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20xx届高三英语语法学问定语从句复习教案
18.定语从句定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词定语从句通常出此时此刻先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出关系代词有whowhomwhosethatwhich等关系副词有whenwherewhy等关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持相同whowhomthat这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语例如ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)heisthemanwhom/thatisawyesterday.他就是sontotechnicalschool(what可以用allthat代替)what/whatever;that/what;who/whoeverwhat=thethingwhich;whatever=anythingo例whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.你要的动词都送来了whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewhoo例如:(错)whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.(错)whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.(对)whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.王子犯法,与庶民同罪(对)whorobbedthebankisnotclear.谁抢了银行还不清晰that和what当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略what只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的详细成分且不能省略例如ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.我想你会宠爱这些邮票的whatweneedismorepractice.我们须要的是更多的实践关系代词that的用法1)不用that的状况a)引导非限定性定语从句时例如(错)thetreethatisfourhundredyearsoldisveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用例如wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.我们依靠土地获得食物wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的状况a)在therebe句型中,只用that不用which在不定代词如:anythingnothingtheoneallmuchfewanylittle等作先行词时,只用that不用whicho先行词有theonlythevery修饰时只用thatod)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时只用thato.e先行词既有人,又有物时例如allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题finallythethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察我昨天见的那个人(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,假设指物它还可以同ofwhich互换)例如:theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮助pleasepassmethebookwhoseofwhichcoverisgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书3)whichthat所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词在从句中可作主语、宾语等例如:aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.宾语)thepackagewhich/thatyouarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了which/that在句中作宾语关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语1)关系副词whenwherewhy的含义相当于\介词+which、”构造,因此时时和V介词+which、”构造交替运用例如thereareoccasionswhenonwhichonemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候beijingistheplacewhereinwhichiwasborn.北京是我的诞生地isthisthereasonwhyforwhichherefusedouroffer这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代whenwherewhy和、”介+which\引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略例如hisfatherdiedtheyearthat/when/inwhichhewasborn.他父亲在他诞生那年逝世了heisunlikelytofindtheplacethat/where/inwhichhelivedfortyyearsago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方判定关系代词与关系副词方法一用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词及物动词后面无宾语,就必需要求用关系代词;而不及物动词那么要求用关系副词例如thisisthemountainvillagewhereistayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村i\llneverforgetthedayswheniworkedtogetherwithyou.我恒久不会遗忘与你共事的日子判定改错(错)thisisthemountainvillagewhereivisitedlastyear.(错)iwillneverforgetthedayswhenispentinthecountryside.(对)thisisthemountainvillage(which)ivisitedlastyear.(对)i\llneverforgetthedays(which)ispentinthecountryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词wherewhen联系在一起此两题错在关系词的误用上方法二精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词例
1.isthismuseumyouvisitedafewdaysagea.whereb.thatc.onwhichd.theone例
2.isthisthemuseumtheexhibitionwasheld.a.whereb.thatc.onwhichd.theone答案例Id例2a例1变为确定句thismuseumisyouvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为确定句thisisthemuseumtheexhibitionwasheld.在句1中,所缺局部为宾语,而wherethatonwhich都不能起到宾语的作用,只有theone既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选心而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句局部为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where又因inthemuseum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选a关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(whowhomthatwhichwhose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语when时间状语,why缘由状语)限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种限制性定语从句是先行词不行缺少的局部,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开例如thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子(限制性)thehousewhichweboughtlastmonthisverynice.这幢房子很美丽,是我们上个月买的(非限制性)2)领先行词是专出名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的例如Charlessmithwhowasmyformerteacherretiredlastyear.查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师myhousewhichiboughtlastyearhasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个美丽的花园thisnovelwhichihavereadthreetimesisverytouching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进展修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数例如heseemsnottohavegraspedwhatimeantwhichgreatlyupsetsme.他好像没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦liquidwaterchangestovaporwhichiscalledev叩oration.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句介词+关系词1)介词后面的关系词不能省略2)that前不能有介词3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或缘由状语的V介词+关系词”构造可以同关系副词when和where互换例如thisisthehouseinwhichilivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子thisisthehousewhereilivedtwoyearsago.doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub还记得你参加我们俱乐部的那一天吗?doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclubaswhich非限定性定语从句由aswhich引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthatas一般放在句首,which在句中例如asweknowsmokingisharmfultoone\shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害安康thesunheatstheearthwhichisveryimportanttous.太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要典型例题alicereceivedaninvitationfromherbosscameasasurprise.a.itb.thatc.whichd.he答案C.此为非限定性从句,不能用that修饰,而用which.it和he都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接况且选he句意不通theweatherturnedouttobeverygoodwasmorethanwecouldexpect.a.whatb.whichc.thatd.it答案bwhich可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不行that不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通3itrainedhardyesterdaypreventedmefromgoingtothepark..a.thatb.whichc.asd.it答案b.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语但不同之处主要有两点:las引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不行2as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时从句中的谓语必需是系动词;假设为行为动词,那么从句中的关系代词只能用which.在此题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为bas的用法例Lthesame…as;such…as中的as和一样例如:ihavegotintothesametroubleashehas.我遇到了跟他一样的麻烦例
2.as可引导非限制性从句,常带有V正如\\例如asweknowsmokingisharmfultoone\shealth.如我们所知,吸烟有害安康asisknownsmokingisharmfultoone\shealth.2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式
18.7先行词和关系词二合一whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.whoever可以用anyonewho代替theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheir。