自考英语二重点讲解复习资料汇总

自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解organizational:a组织上的由此我们可以联想到organize:v组织；organization:n组织；organizer:n组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空.Lastweekourschoolaspringouting..Thetaskcallsforthehighestskill..ChinahasjoinedWorldTrade..Heistheofthespeechcontest.Answers:organizedorganizationalOrganizationorganizerobjective:n目标；a客观的，反义词subjective:主观的predict:v预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到:prediction:n预言;predictable:a可预测的;predictor:n预言家

4.simplify:v简化由此我们可以联想到:simple:a简单的；simply:ad简单地，仅仅地;simplification:n简化；simplified:a被简化的Exercisesfortheabovewords:.Themachineisinoperationbutcomplexinstructure..ShakespearesRomeoandJulietintheoriginalisbeyondourcapacitywhileeditionisquiteeasy..Thereisnopointinarguingaboutitbecauseitisaquestionofprocedure..Theofworkingprocessfreedtheworkersfroheavylabor.Answers:simple;simplified;simply;simplificationtendency:n趋势、倾向；tend:v倾向于…，tendtodosthe.g.oldpeoplehavethetendencyofgettingfatter.Oroldpeopletendtogetfatter.managerial:a经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到manage:v管理、经营；management:n;manager:n经营者，管理者；manageable:a可管理的、可经营的argue:v争辩、争论，常用固定搭配arguwithsbabout/oversth由于某事而同某人争论；arguesbintodoingsth说服某人做某事；arguesboutofdoingsth说服某人不要做某事e.g.

1.Theyoungcouplealwaysarguewitheachotherovertheirchildseducation.

2.Iarguedhimoutofgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.define:v给吓定义；definition:n定义profitability:n赚钱，获利由此我们可以联想到profit:n利润；profitable:a有利可图的，p4译有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究句子分析该句主语evidence谓语comesfrom；宾语researchintobinarystarsystemsoThemostconvincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed结尾如Ifeelexcitedafterhearingthesurprisingnews.Matterfromtheonewhichwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.p4译我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去句子分析主语matter;谓语isbeingpulled这是一个进行被动语态；towardsthecompanionstar介词宾语；fromtheonewhichwecansee定语Ontheotherhandscientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.p51ine4--6译另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务句子分析请注意在本句中suggest不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思advanced高级的、先进的；makeuseofsth利用…，该词组可以拓展成makegooduseof好好加以利用；makefulluseof充分加以利用Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofapaceandtime.p5译他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑句子分析这个句子复杂在于从which引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operate v操作；inaway以某种方式；bedifferentfrom同…不同；question:v质疑，询问自考英语二复习资料第四章Learnnewwordsandphrasesresolve:v旋转常见搭配关系为resolvearoundsb/sth围绕…转Shespendsallofhertimeresolvingaroundherfamily.Theearthresolvesaroundthesun.solar:a太阳的，日光的solarenergy太阳能;solarsystem太阳系;solarmonth阳历月concerned:a有关的、担心的Herjobissomethingconcernedwithcomputer.Heisconcernedabouttheresultoftheexam.colored:a有色的，对比；colorful:a丰富多彩的Ilikeorange-coloredcoat.Everybodylikescolorfullife.religion:n宗教，religious:a虔诚的;请对比region:n地区；regional:a地区的circumstance:n情况、境遇；Undernocircumstancescanwewastetime.agreatmany=anumberof二many很多，修饰复数名词而agreatdealof+u.nAgreatmanystudentsareabsenttoday.Ihavewastedagreatdealoftime.aboveall:首先、首要Afterthewarhelongedabovealltoseehiswifeandfamily.asarule:通常、一般而言AsaruleIonlywatchsportsnews.Analyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext:Firstofallletusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolvingaroundthesun.pl译首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星句子分析firstofall首先，词组considersthassth把…当作…，与之类似的词组还有lookupsthassth;reviewsthassth;treatsthassth***;revolvingaroundthesun是现在分词短语作定语修饰aplanetoThesenineplanetstogetherwiththesunmakeupwhatiscalledoursolarsystem.pl译这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系句子分析该句主语为Thesenineplanets；谓语是makeup；whatiscalledoursolarsystem是宾语；togetherwiththesun是状语，而并非句子主语关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar主谓一致Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracyislargelyamysterypl译这个奇妙的星系是怎样起源的？什么使它保持极其精确的运转，很大程度上现在还是一个谜句子分析这也是一个主语很复杂的句子Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracy是主语，它是一个主语从句关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar主谓一致Thetotalwaterareaisaboutthreetimesaslargeasthelandarea.p4译水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大句子分析该句的核心句型是A+be+倍数+as+adj+as+B.e.g.TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacificOcean.Thesecurrentsareimportantbecausetheyaffectedtheclimateofthelandareasclosetowheretheyflowandalsobecausetheycarrylargequantitiesofmicroscopeanimalandvegetablelifewhichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes.p5译这些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为它们携带大量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分句子分析这是一个由because引导的主从复合句，其中closetowheretheyflow是定语，修饰thelandareas；词组largequantitiesof+c.n/u.n;whichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes是定语从句修饰animalandvegetablelife其中life是指生命，不可数名词Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeadifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichweliveanditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands.p8译不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们极为不同的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他地区的人们句子分析该句中的underwhich和inwhich又是介词+which的定语从句用法，修饰Thecircumstances和theway；sothat引导的时目的状语从句其中makeadiference;使…不同，产生差异;business是指责任;Aboveallweshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.译其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法句子分析Aboveall是状语，意思是最重要的，首先；we主语；shouldavoid谓语；decidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselves宾t吾；withoutfirst・••状i吾differentfromourselves是定语，修饰people;havinglearned动名词的完成时态，表示这个动作早于deciding发生重要词组aboveall;avoiddoing;agreatdealItistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeoplethebetterweunderstandtheirideasandasarulethebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves.译确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些人句子分析该句的主要结构为themore…themore…thebetter意思越…就越…；如Thelongeryoukeepthiswinethebetterittastes.ThebusierIamthehappierIam.Grammar主谓一致主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致我们一般遵从三个原则

1、语法一致的原则是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应

2、意义一致的原则指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数就近原则是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词主谓一致的热点.由manya或morethan+单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式ManyaforeignerhasbeentotheGreatWall.Morethanonestudenthasvisitedtheexhibition..“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几”作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于of后的名词Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.40percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls..“anumberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；thenumberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数Anumberofpupilslikereadingpicture-books.Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassis

55..并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前没有冠词ThesecretaryofthePartybranchanddirectorofthatfactoryoftenworkswiththeworkers..成对的名词，如breadandbutter涂黄油的面包，sodaandwater汽水，coffeeandmilk加牛奶的咖啡，aimandend目的，saltandwater盐开水等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数Aknifeandforkisonthetable..由and连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有eachevery或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式Nostudentandnoteacherisinvitedtotheparty.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhasrighttoreceiveeducation..主语是单数，其后跟有togetherwithalongwith（与一道）aswellas（和;也）nolessthan（和一样），ratherthan（而不），以及withnotlikebutexceptbesidesincluding等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式HeaswellashissisterisaLeaguemember..在定语从句中主语是关系代词whothatwhich谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致IwhoamyourteacherwillteachyoueverythingIknow..主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothestrousersglassescompassesscissorsshoessocksgloves等时，谓语用复数但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有apairof修饰时，谓语用单数Mytrousersarebeingwashednow.Thereisapairofshoesinthebox..表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式Tendollarsisnotenough.Threemonthshaspassedsinceheleft..主语是以-ics结尾的学科名词以及newsworks（工厂）等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttolearn.Anewmeansofteachingisbeingusedinthatschool..主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry..主语是familyteamgroupcrowdclasscommittee等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers..“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”之前有theonlytheverythe等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式Sheistheonlyoneofthesewomenwhoplaystheviolin..主语是疑问代词whowhatwhich不定代词allmoremostanynone等以及名词halfparttherest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定HalfofthevisitorsarefromEurope.Halfofthefruitisbad..主语是表示数量的“oneandahalf+复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式主语是“oneortwo+复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.ThereareoneortwothingsIdliketoknowabout..the+形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数如:Thericharenotalwayshappy.Thenewissuretoreplacetheold..由notonly…butalsoneither…noreither…ornot••but以及or连接的并列主语谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致Notonlyyourfather，sfriendsbutalsoyourfatherlikessmoking..在倒装句中以及在Therebe…结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致WhereisyourmotherandyoungersisterThereisapentwopencilsandfivebooksonthedesk..动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryisnotdecidedyet自考英语二复习资料第五章Learnnewwordsandphrasesweaken:v削弱、减弱，字根weak:a虚弱的构词形式adj/n+en或en+adj/n=vShortenenlargeenableenrichloosentightenetc.nationwide:a全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到worldwide:全世界范围的，regionwideetc.legal:a合法的，反义词illegal不合法的;legalize:v使…合法化TheNetherlandsbecamethefirstcountrytolegalizeeuthanasia.ensure:v确保、担保，常见用法如下.Thepolicecanensurethewitnessfromdanger..Wecanensurethattheworkwillbedoneintherightway.oppose:v反对、对抗；名词opposition形容词opposed.Whathesaidwastotallyopposedtothefacts..Manypeopleopposebuildinganewhighwaybecauseofthegreatcost.tradition:n传统，由此可以联想到traditional:a;traditionally:ad;反义词为modern.Chinesemedicineisbelievedtobeeffectiveformanydiseases..Itsimportanttokeepupthefineofplainlivingandhardwork..Christmasisaholidayforafamilytogettogether.Answers:Traditionaltraditiontraditionallyconsideration:n考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到Consider:v考虑；considerate:a体谅的，beconsiderateof;considerable:a相当多的请练习一下.Losing30poundschangedherappearance..Itisveryofyoutosendmeabirthdaycard..Thematterisreceivingtheseriousofthemanager..Heleftbehindhimaamountofdebt.Answers:considerablyconsiderateconsiderationconsiderabledisabled:a残疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到able:a有能力的；beabletodosth;unable:a没有能力的;enable:v使人能够enablesbtodosth;ability:n能力;disable:v使人残疾.Aslongastheyarephysicallytheytendtoliveontheirown..Thetobeclearlyheardisextremelyimportantforanyspeaker..rdliketogotothecinemabutImto..Educationshouldeverystudenttodevelopmorallyintellectuallyandphysically..Acaraccidenthimfromplayingfootball..Specialcareshouldbegiventothe.Answers:ableabilityunableenabledisabledvdisabledaprohibition:n禁止、禁令，prohibit:vprohibitsbfromdoingsth;sensitive:a敏感的，besensitivetosb/sth;同根词sensible:a明智的，besensibleofsth.Iamsensitivetoyourcriticism..Itssensibleofyoutomakesuchadecision.AnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetextAffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating.p2译因患有严重的疾病，VanWendel再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道他已经没有康复的可能，其病情正在迅速恶化句子分析Affectedwithaseriousdisease是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成原因状语从句becausehewasaffectedwithaseriousdisease・・•・另外，therewasnohopeofrecovery和thathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating都是动词knew的宾语词组beaffectedwithsth患有…疾病如Allthecowsinthefarmareaffectedwithmad-cowdisease.hopeofrecovery:康复的希望VanWendeTslastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandshowedonTVlastyearintheNetherlands.p3译VanWendel在他的医生给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰的电视上首次播映句子分析该句的主语较长，were之前均是其中，核心名词VanWendeTslastthreemonthsoflife后面的beforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctor是动名词的被动语态做定语film这里当动词用，拍电影Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.p3译这个节目此后被二十个国家所购买每次放映，都引起一场关于这个主题的全国性的大讨论句子分析这是一个常考句子考点一since:adv从那以后；考点二eachtime是名词作时间状语，前面不用介词；考点三debateonsth关于…的讨论HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.p4译然而，在荷兰议会两年前提出的议案的指导原则下执行安乐死的医生，通常是不会被起诉的句子分析该句核心内容有三点carryout…实施执行；under…guidelines在…原则下，under是按照，根据的意思；introducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsago是过去分词短语做定语，修饰guidelinesoShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersp5译医生应该被允许去结束他人的性命吗？句子分析该句中主要核心内容是情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词如Inhotdaysflowersmustbewateredeveryday.CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn，ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.p8译C.S是国家收容所委员会的主席和收容运动的发起人，认为安乐死并没有考虑到照顾临终病人有多种方式句子分析主语CicelySaundersPresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement是主语的同位语，谓语后面是一个宾语从句，而其中又包括一个小的宾语从句重要词组takesthintoaccount=takesthintoconsideration将・・•考虑在内如whenjudginghisperformancedon，ttakehisageintoaccount.另——个词组carefor关心某人It，sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.p8译这很容易使老人们，残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担，因此应该选择离开人世句子分析该句it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，tofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptouto另夕卜还请注意theelderlythedisabledandthedependent是属于the+adj所构成的固定表达方式，相当于elderlypeopledisabledpeopleanddependentpeoole是复数概念，因此若作主语句子的谓语动词应用复数形式如Inourcountrytheoldaretakengoodcareofbytheyoung.词组optout选择放弃如IthinkIlloptoutthegame.Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven，ttheright.p9译那些反对安乐死的人是在告诉我们将死的人们没有这种权利句子分析乍一看，这是一个简单句子，但若仔细分析，你会发现，这是一环套一环的结构句子主体结构应是Whatthosepeoplearetellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven，ttheright.主语是一个主语从句，Whatthosepeoplearetellingme；表语是一个表语从句thatdyingpeoplehaventtheright.另外，whoopposeeuthanasia是定语修饰thosepeople;请注意下列几个词的用法oppose:v反对；dyingpeople即将死去的人们；havetherighttodosth有权力去做某事Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.p9译但是在一种情况下死亡是朋友句子分析该句唯一的考点为where;此时它引导定语从句，相当于inwhich.关于定语从句的关系词选择的问题，主要取决于先行词在从句中所作成分，请对比.ThehouseFvhichheboughtlastyearisverybig..Thehousewherehewasbornisveryoldnow..Thehousewhosewindowsfacesouthisverybig.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendeTsdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive;•••hiswifehadonlyherhusband，sinterestsatheart.plO译显示cvw之死的电影既感人又敏感，他妻子的心里只有丈夫的利益句子分析这是一句曾出现于国考中的句子考点showingCeesVanWendelsdeath0是现在分词短语做定语，修饰thefilm;词组havesthatheart:对—h分关心，将…放在心上Heisselfishandhehasnothingbuthisowninterestatheart自考英语二复习资料第六章Learnnewwordsandphrasesstatistics:n统计数字；keepstatistics;statistical:a统计的；statistician:n统计员diplomat:n外交家，由此联想得到diplomacy:n外交外交手腕;diplomatic:a外交的；请对比diploma:文凭exploit:v开发、开采、剥削由此联想得到:exploitable:a可开发的；exploited:a被开发的；exploitation:n1Theworkersincapitalistcountriesarecruellyexploitedbythecapitalists..Therearelawsagainsttheexploitationofchildlabor..Hishighlyexploitabletalentcan，tcreatewealthforsocietyifhedoesn，tmakegreatefforts.abuse:v/n滥用，如abuseonesauthority滥用职权execute:v实行、执行，将…处死，由此联想得到executive:a执行的，决策权的n行政领导CEO=chiefexecutiveofficer首席执行官；execution:n执行、实行.Youshouldntbeslowintheofyourduties.2Thesoldiersthecaptainsordersassoonastheyreceivedthecall..Afterthediscussionofthecommitteethelaborlawwasputintoforceinmay

