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2023考研英语二模拟试题及答案
(一)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET.10pointsInCambodiathechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends_1_thoseoftheyoungwomanbutalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan_2_alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto_3_themarriagenegotiationsortheyoungmansparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspousegivingthechildlittletosayintheselection._4_agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen._5_aspousehasbeenselectedeachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying_6_agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays_7_bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand_8_prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting_9_cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebridesandgroomswristsand_10_acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11_.Newlysedstraditionallymoveinwiththewifesparentsandmay_12_withthemuptoayear_13_theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto_14_butnotcommon.Divorecedpersonsare_15_withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains_16_propertyheorshe_17_intothemarriageandjointly-acquiredpropertyis_18_equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarrybutagenderprejudice_19_up:Thedivorcedmaledoesnthaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry_20_thewomanmustwaittenmonths.[A]bywayof[B]onbehalfof[C]aswellas[D]withregardto[标准答案][C]aswellas[考点分析]逻辑关系[选项分析]因为考查逻辑关系,所以须要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析空格处身处大环境notonly-butalso之中,这是一个明显的并列关系,表示“不仅而且”,该空后面的those指代前文出现的“parentsandfriends”明显“theyoungman”与“theyoungwoman”为并列关系,表示“与他本人以及伴侣的父母挚友相关”,所以答案只能是项aswellas也,又[A]项bywayof通过[D]项withregardto关于,[B]项onbehalfof代表[A]adaptto[B]providefor[C]competewith[D]decideon[标准答案][D]decideon[考点分析]上下文语义[选项分析]依据该句的主语ayoungman与宾语alikelyspouse的关系,答案只能是[D]项decideon“确定”,表示自己确定自己的配偶[B]项providefor为供应准备,areofhighquality.Secondcustomersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthirdthroughamorediffuse“haloeffect“wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmericasForeignCorruptPracticesActFCPA.Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigationstheycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.ThestudyfoundthatamongprosecutedfirmsthosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.TheiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmspoliticalinfluenceratherthantheirCSRstandthataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.InallthestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmeritstheydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR.Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcernsuchaschildlabourorincreasingcorporagivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbridingforeignofficials“saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffectratherthantheotherpossiblebenefitswhentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelawevidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwithtoleranceskepticismuncertaintyapproval【答案】[B]【解析】观点看法题题干问的是作者对有关CSR方面MiltonFriedman的说法是什么看法依据信号词MiltonFriedman这个人定位到首段留意题干问的是作者的看法,因此定位到其次句but转折处But后句子的主干为:thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut可见作者对MiltonFriedman所说的内容并不完全赞同,故选择答案[B]项怀疑[A]项容忍,[C]项不确定,[D]项赞同,这三项均不是作者的看法,故解除AccordingtoParagraph2CSRhelpsacompanybywinningtrustfromconsumers.guardingitagainstmalpractices.protectingitfrombeingdefamed.raisingthequalityofitsproducts.【答案】[A]【解析】微小环节题依据题干中的出处提示Paragraph2”定位到其次段其次句Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.This指的是CSR依据接下来讲到的三点:第一点是,消费者认为这样的公司产品质量比较高;其次点是,顾客更情愿购买这样公司的产品;第三点是,通过一个更为广泛的“晕轮效应”,消费者会更多地考虑这样的公司的产品可知,有CSR支出的公司会吸引更多的消费者,[A]项“赢得消费者的信任”,是对整个三点的总结,故为正确答案[B]项防止公司里的玩忽职守,项爱惜公司免受毁谤,[D]项提升公司产品的质量,均在原文中未提及,故解除Theexpression“morelenientLine2Para.4isclosestinmeaningtomoreeffectivelesscontroversiallessseveremorelasting【答案】[C]【解析】猜词题依据题干中的出处提示“line2para.4”及信号词“morelenient”定位到原文中的第四段第一句:Thestudyfoundthat...penaltieso明显此句中morelenient修饰penalties惩处要想推想出morelenient的含义,须要知道被起诉的公司中,那些有着全面的CSR项目的公司和penalties之间的联系本项在第五段的最终一句最简洁被看出来,第五段最终一句提到那些在CSR有较大投资的公司,当被起诉有贿赂行为时,所受到的罚金要比通常的罚金低40%左右,可知这样的公司会受到较轻的惩处,故morelenient是较轻,即较不严峻的意思,故选项[A]项更有效的,[B]项较少有争议的,[D]项更许久的,这三项均不是morelenient的意思,故解除WhenprosecutorsevaluateacaseacompanysCSRrecordhasanimpactontheirdecision.comesacrossasreliableevidence.increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.constitutespartoftheinvestigation.