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2023年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语
(一)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkACorDontheANSWERSHEET.10pointsCouldahugadaykeepthedoctorawayTheanswermaybearesoundingyes!1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareaboutitturnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornotawarmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthiswinter.Inarecentstudy5over400healthadultsresearchersfromCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipants9susceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncoldafterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8withacoldandtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacoldtheoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12“Huggingprotectspeoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskforcoldsthafsusually14withstress/9notesSheldonCohenaprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugging“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps15thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp16difficulty/Someexperts17thestress-reducinghealth-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseofoxytocinoftencalled“thebondinghormone18itpromotesattachmentinrelationshipsincludingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrainandsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrainwhereit20moodbehaviorandphysiology.economieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisntthecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsocietyincomeequalityandtheenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountryssuccesstheworldlooksverydifferent.SowhatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnationsasameasureitisnolongerenough.ltdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationoutcomes-allthingsthatcontributetoapersonssenseofwell-being.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoidtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.
31.RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe.[A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP[DJhadalowopinionofGDP
32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that.[A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern[B]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedintheUK[CJtheUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy[D]policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP
33.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy[A]Itissponsoredby163countries.[B]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.nthelasttwoparagraphstheauthorsuggeststhat.[A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues
35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-beingaUKLesson[B]GDPFiguresaWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth[C]RebortF.KennedyaTerminatorofGDP[D]BrexittheUKsGatewaytoWell-beingText3全文翻译罗伯特•肯尼迪曾说过,一个国家的GDP能衡量”除了使生活变得有意义的事之外的任何事物”由于英国投票确定脱离欧盟,其GDP预料会出现下跌现在是时候来思索肯尼迪所说的话了有关对GDP及其有用性的质疑已经困扰政策制定者超过半世纪了许多人认为GDP是一个有瑕疵的概念其衡量一些无关紧要的事物,而没有衡量一些重要的事物最近的衡量结果表明,英国的GDP因其低失业率以及高增长而令西方世界艳羡假如一切进展得如此顺当,那为什么L7亿人在被警告说脱欧将会影响国家经济前景的状况下还要投票支持脱离欧盟呢?最近一份调查了各国和它们将经济增长转换为华蜜感实力的年度报告可能会对上述问题有确定的启示性作用在163个被调查的国家中,英国在确保将增长转化为公民生活水平提升方面是表现得最差的国家之一这次调查并没有将衡量重心放在GDP上,其还涉及到了包括健康、教化以及公民社会参加度等40多项不同的指标,以求对接受调查的国家的表现做一个更加全面的评估尽管这些国家都面临挑战,但照旧存在许多持续性的主题的确,自2023年全球衰退以来,经济复苏缓慢,但主要经济体在医疗和教化领域的关键性指标呈现出接着下滑的态势然而,这并不是全部国家面临的状况一些相对贫困的欧洲国家在公民社会、收入同等以及环保等指标上都取得了显著的进步这是富有国家须要学习的阅历当GDP不再被视为衡量国家成功的唯一标准时,这个世界会变得别出心裁所以,肯尼迪的言外之意是,尽管GDP是最常用的衡量一个国家经济活动的方法之一,但作为衡量指标,GDP已经不够用了其并不包括一些重要的因素,比如环境质量或教化成果这些能提升人类华蜜感的事物意料中全世界及英国经济增长的受挫会导致我们华蜜感和经济增长所依靠的日常服务有所下滑但那些将重心重新放在如何提升华蜜感上,而不是简洁考虑GDP数据的政策制定者将会避开可以预见的风暴,并能看到进步Text4InarareunanimousrulingtheUSSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernorRobertMcDonnell.ButitdidsowhileholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconductwhichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasaRolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.ThehighcourtsdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnelPstrialfailedtotellajurythatitmustlookonlyathisofficialactsJortheformergovernorsdecisionson“specificandunsettledissuesrelatedtohisduties.Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficialsunlessdonewithclearintenttopressurethoseofficialsisnotcorruptionthejusticesfound.Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis“distastefuland“nasty.Butunderanti-briberylawsproofmustbemadeofconcretebenefitssuchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameetingmakingaphonecallorhostinganeventisnotanofficialact”.Thecourtsrulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnotcriminal.Electedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucraticproblemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery/Thebasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment/wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforthecourtassumesthatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns.Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcitizensandtheirelectedrepresentativesnotthecourtstoensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbeallowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.Thistypeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencysuchasrecordsofofficialmeetingsrulesonlobbyingandinformationabouteachelectedleaderssourceofwealth.Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandardsordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbeboughtabasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety-thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernment一isundermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.Thecourtsrulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism.TheunderlinedsentencePara.1mostprobablyshowsthatthecourt.avoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnellsdutiesmadenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnellwascontemptuousofMcDonnelPsconductrefusedtocommentonMcDonnelPsethicsAccordingtoParagraph4anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifitinvolves.leakingsecretsintentionallysizablegainsintheformofgiftsconcretereturnsforgift-giversbreakingcontractsofficiallyThecourtsrulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsare.justifiedinaddressingtheneedsoftheirconstituentsqualifiedtodealindependentlywithbureaucraticissuesallowedtofocusontheconcernsoftheirsupportersexemptfromconvictiononthechargeoffavoritismWell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttransparencyareneededto.awakentheconscienceofofficialsguaranteefairplayinofficialaccessallowforcertainkindsoflobbyinginspirehopesinaveragepeopleTheauthorsattitudetowardthecourtsrulingis.sarcastictolerantskepticalsupportiveText4全文翻译美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特・麦克唐纳的贪腐指控,法官罕见地一样通过了这一判决但最高法院是强忍着对麦克唐纳行为道德的鄙视做出这一判决的,其涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送给他礼物,包括劳力士手表和法拉利汽车最高法院的这一判决认为,在麦克唐纳案中,法官并未告知陪审团只要关注其“公务行为”,或者说应当只对这位前州长在某些“特定”且“并未解决”的职责范围内的问题所做的确定进行判决法官认为,除非蓄意对相关政府官员施加压力,否则仅仅帮助送礼的公司接触政府官员不能算是腐败最高法院的确认为,帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反感’和“厌烦”但依据反贿赂法,腐败指控的成立确定要有证据证明官员给送礼人带来了实质性的好处,比如帮其批准了一项合同或规定仅仅支配见面、打一个电话或举办一次活动并不属于“公务行为法院将这种牵线行为判定为偏袒而非犯罪看上去是合乎法理的被选举的领袖应当被允许帮助自己的支持者解决政务问题,而不用担忧自己背上贪污的指控最高法院的首席大法官约翰•罗伯茨写道,代议制政府下的基本条约”意味着公职人员应听取选民看法,并以选民的利益行事但是这个判决强化了确保接触政府公允的须要,这主要是针对公民和他们所选举的代表的,而不是法院的官员不能因个人或组织为其选举活动供应捐献或私人资助而在供应信息或支配与官员见面方面表现出偏袒这种正直要求具备有关政府透亮度方面的切实执行的法律,比如政府会议的记录、游说的规定以及有关每位被选举领导财产来源信息的相关规定虽然在与政府官员接触的渠道上发生偏袒行为可能会煽动公众对腐败的反感但这种偏袒行为不愿定就意味着腐败更精确地说,政府官员必需避开对一般人和富人实行双重标准,或者说对他们在接触政府官员这一问题上被区分对待假如与官员的关系可以被买卖,民主社会的基本信条即政府应对人人同等就会受到损害良好的治理依靠的是对每个个体内在价值的理解在打击腐败以及行政不公方面,法院的这一推断是一次进步PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedbox.ParagraphsBandDhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.10points[A]ThefirstpublishedsketchJADinneratPoplarWalk”broughttearstoDickensseyeswhenhediscovereditinthepagesofTheMonthlyMagazine.FromthenonhissketcheswhichappearedunderthepennameBozinTheEveningChronicleearnedhimamodestreputation.[B]TherunawaysuccessofThePickwickPapersasitisgenerallyknowntodaysecuredDickenssfame.TherewerePickwickcoatsandPickwickcigarsandtheplumpspectacledheroSamuelPickwickbecameanationalfigure.[C]SoonafterSketchesbyBozappearedapublishingfirmapproachedDickenstowriteastoryinmonthlyinstallmentsasabackdropforaseriesofwoodcutsbythethen-famousartistRobertSeymourwhohadoriginatedtheideaforthestory.WithcharacteristicconfidenceDickenssuccessfullyinsistedthatSeymourspicturesillustratehisownstoryinstead.AfterthefirstinstallmentDickenswrotetotheartistandaskedhimtocorrectadrawingDickensfeltwasnotfaithfulenoughtohisprose.Seymourmadethechangewentintohisbackyardandexpressedhisdispleasurebycommittingsuicide.Dickensandhispublisherssimplypressedonwithanewartist.ThecomicnovelThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClubappearedseriallyin1836and1837andwasfirstpublishedinbookformin