1994.Answers:executionexecutedexecutiveguilt:n有罪、内疚；guilty:a内疚的；guiltless:a无罪的employee:n雇员；由此联想得到employ:v雇佣；employment:n雇佣；employed:a被雇的，有工作的；unemployed:a失业的；employer:n雇主.Thepoliceforcetobreakupthecrowd..Manywerethrownoutofjobasaresult..Businessactivitiesweregreatlyreducedandalmost60%oftheworkerswereoutof..DuringtheDepressionmanyworkerswereAnswers:employedemployeesemploymentunemployedimmigrant:a移民的，n移民；immigrate:v;immigration:n.DuringthegoldrushCaliforniaattractedmanyimmigrantsfromotherstates..ManyItaliansimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesandCanada..Inthe1980salawagainsttheimmigrationofAsianpeopleswasputintopractice.deport:v驱逐出境，由此联想得到port:港口；import:进口；export:出口；airport:空港；passport:通行证，护照bedeservingof值得、应得Hiseffortsarecertainlydeservingofpraise.NewwordsfromtextBdeny:v否认，拒绝接受，后接doing.Hedeniedlyingtous.ineffective:a无效的，反义词effective.watchover:看护、看管Theyusespeciallytraineddogstowatchovertheirsheepatnight.inunison:一致地，协调地TheysangHappyBirthdaytomeinunison.pl译据估计，在英国工作的外籍家佣有20000多人句子分析此句为therebe句型的变体该句型是英语中常见句式be充当，但还可以根据句意换成其它动词，如.Therearealotofpeopleinthemeetingroom.2Therewillbeameetingtomorrow..Thereusedtobeachurchatthecornerofthestreet..Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineinthehotel..Thereissuretoraintomorrow..Therestandsabanknexttomyschool.另外，workinginBritain是现在分词作定语，修饰domesticservantso

2.Ofthese20000justunder2000arebeingexploitedandabusedbytheiremployersaccordingtoaLondon-basedcampaigninggroupwhichhelpsoverseasservantsworkinginBritain.有好处的;profitless:a没有利润的.Hehasmadeafromrunningasmallrestaurant..Thedealwastoallofus..Theyvalueddifferentlywhichledtodisagreementastothecorrectnessofdecision.Answer:profitprofitable;profitability.correctness:n正确性；字根correct:a正确的；v纠正，correction:n纠正；incorrect:a不正确的unintended:a非计划中的由此我们可以联想到:intend:v打算，计划；intention:n；intended:a计划中的课文难句讲解、分析Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.pl译决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择分析该句是主系表结构madefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable是过去分词短语做定语修饰achoice;其中thatareavailable是定语从句修饰coursesofaction.像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexistsgoalsorobjectivesarewrongorsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.pl译做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现分析该句又是主系表结构That引导三个并列的表语从句，

①aproblemexists

②goalsorobjectivesarewrong；©somethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem短语makeadecision:做出决策；standintheway:阻挡、防碍Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochancebutsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthereriskaccompaniesdecisions.p2译通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险分析前半句是主谓宾结构whatthefuturewillbe是at的宾语；aslittleaspossible做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.Ifthereisnochoicethereisnodecisiontobemade.p3译如果没有选择，就不会有决策分析这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点tobemade这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision有将来意味比如Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodividetheworkamongpl译根据某个设在伦敦的帮助在英国工作的国外佣人的活动组织声称，在这20000名佣人中又近2000人被他们的雇主剥削和虐待句子分析Ofthese20000是状语，under2000是数词作整个句子主语，arebeingexploitedandabused是现在进行时态的被动语态做谓语，剩余的是状语另外，under是低于…不到…的意思；based设在…的，以…为基础的；Andtheycanhavetheirpassportsremovedmakingleavingorescapingvirtuallyimpossible.p2译他们的护照可能已被拿走，其实际上既不能离开液或不能逃走句子分析havetheirpassportsremoved是V0C结构，使havesthdone句型的具体使用，表示宾语和动词之间是被动的关系，如LastweekIhavemycomputerrepaired.makingleavingorescapingvirtuallyimpossible是现在分词作结果状语，其中leavingorescaping是动名词，做making的宾语virtually是几乎的意思相当于almost.InoneofthemaFilipinomaidwasexecutedinSingaporeafterbeingconvictedofmurderdespiteprotestsfromvariousquartersthatherguilthadnotbeenadequatelyestablished.p3译其中一个事例就是关于一个菲律宾女佣在被判谋杀罪后，在新加坡被处决，尽管各个地区的人都抗议她的罪行尚未得到充分证实句子分析wasexecuted表被动，afterbeingconvictedofmurder是时间状语，请注意being动名词，convicted被判罪被动，词组sbisconvictedofsth某人被判有…罪如Shehastwicebeenconvictedoffraud.她已经两次被判犯有诈骗罪despite尽管，是介词，因此其后只能跟名词，而不能接句子Protests是抗议的意思，thatherguilthadnotbeenadequatelyestablished是Protests的同位语从句，具体解释Protests的内容fromvariousquarters=fromvariousplaces.Iwassupposedtobepaid£120butIneverreceivedthatamount.p4译我本应该得到120英镑的报酬，但我从未得到那个数目句子分析词组besupposedtodosth应该做某事，如Youaresupposedtogetthereasearlyaspossible.bepaid…被支付…钱HeispaidlOOOyuanforfinishingsuchatask.Attheendof1994theBritishGovernmentintroducednewmeasurestohelpprotectdomesticworkersfromabusebytheiremployers.p7译1994年年底，英国政府引进新的措施来保护家佣们，使其免受雇主的虐待句子分析Attheendof1994时间状语，theBritishGovernment主语，introduced谓语，newmeasures宾语，tohelpprotectdomesticworkersfromabusebytheiremployers是不定式做目的状语词组protectsbfromsth保护…使之远离…EachparentshouldprotecttheirchildfromTVviolence.Soiftheydocomplaintheyriskbeingdeported.p8译所以，如果他们真的抱怨的话，就会冒着被驱逐出境的风险句子分析docomplain:是谓语动词的强调形式，意思的确抱怨道的话…前面我们曾经见过itis/was…that/who…的强调句型，它不能用来强调谓语，只能强调主语、宾语和状语，而要想强调谓语，只能借助于助动词dodoesdid.Forexample:.Idoloveyou!.Hedoesstudyveryhard..IdidmeetBillGateslastweek.AllowingdomesticworkersthefreedomtoseekthesametypeofworkbutwithadifferentemployeriftheysochooseiswhatgroupslikeAnti-SlaveryInternationalarecampaigningtheGovernmentfor.p9译给予那些愿意做同类工作但是想更换雇主的家佣们这种自由，这正是国际反奴役组织这样的团体向政府争取的句子分析Allowingdomesticworkersthefreedomtoseekthesametypeofworkbutwithadifferentemployer是动名词短语作主语，其中toseekthesametypeofworkbutwithadifferentemployer是不定式作定语修饰thefreedom谓语是is后面的whatgroupslikeAnti-SlaveryInternationalarecampaigningtheGovernmentfor是表语从句iftheysochoose是条件状语从句，做插入语Itistheysaytherighttochangeemployerswhichdistinguishesemploymentfromslavery.p9译他们说，就是更换雇主的权利才能把雇佣同奴役区别开来句子分析该句的主要形式是itis…引导的强调句强调句子的主语therighttochangeemployerstheysay是插入语词组distinguishAfromB将A同B区分开Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecandistinguishonefromtheother.自考英语二复习资料第七章Keywordsandphrasesmusician:n音乐家，与其同根的常见词汇music:n音乐；musical:a音乐的musically:adv从音乐上来说的Pleasedotheexercises:.TheoftheBeatlesbecameverysuccessfulandfamousduringthe1960s..AlthoughhewasborninAmericahecouldplaymanyChineseinstruments..Folkmusicthebluesandrock，nrollremainedandculturallydistinctinthe1960s..BobDylanafamousfolkinAmericawasbestknownforhisanti-warsong.Answers:musicmusicalmusicallymusicianconsciousness:n意识、知觉，与其同根的常见词汇conscious:a有知觉的、有意识的=aware反义词unconscious=unaware;副词consciouslyunconsciously常用搭酉己beaware/unawareofsth;beaware/unawarethat..IwasthatIhadmadeamistake..didnotreturntotheinjuredmanfortwohours..Whenapersonimmigratestoanewcountryheshouldadapthimselftothenewenvironment.Answers:consciousconsciousnessconsciouslyoriginate:v发源、发生，与其同根的常见词汇origin:n起源、发源；original:a原始的，新颖的；n原著、原稿，originality:n创新、创造力.Theuseofsteamoriginatedmanynewreforms..Iwondertheoriginsoflifeontheearth..TheIndiansweretheoriginalinhabitantsofNorthAmerica..Thequarreloriginatedinconflictsbetweenthetwofamilies..Herdesignisofgreatoriginality.imitator:n模仿者，联想imitate:v模仿；imitation:n模仿limitless:a无限制的，与其同根的常见词汇limit:n极限，v限定；limited;a有限的，limitation:n局限.Hisknowledgeaboutinsuranceisrather..Hisenergyseemstohaveno..Awisemanknowshis..Infrontoftheoceanhefoundhewasratherinsignificant.Answers:limitedlimitslimitationlimitless.penetrating:a穿透的，贯穿的，动词penetrate;名词penetrationparticipant:n参加者参与者与其同根的常见词汇:participate:vparticipation:n固定搭酉己participateinsth.takeover:接管、接任、Whenheretiredhissontookoverbusinessfromhim.takeon:担任，雇用.Hehastakenonanewjob..Theemployertakesontwentymoreworkers.TextB:.composer:n作曲家，动词compose名词composition.inspire:v鼓舞，产生灵感，inspiration:n灵感Geniusis1%ofinspirationand99%ofhardwork.invariably:ad不变地，同根词variable:a可变的;variety:n各种各样，变化；vary:v变化；various:a各种各样的sake:n缘故；forthesakeofsth为了…的缘故，好处Thecompanyhasdecidedforeconomy，ssaketoclosedownthisdepartment.harmony:n协调，harmonize:v使・••和谐；harmonious:a和谐的inasense:从某种意义上说Inasenseyouareright.itgoeswithoutsayingthat不言而喻，理所当然Itgoeswithoutsayingthatyouwillbepaidfortheovertimework.Analyzethedifficultsentences:Thenewmusicwasbuiltoutofmaterialsalreadyinexistencepl译新音乐是从已有的三种音乐发展起来的…句子分析词组inexistence现有的、已有的；outof=from.Thethreeformsremainedmusicallyandculturallydistinctandevenaslateas1965noneofthemwereexpressinganyradicallynewstatesofconsciousnesspl译这三种形式保留着音乐和文化方面的特色，甚至直到1965年，这三种音乐没有一种表达出任何激进的新的意识形态句子分析主语Thethreeforms；谓语系动词remained；表语distinctmusicallyandculturally是副词修饰distinctoaslateas1965时间状语，none没有一个；newstatesofconsciousness新的意识状态Radically修饰new.Whathappenedaswellasitcanbeputintowordswasthis.p2译所发生的情况，如果用语言尽可能表达出来是这样的句子分析主语Whathappened主语从句；wasthis系表结构；aswellas在本句中应理解为:as…as像一样好putinyowords:用文字表达TheyfreelytookoverelementsfromjazzfromAmericancountrymusicandastimewentonfromevenmorediversesources.p2译他们自由地吸取爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分，随着时间的推移甚至从更多的来源中吸取营养句子分析本句核心形式takeoversthfromsth从…中吸取…；astimewenton意思是:随着时间的推移，如astimegoesonourvocabularyisenlarginggradually.Diverse:a不同的，各种各样的，相当于various.如NewYorkisaveryculturallydiversecity.Whatdevelopedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.p2译音乐的很快发展成为具有多种形式并且几乎具有无限的表现力句子分析主语Whatdeveloped后面是一个系表结构，readilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression分别是现在分词短语和形容词短语做定语，修饰music.另外takeon意思具有；becapableofdoingsth有能力做某事Electronicsdidinfactmakepossiblesoundsthatnoinstrumentuptothattimecouldproduce.p3译事实上，电子学的确可以制作出到那时为止乐器所发不出的声音句子分析didmake是谓语的强调结构，possible是宾补，提到宾语sounds以及定语从句之前是国考的重要考点，目的是为了避免结构的头重脚轻现象在下一句话中我们还会见到相同用法Electronicamplifiersalsomadepossibleafantasticincreaseinvolumethemusicbecomingasloudandpenetratingasthehumanearcouldstandandtherebyachievingatotaleffectsothatinsteadofanaudienceofpassivelistenerstherewerenowaudiencesoftotalparticipantsfeelingthemusicinalloftheirsensesandalloftheirbones.p3译电子扬声器也使得在音量方面能够有意想不到的提高，音乐在人类耳朵所能承受范围内变得响亮，具有穿透力，由此表达了一种完美的效果，所以听众已不是被动的听众，现在的听众是完全投入的听众，他们在全身心感受着音乐句子分析本句话非常复杂，可分为四个层次第一层次是主句Electronicamplifiersalsomadepossibleafantasticincreaseinvolume；第二层次从themusicbecoming直至句尾是现在分词的独立主格结构，做伴随状语第三层次sothat引导的结果状语从句；第四层次从feeling到句尾为现在分词短语，又是分词做伴随状语Withrecordsathomelistenersimitatedtheselightingeffectsasbestastheycouldandheightenedthewholeexperiencebyusingdrugs.p4译家里有了唱片，听众尽力模仿舞厅灯光效果并通过使用药物以加强整体感受句子分析Withrecordsathome方式状语；imitated和heightened两个并列谓语动词；asbestasonecould尽力做某事，如IsearIwillteachhimalessonasbestasIcould.自考英语二复习资料第八章Keywordsandphrasesefficiency:n效率，其他同根词efficient:a高效率的；inefficient:a效率低的；inefficiency:n;effective:a有效果的.HehasdonemuchtoincreasetheofEnglishteaching..Sheisveryinreducingwaste..Uisstudymethodcausedhisfailure..Thecitygovernmenttooksomemeasurestoreduceunemployment.Answers:efficiencyefficient;inefficienteffectiveincreasingly:ad不断增加地，由此可以联想到increase v增加；increasing:a不断增加的；decrease:v减少；.Drinkingandsmokingamongyoungpeopletoanalarmingextent..Thetruthisbecomingapparent..Thefriendlyrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesstrengthentheculturalexchangesbetweenthem.prevalent:a流行的，普通的二popularcalculator:n计算者，计算器，calculate:v计算；calculation:n计算；calculating:a诡计多端的expose:v使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure:n;exposesbtosth让某人接触completion:n完成、结束，由此可以联想到complete:v完成，a完整的，completeness:n完整；incomplete:a不完整的.Hedeniedtheexistenceofgod..Hehasneveraprojectontime..Moneywillbepaidhalfinadvanceandhalfon..Whenwillthenewrailway.intensity:n强烈、剧烈，由此可以联想到intense=strong:a强烈的，intensive:a密集的，加强的；intensify:v加强；intension:n强烈、紧张.Weshouldthestruggleforpeace..Therearefewstrongsituationsormomentsofdramatic..Theyhavebeenreceivingafour-daytrainingcourse..Theykeptworkingintheheat.Answers:intensifyintensityintensiveintensedefective:a有缺点的，defect:n缺点assemble:v集合、装配；assembly:n装配exposesth/sbtosth:暴露面临、遭受.Peopleoftenexposetheirskintothesuninsummer..Iwon，texposemysoldierstosuchunnecessaryrisks.inthat:在于，因为.Ilikethecountrybetterinthatitisclosertonature.inquestion:正被谈论的，正被考虑的通常放在被修饰名词后面Weknownothingabouttheplaninquestion.AnalyzethedifficultsentencesMostoftodaysrobotsareemployedintheautomotiveindustrywheretheyareprogrammedtotakeoversuchjobsasweldingandspraypaintingautomobileandtruckbodies.p2翻译今天大多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按照编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作分析该句的考点是where引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰intheautomotiveindustryo另外请注意几个词的用法employ:v雇佣，使用，相当于use;program:v编写程序；takeover:接管、接收、接任，如Doyouwantmetotakeoverthedrivingifyouaretiredsuch...as例如weldingandspraypainting是动名词做宾语Robotsalreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefieldarebeginningtobeseenalthoughtoalesserdegreeinotherindustriesaswell.p3翻译除了在汽车生产领域替代人工劳动外，机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用程度低一些分析该句考点如下alreadytakingoverhumantasksintheautomotivefield是现在分词短语做定语；tobeseen不定式的被动概念；althoughtoalesserdegree让步状语，toalesserdegree是表示在更小的程度上，反义词toalargerdegree.Therobotsusedinnuclearpantshandletheradioactivematerialspreventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation.p3翻译核电站里使用机器人处理辐射材料，避免人员接触放射性物质分析主语Therobots；谓语handle；宾语theradioactivematerials；usedinnuclearpantshandletheradioactivematerials是过去分词短语做定语；preventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation是现在分词短语做伴随状语beingexposedto动名词被动语态；preventsbfromdoing阻止某人做某事Robotsdifferformautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictasktheycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.p4翻译机器人与自动化装置的区别在于它们完成一项特定任务后可以由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务分析该句重要考点inthat相当于because所引导从句表原因如Menaredifferentfromotheranimalsinthattheformercancreateandusetoolswhilethelattercannot.Ttisnotyetknownwhetherrobotswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.p5翻译人们不知道是否有一天机器人能具有像人类一样好的视觉分析该句的主语是whether引导的主语从句有关知识请见课后补充语法it是形式主语;asgoodashumanvision是后置定语修饰vision;Engineersworkingonotheradvancesaredesigningandexperimentingwithnewtypesofmetalhandsandfingersgivingrobotsasenseoftouch.p6翻译在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新的金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉分析请注意该句中几个-ing的区别workingonotheradvances是非谓语动词中的现在分词；aredesigningandexperimenting是谓语动词的进行时态；givingrobotsasenseoftouch是非谓语动词的现在分词做结果状语词组experimentwithsth实验Thesefuturerobotsassembledwithasenseoftouchandtheabilitytoseeandmakedecisionswillhaveplentyofworktodo.p7翻译未来具有触觉、视觉并能决策的机器人将可以做很多工作分析主语Thesefuturerobots；谓语willhave；宾语plentyofworktodoassembledwithasenseoftouchandtheabilitytoseeandmakedecisions是过去分词短语做定语，修饰主语，其中动词不定式toseeandmakedecisions是另外一个定语，修饰theability.词组beassembledwithsth=beequippedwthsth装备有；asenseoftouch触觉，同样的短语还有asenseofsight/hearing/smell/taste:视觉，听觉，嗅觉，味觉；asenseofhumor/direction:幽默感/方向感makedecisions做出决定；plentyofsth充足的，足够的Anyonewantingtounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.p7翻译任何希望了解未来工业的人必须懂机器人分析这句话是国考题目中常考的考点wantingtounderstandtheindustryofthefuture是现在分词短语做定语，修饰anyone.词组knowaboutsth了解，懂得自考英语二复习资料第十章补充语法知识名词性从句名词性从句是由ifwhetherthat和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样一.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词thato被强调部分指人是也可用who/whomo例如.Itisapitythatyoudidntgotoseethefilm..Itdoesntinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot..Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace..ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow.必背用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法常见的有Itissaidthat...据说Itisreportedthat...据报导Itiswellknownthat...众所周知Itisannouncedthat...据宣布Itisbelievedthat...人们相信Itisthoughtthat...人们认为Itisunderstoodthat...自不彳寺言Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须承认.主语从句的语序主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序如Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatthelittlegirlcouldplaytheviolinsowell.使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了Howhewassuccessfulisstillapuzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜.连接词的选用that和what的选用that和what都可引导主语从句what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语、宾语或表语而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用如Whathewantsisabook.他想要的是一本书Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.众所周知光线沿直线运行if和whether的选用引导主语从句，不能用if只能用whether如Whetherwewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定3其它连接代词和副词的选用根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择whowhichwhenwherewhyhow等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分如Whenweshallholdoursportsmeetisnotdecided.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定Whobroketheglassyesterdayisnotclear.还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃Whichcaryouwillchoosetobuymakesnodifference.你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别二.宾语从句在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句

1.ourselves.Formanagerseverydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpoliciesprocedureslawsprecedentsandthelike.p3译对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约分析这句话的考点是basedonpoliciesprocedureslawsprecedentsandthelike同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints其中词组base…on以…为基础如ThefilmisbasedonsshortstorybyJackLondon.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.p4译但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法分析该句主语thetendencytosimplify谓语blinds;them是宾语tosimplify是定语，修饰thetendency；tootheralternatives是宾补其中短语blindsbtosth:使…看不见…；weshouldntletourprejudicesblindustothefacts.Becauseindividualsandorganizationsfrequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoalsthebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.p6line4--6译因为个人和组织关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策分析这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句其中howtoattainthegoals做介词about的宾语，whomakesthedecision做介词on的宾语Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothersbuttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.p7line2-4译其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异分析请注意比较级moreimportantthan词组varyfrompersontoperson译成中文因人而异，可以推出因季节而异varyfromseasontoseason***.Whenpresentedwithacommoncasesalesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblemsproductionmanagersseeproductionproblemsandsoon.p7line5--7译当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，寺寺O分析前半部分为常考内容，它是when+过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分其中词组bepresentedwith=befacedwith当面对・・・Whenfacedwithdifficultiesweshouldbebrave..Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.p9译人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象分析句子结构简单主谓宾从句其中assume:二imagine;isolated:adj孤立的phenomenon:n现象；复数变化较特殊phenomena宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态如ShesaysthatsheworksfromMondaytoFriday.从句是一般现在时Shesaysthatshewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.从句是一般将来时当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态如Hesaidtherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon.从句是~■般过去时Hesaidthathewasgoingtotakecareofthebaby.从句是过去将来时Hesaidthattheywerehavingameetingatthattime.从句是过去进彳亍时当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理事实时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时如Theteachertoldusthatnothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.他说光传播比声音传播快得多