【答案】[A]【解析】微小环节题题干问的是CSRrecord与prosecutorsevaluateacase的关系,依据题干中的信号词prosecutorsevaluateacase可回文中定位到第五段第一句Inall...inCSRo这里的beinfluenced与[A]项hasanimpact对应,即一个公司的CSR会影响检察官对其案件的评估,故选四项[B]项被检察官认为是牢靠的证据,[C]项增加了被惩处的机会[D]项构成了调查的一部分,这三项均在原文中没有提及,故解除WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSRaccordingtothelastparagraphItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.Thenecessaryamountofcompaniesspendingonitisunknown.Companiesfinancialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.【答案】[B]【解析】推断题题干问的是依据最终一段,有关CSR的论述哪个是对的定位到原文最终一段,依据其内容可知“探讨人员承认到其探讨没有回答如下问题公司应当在CSR方面花费多少钱=[B]项的意思是“公司在CSR方面的花费是未知的”,属于原文的同义替换,故正确[A]项CSR对公司的负面影响经常被忽视,项公司对CSR的经济担当力被过高估计了,[D]项CSR给银行业带来了许多好处,这三项在文中均为提及,故解除Text4TwoyearsagoRupertMurdochsdaughterElisabethspokeoftheunsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions.Integrityhadcollapsedshearguedbecauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonlysortingmechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.Butitsushumanbeingswethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewantnotprofit.Drivingherpointhomeshecontinued:Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurposeofamorallanguagewithingovernmentmediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.HThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternationalshethoughtmakingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorldAndyCoulsonforconspiringtohackphonesandfindinghispredecessorRebekahBrooksinnocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5500people.ThisishackingonanindustrialscaleaswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcairethemanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2023tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.Inmanyrespectsthedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroomhowlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworldithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Foragenerationthecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiencyflexibilityshareholdervaluebusiness-friendlywealthgenerationsalesimpactandinnewspaperscirculation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairnesstoleranceproportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstoriesbutsheaskednoquestionsgavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceablerecordedanswers.AccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphsElisabethwasupsetbytheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.companiesfinanciallossduetoimmoralpracticesgovernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatGlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrookssdefenserevealedacunningpersonality.centeredontrivialissues.washardlyconvincing.waspartofaconspiracy.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshowsgenerallydistortedvalues.unfairwealthdistribution.amarginalizedlifestyle.arigidmoralcode.WhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraphThequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations..A.Theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.因果微小环节题题目问至ljElisbeth因什么而感到沮丧定位在第一段其次句Intergrityhadcollapsedbecauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonlysortingmechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket由于社会中唯一的分类机制是利润和市场这一共同的观念,导致了正直这种道德品质的沦丧.答案Bmorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking段落推断题定位到第三段第一句Asthehackingtrialconcludes....thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands正如窃听案总结的那样,照旧存在更广泛的dearthofintegrity的事务,与选项B对应.答案Cwashardlyconvincing观点微小环节题依据第四段其次句中astonishinghowlittle...howlittle...Shenever...以及第三句中Sheknewnothing的语气推断作者的看法是认为RB的辩护是没有劝服力的.答案Agenerallydistortedvalues观点微小环节题题干定位在第五段第三句,答案定位在随后的第
四、第五句Thecurrentcollectivedoctrine认为重要的是efficiencyflexibilityshareholdervalue....而认为justicefairness.…不重要故扭曲了价值观.答案是Cmoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.段落推断题定位在最终一段前两句世界新闻杂志的目的不是提升读者的理解实力而是为了发行量和影响力而毁了人们的生活从ruinedthelives的表达能看出作者希望杂志所做的是提高其道德意识,与C选项对应PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET
1.10pointsHowdoesyourreadingproceedClearlyyoutrytocomprehendinthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthemdrawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.
41.Youbegintoinferacontextforthetextforinstancebymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisevolved.WhoismakingtheutterancetowhomwhenandwhereThewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehensionbuttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.42Conceivedinthiswaycomprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolutefixedortruemeaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracyorsometimelessrelationshipofthetexttotheworld.43Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.
44.Thisdoesnothowevermakeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiodsplacesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage-includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.
45.Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest---asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicitoftenunacknowledgedagendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesnotthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller;moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideallydifferentmindsofreadinginformeachotherandactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Togethertheymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.ArewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourseReadingitsimplyforpleasureSkimmingitforinformationWaysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereadingourgenderethnicityageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridiomsyouguessattheirmeaningusingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlateryoumakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]lneffectyoutrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentenceimageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferencesforinstanceabouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyouoraboutitsvalidity-inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inplaysnovelsandnarrativepoemscharactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthornotnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthorsownthoughts.[G]Ratherweascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationsorpatterningweperceiveinatextsformalstructuressoespeciallyitslanguagestructuresandvariouskindsofbackgroundsocialknowledgebeliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.41[C]解析41段中空,所以要看上句空前与空后句中的主语是you因此正确选项在C、D中存在,此其一也;D中出现了reconstruct重组逻辑上是再次发生,与位于句首的逻辑发生了叙述上的冲突故解除D选择C另外,C中的wordsoridioms和meanings在41空前句重现,因为前句中有identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem[E]解析42段尾空,所以看上一句话空前一句中的主语是you因此正确选项在C、D、E中存在,此其一也;其二,该句中主句谓语动词是infer与E中的宾语inferences构成逻辑对应关系故解除C和D选择Eo另外42空前两句提到了阅读时我们会activeengagementininferenceandproblem-solving并针对作者文中的specificevidenceandclues进行信息的推想E选项中further一词表明持续此话题,用forinstance详细举例说明我们对文章信息作怎么样的推想[G]解析43段尾空,应重点看本段上一句同时下段开头出现了代词suchbackground而G中最终一句中的background与之形成逻辑对应关系故选择G另外,G中Rather表示转折与43空前句开头的not构成not…rather…的不是而是11结构[B]解析44段中空,看上下句此段空前句中有关键词background空后句中有关键词interpretation;background逻辑上对应G中最终一句中的background而interpretation逻辑对应B中最终一句中的interpretations.故选择B另夕卜B中Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereadingourgenderethnicityageandsocialclass是44空前whoweare的详细阐述[A]解析45段中空,看上下句最终一段首句主语是we全部选项中只有A和G的主语是we;但是G中首词是转折词Rather与首句逻辑冲突,故解除G选择A另外,A中详细描述了许多不同的阅读目的和方式,此为对45空前句Howwereadagiventext和ourparticularinterestinreadingit的详细阐述A中的信息是45空后句suchdimensionsofreading的指代对象PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET
2.10pointsWithinthespanofahundredyearsintheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturiesatideofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46Thismovementdrivenbypowerfulmotivationsbuiltanationoutofawildernessandbyitsnatureshapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideascustomsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.OfnecessitycolonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmenFrenchmenGermansScotsIrishmenDutchmenSwedesandmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.48ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmericatheinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanotherandthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinarawnewcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.ButtheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhichalthoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanywayshadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.49ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenth-andsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.InthemeantimethrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexicotheWestIndiesandSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmallunmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyagetheysubsistedonmeagerrations.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstormsmanypassengersdiedofdiseaseandinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimestempestsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourseandoftencalmbroughtinterminabledelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.SaidonechroniclerTheairattwelveleaguesdistancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.11Thecolonistsfirstglimpseofthenewlandwasavistaofdensewoods.50Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurnitureshipsandpotashdyesandnavalstores.文章来源于AnOutlineofAmericanHistory《美国历史纲要》,是一本历史学方面的专著Thismovementdrivenbypowerfulmotivationsbuiltanationoutofawildernessandbyitsnatureshapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.【句子结构】本句的主干为thismovementbuiltanationandshapedthecharacteranddestinyodrivenbypowerfulmotivations为过去分词做状语,分隔了主谓outofawilderness和byitsnature为介词短语做状语分别修饰built和shapedo【参考译文】受到多种强大的动机驱动,这次移民在一片荒野上建起了一个国家,由于其本质,它也塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideascustomsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.【句子结构】本句主干为TheUnitedStatesistheproducto破折号之后theimmigrationandtheimpact为twoprincipalforcesoofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideascustomsandnationalcharacteristics为theimmigration的定语,ofanewcountry为theimpact的定语,之后which引导定语从句,修饰anewcountry【参考译文】美国产生于两个主要力气思想习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲移民,以及改造这些特征的新国家所产生的影响ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmericatheinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanotherandthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinarawnewcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.【句子结构】本句的主干为Buttheforcetheinterplayandthesheerdifficultycausedchangeso本句主语较长,为并列的三个名词theforcetheinterplayandthesheerdifficulty之后又分别有较长的定语修饰介词短语ofgeographicconditions为theforce的定语,之后peculiartoAmerica为形容词短语修饰geographicconditions;介词短语ofthevariednationalgroups和upononeanother同时彳修饰theinterplay;ofmaintainingold-worldways和inarawnewcontinent同时修饰thesheerdifficulty【参考译文】但是,美国拥有独特的地理条件,不同民族之间产生了相互的作用,因此,在一片原始新大陆上,维护旧大陆方式产生了纯粹的困难,这一切引发了重大的变更ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenth-andsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.【句子结构】本句的主干为ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantscrossedtheAtlantiCoboundfortheterritory为immigrants的定语之后which引导定语从句修饰theterritoryomorethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenth-andsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica为》犬语【参考译文】在15-16世纪北美探究的一百多年之后,运往如今的美国这片新领土的第一船移民横渡了大西洋Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.