1837.[D]CharlesDickensisprobablythebest-knownandtomanypeoplethegreatestEnglishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Amoralistsatiristandsocialreformer.DickenscraftedcomplexplotsandstrikingcharactersthatcapturethepanoramaofEnglishsociety.[E]SoonafterhisfathersreleasefromprisonDickensgotabetterjobaserrandboyinlawoffices.HetaughthimselfshorthandtogetanevenbetterjoblaterasacourtstenographerandasareporterinParliament.AtthesametimeDickenswhohadareporterseyefortranscribingthelifearoundhimespeciallyanythingcomicoroddsubmittedshortsketchestoobscuremagazines.DickenswasbominPortsmouthonEnglandssoutherncoast.HisfatherwasaclerkintheBritishnavypayoffice-arespectablepositionbutwithlittlesocialstatus.HispaternalgrandparentsastewardandahousekeeperpossessedevenlessstatushavingbeenservantsandDickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dickenssmothersupposedlycamefromamorerespectablefamily.YettwoyearsbeforeDickenssbirthhismothersfatherwascaughtstealingandfledtoEuropenevertoreturn.ThefamilysincreasingpovertyforcedDickensoutofschoolatage12toworkinWarrensBlackingWarehouseashoe-polishfactorywheretheotherworkingboysmockedhimastheyounggentleman.Hisfatherwasthenimprisonedfordebt.ThehumiliationsofhisfathersimprisonmentandhislaborintheblackingfactoryformedDickenssgreatestwoundandbecamehisdeepestsecret.Hecouldnotconfidethemeventohiswifealthoughtheyprovidetheunacknowledgedfoundationofhisfiction.AfterPickwickDickensplungedintoableakerworld.InOliverTvvisthetracesanorphansprogressfromtheworkhousetothecriminalslumsofLondon.NicholasNicklebyhisnextnovelcombinesthedarknessofOliverTwistwiththesunlightofPickwick.ThepopularityofthesenovelsconsolidatedDickensasanationallyandinternationallycelebratedmanofletters.D
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45.PartB本文节选自《查尔斯•狄更斯传记》,本文主要介绍了英国19世纪最宏大的小说家查尔斯•狄更斯的生平及其早期踏上文学之路的背景全文翻译查尔斯・狄更斯或许最为人所熟知的身份是英国19世纪最宏大的小说家一位道德家、讽刺作家以及社会改革者狄更斯设计了困难的微小环节以及能反映英国社会全貌的角色狄更斯诞生于英格兰南部的海滨城市朴茨茅斯他的父亲是英国海军军需处职员,这是一个受人敬重、却没什么社会地位的职位他的祖父母均是仆人作为仆人,他们的社会地位更加卑微狄更斯日后隐瞒了他们的背景然而,狄更斯诞生的前两年,他的外公因偷窃被捕,随后逃离至欧洲,从今再没回来过家庭与日俱增的贫困迫使狄更斯在12岁的时候辍学,去WarrensBlacking仓库打工,这是一家鞋油工厂,在那里,其他童工讪笑他是“最年轻的绅士”随后,他的父亲因无法偿还债务而入狱他父亲坐牢以及自己鞋油厂打工阅历的耻辱给狄更斯造成了巨大的损害,也成了他最深处的隐私他没将这些事告知妻子,尽管这些事情为其小说的创作供应了不为人知的素材在父亲释放后不久,狄更斯找到了一份更好的工作——法律事务所的助理为了在日后找到速记员或议会记者的工作,他自学了速记法同时,狄更斯还以记者独有的视角记录着身边的生活,尤其是滑稽或荒诞的事物,狄更斯写成短篇小说投稿给了一些不知名的杂志社当狄更斯看到自己第一篇短篇小说《白杨路的主餐》公开发表在《月刊杂志》的时候,他潸然泪下自那以后,他以笔名“博兹”在《记事晚报》上发表的短篇小说为他赢得了确定的赞誉在《博兹札记》发表之后,一家出版商邀请狄更斯以每月连载的形式来写故事,以此作为著名艺术家罗伯特•西摩某个木刻画系列的故事背景,这一想法最初是由西摩提出来的由于特有的自信,狄更斯反而更坚持认为西摩的画作应当描绘他写的故事,他的这个要求最终得到了满足在刊载了一期之后,狄更斯写信给西摩,要求他修改一副狄更斯认为不完全忠于其表述的画作西摩对此作出了调整,其之后走进自家后院,并以自杀的方式表达了不满之情之后,狄更斯和出版商立刻启用一位新的艺术家接着完成工作喜剧小说《匹克威克外传》在1836年至1837年间以连载的形式刊登,并于1837年首次以图书的形式发表正如我们今日所知道的那样,《匹克威克外传》的成功确立了狄更斯的名声当时出现了匹克威克外套、雪茄,而体型丰满、佩戴眼镜的英雄萨穆埃尔•匹克威克则成了全国名人《匹克威克外传》之后,狄更斯的写作进入到了一个愈加阴郁的世界在《雾都孤儿》一书中,他描写了一个孤儿从济贫院到伦敦贫民窟的生活阅历其后一部小说《尼古拉斯•尼克贝》则融合了《雾都孤儿》的黑暗和《匹克威克外传》的阳光这些小说的风靡巩固了狄更斯作为举国乃至全世界最出名的作家地位PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.10pointsThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworldsprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationhasobviouslybeencontinuingforseveraldecades.46ButevenasthenumberofEnglishspeakersexpandsfurthertherearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefutuie.ComplexinternationaleconomictechnologicalandculturalchangescouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarketandUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreadthofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddoL47Hisanalysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecaDabilitics.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfaceableakeconomicfutureasqualifiedmultilingualyoungstersfromothercountriesareprovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.Alongsidethat.48manycountriesarnintroducingEnglishintotheDrimaiy-schoolcurriculumbutBiitishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotaDDeaitobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherlanguages.IflefttothemselvessuchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguagessuchasSpanishArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagesuchasJapaneseFrenchandGermanspreads.49ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestoUKsDrovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly
1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexploresearnupto10billionayearmore.AstheinternationaleducationmarketexpandstherecentslowdowninthenumberofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglish-speakingcountriesislikelytocontinueespeciallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant:50ItgivesabasistoallorganizationwhichseektopromotethelearningandauseofEnglish、abasisforplanningtomeetpossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverydifferentoperatingenvironment.Thatisanecessaryandpracticalapproach.Inthisasinmuchelsethosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.PartCSectionIIITranslation文章大意本文节选自大卫•格拉德沃所著的£俯Ne(《英语走向何方》)一书的序言部分,全文主要探讨了英语在当前国际形势下的发展状况及其受到的挑战全文翻译英语作为国际沟通的主要语言,运用人数的上升已经持续数十年了
(46)但即使当下英语运用者的人数还在进一步扩大,有迹象表明在可预见的将来,英语可能会慢慢失去其全球主导的地位困难的国际、经济、技术以及文化层面的变更慢慢起先减弱英语作为世界市拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗?答案或许是噫亮的“是的”除了能帮助你感到和自己在乎的人关系亲密之外,事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许多好处不管你信不信,温煦的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避开生病最近,宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆高校的探讨人员对超过400名健康成年人进行了探讨他们在让这些试验对象接触感冒病毒后,检测了“感觉到社会支持”和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响感觉到更多社会支持的人更不简洁患感冒,探讨人员推算出,这种对健康的有益影响,大约有32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中,感觉得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻拥抱可以爱惜那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增加的感冒的风险”来自卡内基高校的心理学教授谢尔登•科恩视察道拥抱“能制造亲密,也能帮助产生面对困难时,有人来帮助你的感觉”场语言的领导地位,与此同时,得益于英语广泛运用的英国也将因此面临新的压力大卫•格拉多尔在其探讨中强调了这些现实的可能性47因此,他的分析应当使一些人不再自满,这些人认为英语的国际地位如此稳固以至于觉得英国的年轻后辈不须要学习其他语言大卫•格拉多尔的结论是,仅仅会英语的毕业生将面临暗淡的经济前景,因为来自不同国家的优质的、驾驭多门语言的年轻人正在证明他们比跨国公司及组织里的英语同行更具优势48此外,许多国家正在将英语引入小学课程,但毫不夸张地说,英国学童和学生好像没有受到更多的激励去学会流畅地运用其他语假如顺其自然的话,随着对西班牙语、阿拉伯语或一般话的教化资源需求的增加以及国际商务开展如日语、法语和德语这样语言外包的增多,这些趋势将会减弱英语在国际教化市场上的相对优势49大卫-格拉多尔所发觉的变更给教授他国人士英语的英国机构以及更广袤的教化市场带来了清晰而重大的挑战在无形的出口中英语培训行业为英国干脆赚取了约13亿英镑,而其他与教化相关的出口一年则可以赚100亿英镑随着国际教化市场的扩张,近来在主要英语国家学习的留学生人数有所下降,且可能持续下降下去,尤其是假如没有更好的方式去阻挡这一趋势的话该探讨对可能发生的需求的变更所做的预期是具有重要意义的50这给全部寻求推广英语学习和运用的机构供应了基础,该基础使它们能在不同的运营环境下应对可能出现的状况这是种必要且实际的方法在这个以及许多其他方面,那些希望去影响将来的人确定要对此做好准备一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素其通常被称为“结合激素”,因为它能促进依附关系,包括母亲与新生婴儿之间的依附关系催生素主要产生在大脑的中低部,其有一部分会被释放进血液里但还有一部分会留在大脑里,影响人们的心情、行为及生理SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.40pointsText1Firsttwohoursnowthreehours-thisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesarerecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflightatleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecuritylines.Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSeaprovidesanothertragicreminderofwhy.Butdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericanseconomicandprivatelivesnottomentioninfuriating.LastyeartheTransportationSecurityAdministrationTSAfoundinasecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweapons-bothfakeandreal—pastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.EnhancedsecuritymeasuressincethencombinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyandandlowoilpriceshaveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicagosOHareInternational.ltisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome-butthelinesareobvious.PartoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravelsotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscrccncrsontheline.Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefeesthoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtakethatwouldnotrequireremodelingairportsorrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherriskssavingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwantstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothatandonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.SincethebeginningthispricetaghasbeenPreChecksfatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlookintodoingsodirectlybyhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork..ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto.stresstheurgencytostrengthensecurityworldwidehighlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairportsexplainAmericans9toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecksemphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection.WhichofthefollowingcontributionstolongwaitsatmajorairportNewrestrictionsoncarry-onbagsThedecliningefficiencyoftheTSAAnincreaseinthenumberoftravelersFrequentunexpectedsecretchecks.Theword“expedited”Line4Para.5isclosestinmeaningto.fasterquieterwidercheaperOneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramis.AdramaticreductionofitsscaleItswrongly-directedimplementationThegovernmentsreluctancetobackitAnunreasonablepriceforenrollmentWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetextLessScreeningforMoreSafetyPreCheck-aBelatedSolutionGettingStuckinSecurityLinesUnderusedPreCheckLanesText1全文翻译以前是2小时,现在是3小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶国内航班的时间,至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的,因为安检队伍正变得越来越长美国人现在情愿忍受费时的安检程序,以换取更高的平安性被恐怖分子攻击而坠入地中海的埃及航空804号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提示但是对飞机乘客要求太多或者在平安保障方面的成效不足反过来又会降低公众对这一程序的支持其就会演化成奢侈的时间耽搁了美国的经济和私人生活,也会使乘客感到生气去年,美国运输平安管理局在一次隐私检查中发觉,管理局的便衣调查员在尝试偷运武器的时候(无论真假),屡次通过了安检随后,机场加强了安检措施,同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增加,这些因素就导致包括芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安检队伍变长目前,安检措施是否变得更加有效尚不得而知,但安检队伍的确变长了导致这一问题的部分缘由是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增,所以美国运输平安管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增加新的安检人员另一个缘由是,机场只有这么多空间,能容下的安检队伍有限还有一个因素可能是,越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避开行李安检费用,尽管航空公司对此猛烈反对美国运输平安管理局可以实行的一个不须要改造机场或仓促聘请人员的措施,那就是激励更多的乘客参加预检项目预检对游客和美国运输平安管理局而言是双赢的选择通过背景检查的乘客有资格运用快速安检通道这能使美国运输平安管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客,从而节约了其他人的时间美国运输平安管理局支配将2500万乘客纳入预检项目然而,这一支配还未达到预期目标,其中的一个主要缘由就是定价太高乘客必需每五年支付85美元进行背景审核从一起先这一价格就是预检项目的重大缺陷接下来的改革或许会把价格调整到合理的水平但是国会应当通过资助预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方式干脆参加到价格调整中去在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的苦痛之时,美国运输平安管理局不能接着将资源投入到未充分运用的预检通道中去了要想让预检项目真的起先起作用,那还须要很长的时间Text2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers^wroteQueenLiliuokalaniHawaiislastreigningmonarchin
1897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.SadlyallisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescopeTMTagiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanitysviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMTsplannedlocationonMaunaKeaadormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepikothatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworldsmostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOceanMaunaKeaspeakrisesabovethebulkofourplanefsdenseatmospherewhereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopestheyforgotthatscienceistheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKeasfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheislandsinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistorytoowithrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii9sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhowearewherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskiesasifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescopesvisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKeaoldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.QueenLiliuokalani9sremarkinParagraph1indicates.[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers9featsinhertimeMaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto.itsgeographicalfeaturesitsprotectivesurroundingsitsreligiousimplicationsitsexistinginfrastructureTheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause.[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallifeitremindsthemofahumiliatinghistorytheirculturewillloseachanceofrevivaltheyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKeaItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintodaysastronomyisfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiianshelpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworldmayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculturewilleventuallysoftenHawaiians9hostilityTheauthorsattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof.severecriticismpassiveacceptanceslighthesitancyfullapprovalText2全文翻译“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家”夏威夷最终一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年写道观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受敬重的人物哀痛的是,现在的夏威夷不再如此一座有望变更人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30米望远镜”的修建支配引发了激烈的抗议抗议的焦点是30米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山支配的选址,该休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉为阳光,其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地处于大西洋之中,冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上,那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无比清晰的图像反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建立望远镜并非簇新事一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不敬重,同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占据”这一苦痛事实的提示一些人指责道,天文学家也对现在的争议负有确定的责任他们渴望建立更大的天文望远镜,却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式他们没有始终将对冒纳凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的爱惜和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位置夏威夷文明不是历史遗产,今日,它是正在复兴的生动文化然而,科学也有文化史,其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初抱着希望发觉地平线之外东西的新颖心,早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸,而同样的新颖心则鼓舞今日的天文学家去探究天堂那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火山上全部望远镜或禁止将来全部发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实,那就是天文学和夏威夷文化都在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏大问题或许这就是我们探究繁星天空的缘由,好像我们正在回应一个原始的呼喊,去了解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源天文学界正在做出妥协,他们变更了对冒纳凯阿火山的运用方式他们在岛上选了一个尽可能隐藏的地方来修建30米望远镜观望台,并尽可能避开对考古和环境造成影响为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量,旧的望远镜在达到运用年限时就会被移除,并让它们的原址回来到自然状态因此,任何人都应被欢迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产,探讨天空的繁星Text3RobertF.KennedyoncesaidthatacountrysGDPmeasureseverythingexceptthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.WithBritainvotingtoleavetheEuropeanUnionandGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresultitisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.BymostrecentmeasurestheUKsGDPhasbeentheenvyoftheWesternworldwithrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowellthenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexitdespitethewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountryseconomicprospectsArecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasuredtheUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDPover40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealtheducationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallengesthereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yestherehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2023globalcrashbutinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducationmajor1[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite2[A]equal[B]restricted[C]connected[D]inferior3[A]view[B]host[C]lesson[D]choice4[A]avoid[B]forget[C]recall[D]keep5[A]collecting[B]affecting[C]guiding[D]involving6[A]on[B]in[C]at[D]of7[A]devoted[B]attracted[C]lost[D]exposed8[A]along[B]across[C]down[D]out9[A]imagined[B]denied[C]doubted[D]calculated10[A]served[B]restored[C]explained[D]required11[A]Thus[B]Still[C]Rather[D]Even12[A]defeats[B]symptoms[C]errors[D]tests13[AJhighlighted[B]increased[C]controlled[D]minimized14[A]presented[B]equipped[C]associated[D]compared15[A]assess[B]generate[C]moderate[D]record16[A]inthenameof[B]intheformof[C]inthefaceof[D]inthewayof17[A]attribute[B]commit[C]transfer[D]return18[A]unless[B]because[C]though[D]until19[A]remains[B]emerges[C]vanishes[D]decreases20[A]experiences[B]combines[C]justifies[D]influences。