02语篇理解之主旨大意题精读精练-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清通用版-中考英语备考资料重点汇总知识点归纳

备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清通用版语篇理解之主旨大意题主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向在中考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下WhatwouldbethebesttitleforthetextAVhatisthetopicofthetextThemaintopic/subjectofthepassageis.Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis...Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.WhatismainlydiscussedinthetextWhatisthemainideaofthepassageWhafsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraphThepurposeofthispassageis.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetextWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassageThepassagemainlyfocuseson.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题主旨大意题的分类.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种

①篇章主旨针对全文的主题进行提问主题句出现在首段的居多其次是末段或为几段主题的综

②段落主旨针对某一段或几段的主题提问.主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结.从考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种

①主题类内容，考查文章或段落的主旨大意;

②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；当劳）anddecidedtohandthemout.Weenjoyedwhatwesawinthestreet:asurprisedandhappypersonholdinguphislunchbag.Thenwenoticedasmalloldwomanaskingforfood.Wehandedherourfinallunchbag.Aswegotintothecarshestartedtospeaktous.Noonehaseverdoneanythinglikethisformebefore/9shesaidwithasmile.WellImgladthatwewerethefirst“Ireplied.6€Sowhenwillyoueatyourlunch^^Iasked.Shejustlookedatmewithherhugetiredbrowneyesandsaid“OhhoneyImnotgoingtoeatthislunch.YouseeIhavealittlegirl.Iusuallycantaffordtobuyherthefoodsheenjoys.Buttonightshewillbesohappy!”Idontknowifthewomannoticedthetears（泪水）inmyeyes.Ihavequestionedmanytimeswhetherouractsofkindnessweretoosmalltomakeadifference.YetatthatmomentIrealizedthetruthofMotherTeresaswords:Wecannotdogreatthings-onlysmallthingswithgreatlove.OnThankfulThursdaythewriteroftenwentwithhertwodaughtersto.A.visittheirfriendsB.dosomecharityworkC.havelunchinMcDonaldTheoldwomanwastheonetogetthelunch.A.firstB.secondC.lastAccordingtothepassagewhichistrueabouttheoldwomanShewouldgivethelunchtoherdaughter.SheatethelunchwhenshegothomeShedidn9tlikethefoodfromMcDonaldsAfterthewriterlearnedthestoryofthewomanshewas.A.angryB.movedC.surprisedWhatdoesthearticlewanttotellusA・Itsdifficulttohelpeveryoneinneed.B.Asmallactofkindnessmeansalot.C.Eachfamilyhasitsownproblems.8IwouldneverforgetwhatIlearnedfromthedaywhenIleftmyjuniorhighschool.OnthelastdayourteachertoldussomethingeducationalthatIwouldliketosharewithyou.Hebeganbydrawingamanstandinginthemiddleofacircle.Tomakeitmoreinterestinghedrewthingslikeahouseaschoolandafewfriendsinsidethecircle.HeaskedCananyonetellmewhatthisis”InalongsilenceonestudentdecidedtoexpresshisideaTheworld”Theteachersaid“Thatsclose.ThisisyourComfortZone（舍予适圈）.Insideyourcircleyouhaveallthethingsthatareimportanttoyou-yourhomeyourfamilyyourfriendsandyourjobs.Peoplefeelthatinsidethiscircletheyaresafefromanydanger.^^“Cananyonetellmewhatwillhappenwhenyoustepoutofthiscircle^^Astrongsilencecameovertheroom.ThesamestudentrepliedYouareafraid.Anotherstudentsaid.Youmaymakemistakes79Thesilencecontinuedandourteachersmiledandasked“Whenyoumakemistakeswhatcantheresultbe”Thefirststudentsaid.Youlearnsomething.”“Exactlyyouarelearning.^^Ourteacherturnedtotheblackboardanddrewanarrow（箭头）pointingfromthemantotheoutsideofthecircle.HewentonsayingWhenyouleaveyourComfortZoneyouputyourselfoutthere.Theresultisthatyoulearnsomethingthatyoudonotknowtobecomeabetterperson.Hedrewabiggercirclearoundtheoriginal（原来的）circleandaddedafewnewthingslikemorefriendsabighouseetc.AlessonfromthisstoryisthatifyoustayinsideyourComfortZoneyouwillneverbeabletoopenyoureyestotheoutsideworld.WhenyoustepoutofyourComfortZoneyouwillmakeyourcirclebiggertochallengeyourmindandgrowtobestrongerandallinalltobeabetterperson.Thestoryhappenedon.A.thefirstdayofjuniorhighschoolB.thelastdayofjuniorhighschoolC.thefirstdayofseniorhighschoolD.thelastdayofseniorhighschoolWhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheComfortZonethattheteacherdrewontheblackboardfirstA.Friends.B.House.C.Cars.D.School.WhenpeoplestepoutoftheComfortZonetheywillatlast.A.learnsomethingB.feelalittleafraidC.begintomakemistakesD.misstheirfamilyandfriendsThepassagemainlytellsusthat.familiesalwaysgetinthewayofpeoplesgrowthairowshelppeoplemakemorefriendssilenceintheclassmeansstudentscanthinkmoresteppingoutofComfortZonecanmakepeoplebetter参考答案1【答案】l.c