【句子结构】本句主干为Thevirginforestwasarealtreasure-house主语之后withitsrichnessandvarietyoftrees为其定语,表语arealtreasure-house后是which引导的定语从句对其进行修饰【参考译文】拥有丰富多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库,它从缅因州始终延长到乔治亚州SectionIIIWritingPartADirections:Youaregoingtoholdaclubreadingsession.Writeanemailofabout100wordsrecommendingabooktotheclubmembers.Youshouldstatereasonsforyourrecommendation.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANWSERSHEET.DonotsignyouownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10pointsDearfriendsIamwritingtotellyouaboutafantasticbookIhavejustreadaswealwayssharethesametasteofbooks.ThebookiscalledJourneytotheWestwhichtellsusastorythatfourmonksconqueredmultiplehandicapstoachievetheirfinaldestination.Besidesthetouchingandthrillingplotthebookalsofeatureshumorouslanguagesthankstothetalentedauthor.SoIrecommendittoallofyouasoneofthefavoritebooksthatIhaveeverread.IamsureyouwillloveitasmuchasIdo.Iamlookingforwardtodiscussingmorewithyouafteryoureadit.YourssincerelyoLiMing今年英语一的小作文不出预料,再一次考查到了举荐信在英语一的考试当中,举荐信已经考查过1年例如我们英语一在2023年就考查过向你的挚友举荐一部电影详细题目要求如下Directions:Writealettertoafriendofyourstorecommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesandgivereasonsforyourrecommendation.因此,考生不用惊惶只要把2023年的小作文稍作修改即可成文这就启发我们2023届的同学们要高度重视历年真题,因为考过的话题或是书信类型会反复考查今年考题的Direction要求向读书俱乐部的成员举荐一本书依据题目的要求,我们可以推断本文为公务信函,语域为正式语域,即不能出现缩写、省略问句和和口语表达下面我们来详细解读下今年的小作文,首先看一下题目要求Directions:youaregoingtoholdaclubreadingsession.Writeanemailofabout100wordsrecommendingabooktotheclubmembers.Youshouldstatereasonsforyourrecommendation.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANWSERSHEET.DonotsignyouownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.10point称呼Dearfriends留意称呼中,后面的逗号不行丢,也不能写成冒号正文第一段写作内容需涵盖两点写信目的,表明举荐;用到了这样的表达lamwritingtotellyouaboutafantasticbookIhavejustreadaswealwayssharethesametasteofbooks.其次段写作内容为举荐缘由首先,告知大家举荐的书名是什么;再次,详细阐明举荐的详细缘由用到了这样的表达ThebookiscalledJourneytotheWestwhichtellsusastorythatfourmonksconqueredmultiplehandicapstoachievetheirfinaldestination.Besidesthetouchingandthrillingplotthebookalsofeatureshumorouslanguagesthankstothetalentedauthor.第三段再次强调写信目的落款Yourssincerely特别提示sincerely后面逗号不能丢;签名LiMing特别留意Ming后面确定不能出现句点PartBDirections:Writeanessayof160一200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.inyouressayyoushoulddescribethepicturesbrieflyinterpretitsintendedmeaningandgiveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET.20points【范文】Whatissymbolicallydepictedinthecaricaturescarriessharpcontrastimplications.Inthefirstdrawingafatheriswatchingafootballmatchonthesofa.Meanwhileheissupervisinghissontofinishhomework.Itisobviousthathissonwearsfrownedexpressiononhisface.Onthecontrarythesecondportrayaldepictsafatherisworkingearnestlybesideshissonandhissonisdoinghisownassignmentwithoutprodding.ThedrawerdemonstratesthatutmostsignificanceshouldbeattachedtothephenomenonthatsettingproperexampleshasexertedgreatimpactonthegrowthoftheyoungergenerationinChina.Previouslyitiswidelyacknowledgedthatparentsareunderobligationtohelptheirkidsformasetofappropriatevaluesabouttheworldandthelifewhichcarriesoverwhelminglypreciousconnotationtothesounddevelopmentontheyoungergeneration.Simultaneouslythereisnodenyingthatthemostrationalmethodforadultstoeducateadolescentsistosetthemgoodexamplesratherthanmakingperpetualrequirementswhichislesspersuasivecomparedwiththeactions.Accordinglyitisvitalforustoderivepositiveimplicationfromthedrawings.Ontheonehandwecanfrequentlyusethemtoenlightenparentstobemoreadvisableineducatingtheirchildren.Ontheotherhandparentsshouldattachmoreemphasisonsettingexcellentmodelsfortheirjuveniles.Onlyinthiswaycanweeffectivelyensureapromisingprospectforadolescents.面,我们要指出手机的弊端,给我们生活带来了许多负面影响第三段评论段的写作内容为给出自己的评论和建议可以指出年轻人应当重视面对面的沟通!最终一句可以展望一下将来,说假如我们放下手机拿起筷子享受美食,和谐的关系就会出现了!provide为及物动词,干脆跟宾语,不须要加介词;[C]项competewith与竞争”,[A]项adaptto“适用”[A]close[B]remew[C]arrange[D]postpone[标准答案][C]arrange[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]该句意思为他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母婚姻谈判四个选项中,[A]项close关闭;[B]项renew更新,复原;[D]项postpone推迟;这三项语义不正确只有[C]项arrange“支配”符合语境[A]Aboveall[B]Intheory[C]Intime[D]Forexample[标准答案][B]Intheory[考点分析]上下文语义[选项分析]逻辑推断题主耍是看前后两句的含义,前面说“他可以自己选择自己中意的伴侣并让父母支配婚姻谈判,或者完全由父母选择对象,不给孩子选择的机会J空格后面说“女方可以推翻她父母所选择的对象”这两句之间明显是相反的关系,且有一个may更证明[B]项Intheory“理论上说”的正确性而其他选项[A]项Above理最重要的是,[C]项Intime准时,[D]项Forexample举例,均不符合题意[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless[标准答案][C]After[考点分析]上下文语义[选项分析]依据下文“aspousehasbeenselectedeachfamilyinvestigatestheother-可知,只有对象选择好后,父母才会去调查对方,明显表达的是时间先后依次,所以只有after才对其他选项[A]项Although尽管,[B]项Lest以免,生怕,[D]Unless除非,否则都不符合题意[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through[标准答案][A]into[考点分析]上下文语义及介词辨析[选项分析]这里主要是看marry与相关介词的固定搭配及句意理解这里marryinto就是指“通过婚姻得到[成为]……的一员”,而其他选项均没有这层含义[A]since[B]or[C]but[D]so[标准答案][C]but[考点分析]逻辑关系[选项分析]依据上文“以前婚礼会持续三天”,出处句子意为“到了20世纪80年头,婚礼只持续一天半”,明显与前文发生转变,为对比关系,因此选择项but但是[标准答案][C]recite[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]空格处须要填一个动词,和后面的prayersofblessing所搭配,项recite有“吟诵、朗诵”的意思,与所给短语搭配最为合理,译为“吟诵祝福的祈祷文”[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying[标准答案][D]tying[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]本题须要依据上下文语义分析,空格处须要搭配后文“棉线”,纵观四个选项[A]项折叠,[B]项积累,项包袱,[D]项系上,依据后文的“aroundthebridesandgroomswrists在新郎和新娘的腰间”,只有[D]项“将在圣水中浸过的棉线系在新郎和新娘的腰间”符合句意[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving[标准答案][A]passing[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]原文空格须要填写一个动词与后文aroundacircle来搭配,译为“将蜡烛传一圈”,故[A]项“传递”为正确选项[B]项点亮,项隐藏,[D]项服务[A]meeting[B]collection[C]association[D]union[标准答案][D]union[考点分析]名词辨析[选项分析]本句语义为“将蜡烛围着华蜜完婚和受人敬重的夫妻传递一圈来祝福”,[D]项结合,引申为“婚姻”之意;依据语境,[D]项正确[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live[标准答案][D]live[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]本题比较简洁依据语义“依据传统,新婚夫妇要搬到妻子父母家,与父母一年,[D]项“生活”为最佳答案项交易,[B]项分开,[A]项成长[A]whereas[B]until[C]if[D]for[标准答案][B]until[考点分析]时间逻辑关系[选项分析]本句意为“他们在旁边建立一栋新居子,[A]项然而,[B]项直到,[D]项因为,项假如,结合前文“新婚夫妇依据传统要和女方家人生活一年”,前后存在确定的时间关系,[B]项“直到”最符合原文语境,搭配最为合理[标准答案][D]obtain[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]Divorceislegalandrelativelyeasyto_14—butnotcommon.该句句意为“离婚是合法的,且相对简洁J[A]项avoid避开,[B]项follow跟随,项challenge挑战质疑,[D]项obtain获得,实现依据关键词“legal”可知这里表达的是正面的意思,再依据句意选择[D]项[标准答案][C]viewed[考点分析]上下文语义及动词辨析[选项分析]Divorcedpersonsare_15—withsomedisapproval.离婚的人一些不认可本段第一句提到“离婚是合法的且相对简洁得到批准,但是不常见J这句其实是在说明离婚并不常见的缘由,[A]项isolated孤立[B]项persuaded劝说[C]项viewed看待[D]项exposed接触,受到……的影响,[C]项最符合句意[A]whereever[B]whatever[C]whenever[D]however[标准答案][B]whatever[考点分析]关系代词辨析[选项分析]Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe_17_intothemarriage.17小题四个选项都是动词,所以该句意思为夫妇双方保有财产,这个财产是他或她进婚姻的结合[A]项whereever”无论何地;任何(地方)=anyplacewhere(定从);[B]项whatever“无论什么;任何(东西)=anythingthat/any+Nthat;[C]项whenever无论何时;任何时间二anytimewhen;[D]项however无论如何;无论多么依据语义,这里应当不是让步的关系,而且填的这个词还要能修饰property因此,选择[B]项,等于retainsanypropertythatheorshe[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed[标准答案][B]brought[考点分析]上下文语义及动词义辨析[选项分析]Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe_17_intothemarriage结合[A]项changed“变更”,[B]项brought“带来”,[C]项shaped“形成”,[D]项pushed”推逼迫”结合语境只有[B]项符合句意,意为“把财产带入婚姻”[标准答案][B]divided[考点分析]上下文语义及动词义辨析[选项分析]…andjointly-acquiredpropertyis_18—equally.