息超负荷high-bandwidthconnectivity高带宽连通性consumerelectronics消费类电器investmentportfolio投资组合virtualconvergence虚拟整合tabletPC便笺簿式个人电脑voicerecognition语音识另Usmarttelevision智能电视RDresearchanddevelopment研究与开发surftheWeb在网上冲浪AutoPC自动个人计算机e-mailcolleagues给同事发电子邮件Web-enabledcellphone具有上网功能的手机digitaltechnology数字技术wirelesstechnology无线技术broadbandcommunications宽带通信III.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Athomeyou11beabletooperateyourPCbytalkingtoauit.tomaltticwiHallybackupallyourinformationupdateitssofowntwareandsynchronizeitselfwithyourTVcellphonehandheldandallthedevicesonyourhomenetwork.Therefrigeratorinyourkitchenwillknowhowwellstockeditissuggestrecipesbasedonwhatsavailableandordermorefoodfromyouronlinegrocer.YourTVwilldoubleasaninteractiveshoppingmalllettingyoubuyadvertisedproductsorclothesyousawinasitcom.AndifyoudontwanttowatchTVyou11beableetolecreadtroniancbookthatknowsyourfavoriteauthorsandautomaticallydownloadstheirlatestnovels.Ifyoudecidetoreadoneofthemyourbankaccountwillbedebited.SoundslikesciencefictionJustafewyearsagoitwas.Butthankstothemicroprocessor一andtoalltheincredibleinnovationsinsoftwarehardwaretheInternetandtelecommunications—everythingIvedescribedisalreadypossible.AndalthoughyoucantyetbuyalldtheseevicesatyourlocalcomputerretailertheincrediblespeedatwhichtechnologyisadvancingmeansthatitwontbelongbeforetheyresacommonplaceasthePC.SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:information;communicatione-businessRestructuringApplicationII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:networkingtechnology网络技术assemblyplant组装厂state-ownedenterprise国有企业economicreform经齐改革supplychain供应链cabletelevision有线电视costcontrol成本控制jointventure合资企业applicationsoftware应用软件inventorymanagement库存管理I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:FundamentalsOpportunitiestechnology;technologicalmemorychips;microprocessorsII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:inflectionpoint拐点，回折点mediaindustry媒体业mainframecomputer大型计算机problemdiagnosis问题诊断technologicalconcept技术概念ATMAutomaticTellerMachine自动柜员机memorychip存储芯片competitiveenvironment竞争环境volatilememory易失性存储器laserprinter激光打印机diskdrive磁盘驱动器BIOSBasicInputOutputSystem基本输入输出系统videodisplay视频显示器Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiskread-onlymemory.UnlikefloppyandharddiskswhichusemagneticchargestorepresentIsandopOsticaldisksusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdiskIsandOsarerepresentedfIbyatareasandbumpyareascalled“pits”onitssbottomurface.TheCD-ROMdiskisreadbylaaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora

0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstoresaCD-ROMisa“read-onlydisk.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonerorasedbytheuser.Thusyouasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprintedbythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdiskcanstore650megabytesofdata.Thateisquivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasinglediskthetimerettorieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Amodemisadevicethatconvertsbetweenanaloganddigitalsignals.Digitalsignalswhichareusedbycomputersaremadeupofseparateunitsusuallyrepresentedbyaseriesof1sandAOs.nalogsignalsvarycontinuously;anexampleofananalogsignalisasoundwave.Modemsareoftenusedtoenablecomputerstocommunicatewitheachotheracrosstelephonelines.Amodemconvertsthedigitalsignalsofthesendingcomputertoanalogsignalsthatcanbetransmittedthroughtelephonelines.Whenthesignalreachesitsdestinationanothermodemreconstructstheoriginaldigitalsignalwhichisprocessedbythereceivingcomputer.Ifbothmodemscantransmitdatatoeachothersimultaneouslythemodemsareoperatinginfullduplex双工的mode;ifonlyonemodemcantransmitatatimethemodemsareoperatinginhalfduplexmode.调制解调器是在模拟和数字信号之间进行转换的设备计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:low-speedtopology;hubcontrol;bulktoken;handshakeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:ISAslotISA总线槽configurationregister配置寄存器stillcamera静物照相机tokenpacket令牌包expansionhub扩展集线器USBUniversalSerialBus通用串行总线roothub根集线器I/Odevice输入输出设备controlframe控制帧PCIPeripheralComponentInterconnect外部设备互连I.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:higher;cheaper;shelfspacesingle-layer;double-sided;politicsSubstrateincompatibilityII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:videotape录像带aspectratio电视、电影图像的高宽比，纵横比CD-RW可擦写光驱laserdiode激光二极管reflectivelayer反射层opticaldisk光盘highresolution高分辨率floppydisk软盘OperatingSystemFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:SoftwareMultitaskingVirtualIBMorInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationUNIX;multiuserWindows;graphicalcommand-linedistributedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:dataset数据集pointingdevice指点设备graphicaluserinterface图形化用户界面time-slicemultitasking分时多任务处理object-orientedprogramming面向对象编程clickonanicon点击图标contextswitching上下文转换distributedsystem分布式系统pull-downlistsofcommands命令的下拉列表simultaneousaccess同时访问command-lineinterface命令行界面multitaskingenvironment多任务化环境spreadsheetprogram电子制表程序mainmemory主存storagemedia存储介质diskfile磁盘文件commandinterpreter命令解释器networkconnection网络连接DOSdiskoperatingsystem磁盘操作系统copyadatafile拷贝数据文件Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglistmakingchangesifnecessary:Operatingsystemsformicrominiandmainframecomputersperformmanyservices.Theseservicescanbeclassifiedeitheras“external“orainternal.”Theoperatingsystemprovidesexternalservicesthatushelpersstartprogramsmanagestoreddataandmaintainsecurity.Youasthecomputerusercontroltheseexternalfunctions.Usingacommand-linemenu-drivenorGUTuserinterfaceanoperatingsystemprovidesyouwithawaytoselectprothegramsyouwouldliketouse.Theoperatingsystemalsohelpsyoufindrenameanddeletedocumentsandotherdatastoredondiskortape.OnmanybutnotallcomputersystemstheoperatingsystemhelpsyoumaintainsecuritybycheckingyouruserpTDassandwordaswellasprotectingyourdatafromunauthorizedaccessandrevisions.Theoperatingsystemprovidesinternalservicesubehindthescenes“toensurethatthecomputersystemfunctionsefficiently.Theseinternalservicesarenotgenerallyunderyourcontrolbutinsteadarecontrolledbytheoperatingsystemitself.Theoperatingsystemcontrolsinputandoutputallocatessystemresourcesmanagesthestoragespaceforprogramsanddataanddetectsequipmentfailurewithoutanydirectionfromyou.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese.Multitaskingincomputerscienceisamodeofoperationofferedbyanoperatingsysteminwhichacomputerworksonmorethanonetaskatatime.Thereareseveraltypesofmultitasking.Contextswitchingisaverysimpletypeofmultitaskinginwhichtwoormoreapplicationsareloadedatthesametimebutonlytheforeground前台的applicationisgivenprocessingtime;toactivate激活abackground后台的tasktheusermustbringthewindoworscreencontainingthatapplicationtothefront.Incooperative^作的multitaskingbackgroundtasksaregivenprocessingtimeduringidletimesintheforegroundtasksuchaswhentheapplicationwaitsforakeystrokeandonlyiftheapplicationallowsit.Intime-slicemultitaskingeachtaskisgiventhemicroprocessorsattentionforafractionofasecond.Tomaintainordertasksareeitherassignedprioritylevelsorprocessedinsequential顺序的ordcr.Becausetheuserssenseoftimeismuchslowerthantheprocessingspeedofthecomputertime-slicemultitaskingoperationsseemtobesimultaneous.在计算机科学中，多任务处理是操作系统提供的一种操作方式，它使计算机一次可执行不止一项任务多任务处理有儿种类型上下文切换是一种非常简单的多任务处理两scalablefileserver规模可变的文件服务staticWebpage静态网页physicalmemory物理内存PlugandPlay即插即用networkadapter网络适配器SMPsymmetricmultiprocessing对称多任务处理ComputerLanguageandProgrammingFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:artificial;instructionslow-level;high-levellow-levelMachinefunctional;logicStatementModuledigitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:storageregister存储寄存器functionstatement函数语句programstatement程序语句object-orientedlanguage面向对象语言assemblylanguage¥匚编语言intermediatelanguage中间语言，中级语言relationallanguage关系型语言artificiallanguage人造语言datadeclaration数据声明SQL结构化查询语言executableprogram可执行程序programmodule程序模块conditionalstatement条件语句assignmentstatement赋值语句logiclanguage逻辑语言machinelanguage机器语言functionallanguage函数式语言programminglanguage程序设计语言

2.frequencyarray频率数组

3.graphicalrepresentation图形表示

4.multidimensionalarray多维数组

5.用户视图usersview

6.下标形式subscriptform

7.一维数组one-dimensionalarray

8.编程结构programmingconstruct。