2.A

3.D

4.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文通过介绍几种新科技来告诉我们，现在的科学技术发展速度很快，我们只有不断学习才能赶上科学发展的脚步【详解】

1.细节理解题根据第三段“Ittellsyouwheretheuserisontheearthinallweatherconditions”可知，GPS全球定位系统能在任何天气条件下告诉你使用者的确切位置故选C

2.推埋判断题根据第四段Itsevenhopedthatonedayspacetechnologywilltakehumanstotheirnewhousesinspace”可知I人们希望ISS能把人们带到太空的新家，而不是已经把人们带到了其他星球上Ithascarriedpeopletootherplanets“它把人们带到了其他星球”说法错误，故选Ao.细节理解题根据第三段Itwillbeusedtosearchforancientshipswhichweredestroyedintothedeepseaduringtheirjourneylongago”可知，Hercules是一种水下机器人，用来搜寻海中的沉船lookfortheancientshipsinthesea在海里寻找远古的船只”符合题意，故选D.主旨大意题通读全文，结合最后一段Itsimportantforustolearnaboutnewtechnologyandtherolethatitplaysinourlives”可知短文告诉我们现在的科学技术发展速度很快，只有不断学习才能赶上科学发展的脚步，所以对于我们来说学新科技是非常重要的it，sveryimportantforustolearnaboutnewtechnology”学习新科技的重要性”符合文意故选B2【答案】

5.A

6.C

7.D

8.C【解析】科学家们认为，人类可以把人的名字和他们的外表联系起来，甚至可以根据长相猜出某人的名字研究人员通过实验得出志愿者的猜出38%正确的名字，只有当一个人经常使用名字时，他的外表才会受到他们名字的影响.主旨大意题本篇讲述研究人员通过实验得出人类可以把人的名字和他们的外表联系起来，甚至可以根据长相猜出某人的名字；只有当一个人经常使用名字时，他的外表才会受到他们名字的影响；故选A.细节理解题根据第五段“Thiskindofface--namematchinghappensbecauseofaprocessofself-fulfillingprophecyaswebecomewhatotherpeopleexpectustobecome“可知这种脸和名匹配的发生是因为一个自我实现的预言过程，故选C.细节理解题根据第六段peopletendtothinkthatmennamedBobshouldhaverounderfacesbecausetheworditselflooksround”可知人们倾向于认为叫鲍勃的男人应该有更圆的脸；故选Do.推理判断题根据第三段“Thevolunteerswereabletoguesstherightname38percentofthetime.”可知志愿者能猜出38%正确的名字；十个中将近猜对四个，概率将近是40%；故选C3【答案】

9.D

10.C

11.C

12.A【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍的是地震的相关事实，地震产生的原因，大地震前后会有余震，地震波及强度的测量.推理判断题根据第一段“EarthquakesusuallyhappenontheedgesoflargesectionsoftheEarth*splates..Theseplatesslowlymoveoveralongperiodoftime.Sometimestheedgeswhicharecalledfaultlinescangetstuckbuttheplateskeepmoving.Pressureslowlystartstobuildupwherethe-edgesarestuckandoncethepressuregetsstrongenoughthe-plateswillsuddenlymovecausinganearthquake.”可知具体的解释地区板块的大型区域的边缘发生地震的原因故选D.推理判断题根据第二段“Scientistsdontreallyknowifanearthquakeisaforeshockuntilthebiggerearthquakeoccurs”科学家不能确定地知道是否小地震是前震除非有更大的地震发生可知在更大的地震发生之后，人们可能才会注意到前震的存在故选CO.推理判断题根据图片“

3.5-

5.4Felthardlycausesdamage”可知如果发生

5.0的地震的话会被感知到，但是几乎不会造成损害C选项“全家福从墙上掉下来”符合故选C.主旨大意题文章主要介绍的是地震的相关事实，地震产生的原因，大地震前后会有余震，地震波及强度的测量故选Ao4【答案】