结合[A]项invested投资;[B]项divided支配;分开;[C]项donated捐赠;[D]项withdrawn撤出提取依据语义应当是共同财产被(夫妻双方)平分,因此选择[B]项[A]warms[B]clears[C]shows[D]breaks[标准答案][C]shows[考点分析]动词固定搭配[选项分析]Divorcedpersonsmayremarrybutagenderprejudice_19_up.该句语义为离过婚的人或许会再婚,但是性别偏见[A]项warmup加热,热身;[B]项clearup天气变晴,整理,消退;[C]项showup显现;[D]项breakup分裂,分开;依据句意,选择项[A]while[B]sothat[C]once[D]inthat[标准答案][A]while[选项分析]上下文语义[考点分析]本句句意为离婚的男性再婚不须要等待期,女性必需等十个月明显前后两句存在转折关系,只有四项while“然而”能够表达这个意思SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET
1.40pointsText1Francewhichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashionhasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthatuinciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomenespeciallyteenagegirlsaboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebansiffullyenforcedwouldsuggesttowomenandmanymenthattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintlytheyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasureshoweverrelytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep—andbone-showing.Underthelawusingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmarktheUnitedStatesandafewothercountriesitistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactionsDenmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheagehealthandothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyidealsespeciallyonyoungpeople/ThechartersmaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeekwhichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.AccordingtothefirstparagraphwhatwouldhappeninFrancePhysicalbeautywouldberedefined.Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.【答案】[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined【解析】推断题依据France定位到文章前两段,第一段讲法国确定时装业失去了定义define形体美physicalbeauty的确定权力法国的立法者通过了一项法律,雇用超瘦的模特属于犯罪,议会也禁止网站通过推崇极端节食“鼓动过度瘦弱”其次段其次句提至U“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.他们建议美丽不应当以损害身体健康为代价的外表来界定J由此可知,法国通过立法手段来变更法国时装业模特超瘦的现状,即四项的“形体美将会被重新定义”,是对原文内容的合理推断[B]项“将会建立新的舞台”,项“有关节食的网站将会兴起,[D]项时装业将会衰退”,均不能从文中推想出来,属于“无中生有”Thephraseimpingingon”Line2Para2isclosestinmeaningtoheighteningthevalueof.indicatingthestateof.losingfaithin.doingharmto.【答案】[D]doingharmto【解析】猜词题定位至U其次段其次句“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.他们建议美丽不应当以身体健康为代价的外表来界定impingingon后面的宾语为“health”,即对健康的某种影响依据其次段第三句“对超瘦模特的禁令似乎不仅仅是在防止模特挨饿致死一一正如曾有人这么做过的,可见法国目前的对美丽的定义导致了有人为了保持身材,挨饿致死,因此推想出这一短语在这里的意思为“侵扰,损害,[D]项“对……有害”正确[A]项增加了……的价值”,[B]项“反映了……的状态,[C]项对……失去信念”均不符合句意WhichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustryTheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.Modelarenolongerunderpeerpressure.Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.【答案】[B]NewStandardsarebeingsetinDenmark【解析】微小环节题依据第五段其次句话“InDenmark...itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashion...在丹麦,它正尝试为模特设定自愿的标准”,可知[B]项“在丹麦新的标准正在被设定”是对原文的同义替换[A]项法国的措施失败了项“不再有来自同行执法的压力”,文章第五段其次句后半句提到“imagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement属于“正反混淆”;[D]项它固有的问题变得更严峻了”文中第五段只提刚好装业有固有的问题,并未提及“变得更严峻”,属于“无中生有”AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWforsettingahighagethresholdformodels.caringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacter.showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.pursuingperfectphysicalconditions.