2.否定转移1将thinkbelievesupposeexpectfancyimagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式IdontthinkIknowyou.我想我并不认识你Idon，tbelievehewillcome.我相信他不回来注意若谓语动词为hope宾语从句中的否定词不能转移Ihopeyouweren，till.我想你没有生病吧2将seemappear等后的从句的否定转移到前面Itdoesntseemthattheyknowwheretogo.看来他们不知道往哪去Itdoesn，tappearthatwellhaveasunnydaytomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气三.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”可以接表语从句的连系动词有belookremainseem等引导表语从句的that常可省略另外，常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构例如Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.Thisiswhywecan，tgetthesupportofthepeople.Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如Theking，sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral..同位语从句与定语从句的区别1定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分主语或宾语，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分2定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明例如ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语2ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分Keywordsandphraseswarning:n警告，warn:v警告，warnsbnottodosth;givesbawarningshift:v/n替换，转移，改变，转变，轮班.Therehasbeenashiftinfashionfromformaltomoreinformaldress..Thewindshiftedfromeasttonorth..Sheworksthedayshiftandherhusbandworksthenightshift.speculate:v思索、推测，speculateon/upon/aboutsthspeculation:nspeculator:ndatum:n资料、数据，复数形式data;又如bacterium:细菌，bacteria;mediummedia.reliability:n可靠性reliable:a可靠的，unreliable:a不可靠的partial:a偏袒的，部分的，bepartialtosb.up-to-date:a最新的，outofdate:过时的，todate:至今.Willlongdressgooutofdatenextyear.Todatewehavenotreceivedanyrepliesfromhim..Shealwayswearsclothesthatarerightuptodate.analyze:v分析analysis:n复数形式:analyses.workon:从事…；对…有影响.Thescientisthasbeenworkingonenvironmentalprotectionformanyyears..Thesufferingsofthepoorworkedonourfeelingssomuchthatwegavethemallthehelpwecould.setsthup:设立、建立、提出.Astatuewassetupinthecenterofthecity..Manycountriesagreedtosetupaninternationalorganizationtokeeppeace..Einsteinsetupmanyimportanttheories.Analyzethedifficultsentences:Scientistsareworkingonprogramtopredictwhereandwhenanearthquakewilloccur.Pl翻译科学家们正致力于研究预报地震何时何地发生的计划分析Scientistsareworkingonprogram是句子的主体部分，topredictwhereandwhenanearthquakewilloccur是动词不定式做定语，修饰program.其中，whereandwhenanearthquakewilloccur是动词predict的宾语从句，注意疑问句的语序词组workon:从事…，对…有影响，如Thesufferingsofthepoorworkedonourfeelingssomuchthatwegavethemallthehelpwecould.Theyhopetodevelopanearlywarningsystemthatcanbeusedtoforecastearthquakessothatlivingcanbesaved.Pl翻译他们希望研究出一种早期警报系统，用来预报地震，以挽救人们的生命分析该句中that引导的定语从句修饰anearlywarningsystem另外，sothat引导目的状语从句注意，情态动词的被动语态在这句话中的用法TwoofthebiggestearthquakesthatwereeverrecordedtookplaceinChinaandAlaska.P2翻译有记载的两次最大的地震发生在中国和阿拉斯加分析主语Twoofthebiggestearthquakes谓语tookplace该句考点，形容词最高级thebiggest;thatwereeverrecorded是定语从句；wererecorded表示“被记录”；词组takeplace发生、举行，请注意该词无被动语态如GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinBeijinginrecentyears.ThenationsthatareactivelyinvolvedinearthquakepredictionprogramsincludeJapan…・.P4翻译积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本…分析该句考点词组beinvolvedinsth参与…；或beactivelyinvolvedinsth积极地参与…如Allthecountriesintheworldshouldbeactivelyinvolvedinprotectingtheenvironment.Thesenetworksareonthealertforwarningsignsthatshowtheweakeningofrocklayersthatcanprecedeanearthquake.P4翻译这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着警告的迹象，这些迹象显示出在地震前可能发生岩层松动状况分析这句话的主干是Thesenetworksareonthealertforwarningsigns它后面是两个套在一起的定语从句，均是由that引导的，第一个修饰warningsigns；第二个修饰theweakeningofrocklayerso词组onthealert:警戒、防备着…如Passengersonbusesshouldbeonthealertagainstpick-pockets.Theywatchforchangesinthewaterlevelandtemperaturethatareassociatedwithmovementalongfaults.P4翻译他们密切注意与断层运动有关的水位和水温的变化分析词组watchfor密切注意…；beassociatedwith同…有关系Everyoneagreesthatearthquakescannotbepredictedwithanyreliability.P6翻译人们都认为不可能可靠地预报地震分析that引导的是宾语从句，其中cannotbe不可能，表示推测语气；withanyreliability带有任何可能性Whilethisisasmallstartitisstillabeginning.p6翻译尽管这是一个小的开端，但毕竟只是处于初始阶段分析本句中的while意思是“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句请看下面的句子，区分while含义.WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreetImetanE.T.2IlikewatchingTVwhilemyhusbandlikesplayingchessinthesparetime.

3.Whilehehastriesseveraltimeshestillfailsagain.Grammar:倒装句英语中主语在前谓语在后的语序称为自然语序由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装；助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装.全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时常见的结构有1heretherenowthenthus等副词置于句首，谓语动词常用becomegolierunTheregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.Hereisyourletter.2表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词InthefrontoftheclassroomstandsourEnglishteacher.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词dodoes或did并将其置于主语之前1句首为否定或半否定的词语，如nonotneverseldomlittlehardlyatnotimeinnowaynotuntil…等NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.当Notuntil引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装注意如否定词不在句首不倒装Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.Themotherdidn，tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.典型例题Whycan，tIsmokehereAtnotimeinthemeeting-roomA.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermittedC.smokingisitpermittedD.doessmokingpermit答案A.这是一个倒装问题当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构这些否定词包括nolittlehardlyseldomnevernotonlynotuntil等本题的正常语序是Smokingispermittedinthemeeting-roomatnotime.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturywhatheatis.A.mandidknowB.manknowC.didn，tmanknowD.didmanknow答案D.看到Notuntil…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在CD中选一个改写为正常语序为，Mandidnotknowwhatheatisuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19th.现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了，否则意思就变了以否定词开头作部分倒装如Notonly*butalsoHardly/Scarcely•whenNosooner***than.Notonlydidherefusethegifthealsoseverelycriticizedthesender..Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither..Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.neithernor作部分倒装表示‘也‘、‘也不’的句子要部分倒装TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.Ifyouwon，tgoneitherwillI.典型例题DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother1don，tknow.A.nordon，tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon，tcareneitherD.Idon，tcarealso答案B.nor为增补意思也不关心’，因此句子应倒装A错在用dont再次否定，Cneither用法不对且缺乏连词D缺乏连词注意当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构意为的确如此TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Itsraininghard.Soitis.only在句首要倒装的情况OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.asthough引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词，副词，分词，实义动词提前）注意1）句首名词不能带任何冠词2）句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前Tryhardashewillheneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.注意让步状语从句中，有thoughalthough时，后面的主句不能有but但是though和yet可连用其他部分倒装1）so…that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.2）在某些表示祝愿的句型中Mayyouallbehappy.3）在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有werehadshould等词，可将if省略，把werehadshould移到主语之前，采取部分倒装WereIyouIwouldtryitagain.典型例题Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturywhatheatisA.mandidknowB.manknewC.didn，tmanknowD.didmanknow答案为D.否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构NotuntilIbegantoworkhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didn，tIrealizeB.didIrealizeC.Ididn，trealizeD.Irealize答案为B3DoyouknowTomboughtanewcarIdontknow.A.nordon，tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon，tcareneitherD.Idontcarealso解析答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示‘也不’由soneithernor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现其中，so用于肯定句，而neithernor用在否定句中自考英语二复习资料第二章重点单词、词组详讲interview:n/v采访、面试；interviewer:n采访者；interviewee:n被采访者e.g.