13.B

14.D

15.D

16.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲解了巧克力从墨西哥传到西班牙再到法国最后的到英国的经历，并在文末介绍了好时巧克力的由来.词义猜测题根据后文“TheSpanishhoweveraddedsugartomakeitsweetandtheydrankithot.”可知，西班牙人加糖在巧克力中可知原来的巧克力应是苦的，故选B.细节理解题根据最后一段“In1900theEnglishstartedputtingmilkintheirchocolatesisMiltonHershey.可知，Hershey在1900年在巧克力中放牛奶，故选Do.细节理解题根据倒数第二段“Theywereplaceswherepeoplecouldmeettodrinkchocolatetogetherandtalk「可知”chocolatehouses”指的是人们可以喝咖啡和聊天的地方，故选D.主旨大意题这篇文章主要讲巧克力从墨西哥传到西班牙再到法国最后的到英国的经历，即巧克力的发展史，故选C5【答案】

17.D

18.B

19.C

20.D【解析】本文主要阐述了父母和孩子之间如何交流沟通以消除代沟问题.细节理解题根据第一段第一句Iveheardofmanycomplaintsfrombothparentsandchildren”可知，父母和孩子都抱怨故选D.词义猜测题根据第一段最后一句Generationgapmeansmisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.»可知，代沟的含义是指在父母与孩子之间存在“误解:故选B.主旨大意题根据第二段首句“Whatarethereasonsbehindthegenerationgap”及下文内容可知，这是本段的主题句，下面的内容都是围绕此句展开的，所以第二段主要告诉我们产生代沟的原因故选C.细节理解题根据第三段“HowtobridgethegenerationgapCommunication!”可矢口，消除代沟的方法是“交流”故选D6【答案】

21.C

22.D

23.C【解析】本文是一篇记叙文主要记叙了美国孩子LiamHannon在暑假做爱心午餐，帮助那些饥饿的人们的故事.细节理解题根据文中HecreatedtheonlinepagewithhisfatherasawaytohelpraisemoneyforLunchesofLove.DonationsthatwerereceivedthroughGoFundMehaveenabledLiamtobuyabettercart（手推车）andmakethousandsofadditionallunches.Liamalsogetshelpfromfriendsandvolunteerstomakeanddeliverthelunches.”可知，Liamhannon在2017年暑假，他和他的父亲还有朋友一起帮助了很多无家可归的人故选C.细节理解题根据文中“LiamhasanotherprojectcalledLegos（乐高）ofLove.Peoplesendintheiroldtoyswhicharethensortedandgiventochildrenwhoarelivingathomelessshelters.”可知，Liam通过创建一个叫做爱的乐高的项目来帮助那些无家可归的孩子们故选D.主旨大意题根据文中最后一段“Onethingiscertain:Thisnow12-year-oldknowshowtopayitforward（让爱传播出去）.HisLunchesofLoveisanexampleofhowevensomethingassimpleasasandwichcanchangetheworld.”可知，利亚姆的故事主要告诉我们，简单的帮助可以带来很大的改变故选C7【答案】

24.B

25.C

26.A

27.B

28.B【解析】文章讲述的是作者带着两个女儿在每周四都去帮助别人，一次帮助别人的经历让她意识到了虽然所做的是小事，但是也对别人产生了很大的影响.细节理解题根据ItsaweeklytraditionthatmytwolittlegirlsandIbeganyearsago.Wealwaysgooutintheworldanddocharity（慈善）work”可知，作者和她的两个女儿经常去做慈善工作，故选B.细节理解题根据“Thenwenoticedasmalloldwomanaskingforfood.Wehandedherourfinallunchbag”可知，这位老妇人是最后得到午餐的，故选C.推理判断题根据“Ohhoney2mnotgoingtoeatthislunch.YouseeIhavealittlegirl.Iusuallycantaffordtobuyherthefoodsheenjoys.Buttonightshewillbesohappy”可知，老妇人准备把这份午餐留给她的女儿，A表述正确，故选A.细节理解题根据Idontknowifthewomannoticedthetears（泪水）inmyeyes.可知，听了老人的故事，她很感动，故选B.主旨大意题根据“Ihavequestionedmanytimeswhetherouractsofkindnessweretoosmalltomakeadifference”可知，这篇文章想告诉我们一个小小的善行意味着许多，故选B8【答案】