【答案】[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors【解析】推断题题设为“一个设计师很可能因为什么缘由被CFW拒绝依据关键词CFW可回到文中定位至倒数其次段,该段提到丹麦的时尚界就有关模特的年龄、健康及其他特性的内容达成一样看法,且一项新法案也明确规定,他们已经意识到时尚界对于人们尤其是年轻人的身体健康所带来的影响,并且应当对此担当责任,这一法规的执行方式就是拒绝一些设计师和模特经纪机构参加哥本哈根时装周(CFW)因此项的“不关切健康因素”符合题意,为正确答案[D]项“追求完备的身体状况[B]项的“过多关注模特的性格”,[A]项设定了一个模特高龄门槛”,均不符合题意WhichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetextTheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceAChallengetotheFashionIndustrysBodyIdeals【答案】[D]AchallengetotheFashionIndustryJsBodyIdeals【解析】主旨题本文从首段就起先阐述法国通过立法禁止雇用超瘦的模特,时装业已经失去了定义女性身体之美的确定权力,且议会也禁止网站通过宣扬过度节食来强调过度消瘦其次段接着说明美丽不能只看外表,更不能以牺牲健康为代价,时装业应当为传递给女性的不良信息负责第三段说明女性不该让他人来评判自己的美丽第四段讲法国的措施更多的是依靠严厉的惩处最终三段提到了丹麦与法国迥然不同的措施纵观全文,文章主要在讲各个国家对解决目前模特超瘦的现状的措施,因此[D]项的“对时装业身体典范的挑战”是对原文的“高度概括:Text2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldataTheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishardthestatearguesforjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernableevenobvioussothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolicelawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosaygoingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistoryfinancialhistorymedicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentofcloudcomputingmeanwhilehasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.NewdisruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerralawprofessorcomparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhetherduringanarrestitislegitimatetosearchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.checksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneoftolerance.indifference.disapproval.cautiousness.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscomparabletogettingintoonesresidence.handingoneshistoricalrecords.scanningonescorrespondences.goingthroughoneswallet.InParagraph5and6theauthorshowshisconcernthatprinciplesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.citizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.
0.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethatAtheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.BNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.CCaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.DPrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.T2答案Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized解析微小环节题依据自然段定位原则,定位到首段依据题干关键词supremecourtwhether精确定位至!J第——段最终——句whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephone-.与选项进行对应,即为B在不授权的状况下检查嫌疑人的电话信息留意A选项应是searchcontentso答案Cdisapproval解析看法题依据题干Californiansargument定位到其次段最终一句及第三段首句,这些句子中提到hard…recklesslymodest…等负向词,表达的是负面看法看选项属于负面的就是disapprovalA容忍,B冷漠是典型错误,D马虎答案Agettingintoonesresidence解析微小环节题题干问作者认为搜寻电话薄就相当于什么?依据段落界定原则定位至第四段转折处,提至IIButexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.与选项对应,A中的residence对应home是原文的同意替换留意D选项不是作者的观点不能将文中人物观点当作作者观点答案Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected解析微小环节题依据题干定位到5段和6段,题干问作者最关注的是什么,即是相应段落的段落中心因此,该题表面是微小环节题,实质为段落核心5段首句为中心句提到,应实行措施爱惜数据隐私;6段又接着陈述原则的不恰当之处依据这些内容,对应答案D市民隐私未能得到有效爱惜答案BNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution解析例证题题干问的是引用OrinKerr的目的是什么,即OrinKerr■是论据,其目的是论点论点往往在论据的前面,所以要找例子前面的一句话,即NewdisruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.与选项对应,就是Bnewtechnology是原词复现,require等同于demandsreinterpretationoftheConstitution同义替换applicationsoftheConstitutionsprotectionsoText3“ThereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinessesnwroteMiltonFriedmanaNobelprize-winningeconomist“Thatistouseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.ButevenifyouacceptFiredmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibilityCSRpoliciesasawasteofshareholdersmoneythingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSRaccordingtoanestimatebyEPGaconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.FirstconsumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal“thatacompanysproducts。