1.Whosthemostfamouspersonyou，veeverinterviewedonTV

2.InaTVinterviewlastnightshedeniedshehadanyintentionofresigning.criticism:n批评，评论;criticize:v批评；critical:a批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic:n评论家，请填填看1Heisaliterary.2Weareatatimeinourhistory.3Hecan，ttake.4Theboywasbyhisfatherforbeinglateforschool.Answers:criticcriticalcriticismcriticizedindifference:n冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent:a冷漠的，反义词enthusiastic:热情的cf:different:a不同的，名词difference;反义词same.inefficiency:n无效，由此联想得到efficient:a高效率的；efficiency:ninefficient:a低效率的conservative:a保守的、保存的；conserve:v保存；conservation:napplytosbforsth:向某人申请某物e.g.Thestudentappliedtotheembassyforavisa.takethetroubletodosth:不辞劳苦、费力地做某事e.g.IfyoutookthetroubletolistentowhatIwassayingyoudknowwhatIwastalkingabout.putoneselfinsomebody，splace:设身处地…Ifyouputyourselfinyourmother，splaceyouwillunderstandwhysheissoworriedaboutyou.inhand:手头上有，进行中rvegotenoughmoneyinhandtobuyanewcar.turndown:调小，降低，拒绝TurndowntheTVforthebabyissleeping.Heturneddownthejobbecausethepayisn，tgoodenough.课文难句分析Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidencewhichwillcarryyoufar.p2译这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大°分析whichwillcarryyoufar非限定性定语从句修饰preparationandconfidenceo另外请注意key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence:n信心Confident:a有信心的；self-confidence:自信心Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingforandtheoriginationyouhopetoworkfor.p4译了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织分析youareapplyingfor定语，修饰thejob;youhopetoworkfor定语修饰theorigination词组applytosbforsth向某人申请什么Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.p6译它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣分析it主语；shows谓语；anunattractiveindifference宾语；toyouremployerandtoyourjob间接宾语Showsthtosb=showsbsth.另外，请注意indifference:冷漠，漠视Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob.p7分析whoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob全部都是定语，修饰somebody注意介词with表示带有；haveinterestinsth对…有兴趣Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterviewtoshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.p8译你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实分析从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句主体结构为anythingcanbeusedtoyouradvantagethatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer是定语从句；duringtheinterview状语；toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor是目的状语；whoyouhopetoworkfor是另外一个定语从句修饰thepeople.词组toyouradvantage:对你有利；workforsb为某人工作Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterviewifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimpliedbutdobepolite.plO译面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌分析基本句型notbeafraidtodosth;不要害怕去做某事；askforclarification要求澄清；thathasbeensaidduringtheinterview定语，修饰something;whatwasimplied宾语；dobepolite:其中do为了强调，如dobecareful!Idoloveyou!Hedoeslietous!Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterviewreadytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.pl6译拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示分析这是一个祈使句Have动词，拿着；theletter宾语；invitingyouforaninterview现在分词做定语；readytoshow》犬语；incasethereisanydifficultyincommunication条件状语从句；词组thereissomedifficultyinsth/doingsth在・•方面有困难如WehavesomedifficultyspeakingEnglishfluently.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.p20译由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手分析这句话的重点在于thatapaneloffiveantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn是一个同位语从句，是对littlelikelihood的解释其中likelihood:n可能性，相当于possibility;gothrough经历；inturn:轮流Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestionpleasep23译您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？分析考点minddoingsth.如WouldyoumindturningdowntheTV语法介绍as的相关用法as是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句此外as还出现在很多固定搭配中，如asifasthoughaslongasastoasforsoastoetc.请看下列例句，并请分析出as的具体用法IworkasanEnglishteacherinamiddleschool.Runasfastasyoucan.YoungasheisheknowsmorethanI.JustasIwasleavingthetelephonerang.PleasedoasIhavetoldyou.AsIamtheoldestchildinmyfamilyImusttakecareoftheotherchildren.Suchpeopleasyouhavedescribedarerarenow|自考英语二复习资料第三章astronomer:n天文学家；astronomy:n天文学explode:v爆炸，由此联想explosive:a爆炸性的/n炸药；explosion:n爆炸.Whenthebombmanypeoplewereseriouslywounded..Theunexpectedfrightenedthelittlegirl..Itmightbepossibletoconvertenergyintoheat.Answers:explodedexplosionexplosivedensity:n密度；联想产生dense:a密度大的，反义词sparse;densely:ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的.Thefogkeptthetravelersfromfindingthecorrectdirection..Thebusinessareaofthecityispopulated..Thisliquidhasamuchgreaterthanwater.Answers:densedenselydensityshrink:v收缩、退缩、缩水1Asaresultofcarelesswashingthejackethasshrunktoachild，ssize..Thegirlshrinksatthesightofblood.measurement:n衡量、测量；由此联想measure:n措施/v衡量、测量；measurable:a可衡量的，可测量的.Wemusttaketoprotectourenvironment..Wehavecomewithindistanceofsuccess..Clocksgiveusaoftime..Theretherainfallisnotininchesbutinfeet.Answers:measuresmeasurablemeasurementmeasuredimplication:n含义、暗不；imply:v暗不basis:n基础、根据由此可以联想得到base:n底部；v以…为底，为根据；basic:a基础的，根本的；basically:ad根本上来说.IfyouwanttoimproveyourEnglishyoumusthaveasolid..Thefurnitureofoutdormisreally:twobedstwochairsandtables..Thechargesarefalsefortheyarenotonprovenfacts..Sincenobetterplancanbeworkedoutwehavetoadopttheworkableone.Answers:basisbasicbasedbasicallyobservatory:n天文台；由此可以联想得到observe:v观察；observation:n观察；observer:n观察家convincing:a有说服力的，使人信服的；convince:v使人信服；convinced:a感到有说服力的，常见搭配convincesbofsth;convincesbthat.Hegaveusaconvincingspeech..Heconvincedmefhissincerity.operate:v运转、操作、动手术；operation:n手术，操作；operator:操作者researchinto对…进行研究SheisresearchingintopossiblecuresforAIDS.swallowup:吞没、耗尽Manysmallbusinesseshavebeenswallowedupbylargecompanies.applytosb/sth适用于某人/某事，请对比applytosbforsth向某人申请某事；applyAtoB将A应用于B.Youshouldapplywhatyouhavelearnedtoyourwork..Iappliedtohimforanewjob..Thestudymethoddoesn，tapplytoeveryoneAnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetextWellitsdifficulttoanswerthisquestionsincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequateherepl译哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用句子分析it是形式主语，toanswerthisquestion是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，wewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms;inadequate:不充分的，不合格的Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspacenotathingintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescapenotevenlightpl译天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行句子分析:intowhich和fromwhich引导两个定语从句介词into和fall搭配;from和escape搭配这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint.p2译关于黑洞形成的理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸句子分析这是一个主系表结构句that用来引导表语从句，不可省略其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句toaparticularpoint是达到某一个特定的点的含义Butifthestarisverylargemuchbiggerthanoursunthisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.p2译但如果星球很大比我们的太阳还要大得多，其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞句子分析这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，so…that表示如此…以致，是结果状语从句如rmsotiredthatIcanevensleeponmywayhome.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarblebutstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpullandyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.p2译假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念句子分析:该句的主要结构为imagine….andyou事实上相当于ifyouimagine***youwillhavesomeidea….这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过请记住祈使句+and+陈述句二if引导的条件状语从句如Hurryupandyoucancatchthelasttrain!另外，该句还有两个定语成分reducedtothesizeofamarble和havingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull用来修饰theearth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词词组havesomeideaofsth对…有所了解Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.p31inel3—14译只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究句子分析本句的核心结构为itis…that的强调句型，强调时间状语onlyrecently词组researchintosth对…进行研究Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.。