29.B

30.C

31.A

32.D【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者在中学毕业前一天，老师给作者上了一节难忘的课如果你呆在你的舒适区，你将永远无法开拓你对外面的世界视野当你走出你的舒适区，你会让你的圈子更大，挑战你的思想，变得更强大，总而言之，成为一个更好的人.细节理解题根据文中第一段“wouldneverforgetwhatIlearnedfromthedaywhenTleftmyjuniorhighschool.OnthelastdayourteachertoldussomethingeducationalthatIwouldliketosharewithyou.可知当我要离开中学时，老师最后一天给我们讲了很有教育意义的课可见，是初中的最后一天故选B.细节理解题根据文中第三段“ThisisyourComfortZone.Insideyourcircleyouhaveallthethingsthatareimportanttoyou-yourhomeyourfamilyyourfriendsandyourjobs.Peoplefeelthatinsidethiscircletheyaresafefromanydanger.“舒适圈里是你的房子，你的家，你的朋友和职业人们在舒适圈里觉得很安全可知，学校也是舒适圈里的，所以不包括车故选C.细节理解题根据文中第四段“ThesilencecontinuedandourteachersmiledandaskedWhenyoumakemistakeswhatcantheresultbe”Thefirststudentsaid“Youlearnsomething*可知在你犯错之后是学习可见走出舒适圈是你在学习故选A.主旨大意题根据文中第六段“WhenyoustepoutofyourComfortZoneyouwillmakeyourcirclebiggertochallengeyourmindandgrowtobestrongerandallinalltobeabetterperson.可知当你走出舒适圈，你在调整自己变成更强大的人，总之是更好的人可见文章的中心大意是走出舒适圈，成为更好的人故选D

③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题♦设问特点.考查全文主旨或段落大意.正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断.常以mainideabestideasubjectmainlydiscuss等词提问♦常考问题1中心思想类Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis...Thepassageismainlyabout...Thepassagemainlydiscusses...Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith...Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage2标题类WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassageThebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe...3目的类Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto...Thepassageismeantto....Inwritingthispassagetheauthormainlyintendsto...怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨要避免下列三种情况

①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；

②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；

③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强要在阅读原文的基础上仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组比如某一文章的中心句为:CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.话题Stamps控制性概念CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames标题Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames【典例示例】August8wasEarthOvershootDay.Calculatedannuallybytheenvironmentaladvocacy（支持，拥护）groupGlobalFootprintNetwork（GFN）itisthedaywhenhumanhasconsumedallthenaturalresources-producemeatfishwaterandwood-thatourplanetcanregenerate（再生）inasingleyear.Thismeansthatfortherestof2016wewillbeusingnaturalresourcesthatareimpossibletoreplace.ForthosethatarealittleconfuseditissimilartospendingyourentireyearsallowancebyAugustandthenborrowingmoneyfromfriendsknowingfullywellthatyoucannotrepaytheloan.GFNsaysthatthesamethinghappensinthecaseoftheEarth.ThedateofEarthOvershootDayvarieseachyear.Inanidealfullysustainableworldweshouldonlyspendwhatwehave.ThismeansthatEarthOvershootDaywouldfallonDecember31orperhapsevenspillintothefollowingyearindicatingthatwearesavingsomeresourcesforarainyday.Thatdidhappenin1961whenweonlyconsumedthree-quartersofwhattheplanetproduced.Unfortunatelythedayhasbeengoinguprapidlysince2014whenitfellonAugust

19.In2015itwasAugust13andthisyeartheearliestsofar—August8!Theonlywaytosustainthisdemandwouldbetohave

1.6earthswhichasweallknowisnotpossible.Fortunatelyexpertssaythatthesituationisnotasgrimasitsounds.Manycountriesarealreadytakingstepstoreducecarbonemissionswhichaccountsfor60%ofourecologicalfootprintbyswitchingtosolarorwind-generatedpower.IndividualscanalsohelpbyeatinglessmeatwalkingbikingortakingpublictransportationaswellasadoptingthethreeRs:ReduceReuseandRecycle.IfweallworktogetherwecanhelppushbackEarthOvershootDaytoDecember31orevenbeyond!WhatisthebesttitleforthepassageAWarning:EarthOvershootDayACelebration:EarthOvershootDayAReminder:ReduceReuseandRecycleAnAdvertisement:GlobalFootprintNetwork【文章大意】本文是一篇环保类说明文文章介绍了EarthOvershootDay今年在八月八号我们就已经消耗掉今年全年的可再生资源，接着又介绍了EarthOvershootDay的计算方法通过介绍EarthOvershootDay作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费【答案】A【解析】今年的EarthOvershootDay是八月八号，即我们今年在八月八号就已经消耗掉我们今年全年的可再生资源本文通过介绍EarthOvershootDay告诉人们要减少资源浪费，所以最佳标题应是A项知识强化

一、阅读单选1TheInternetmobilephonesandIpadsarepartofourlivesnow.Technologyisgreatlyaffectingallwaysofourlivesfromthewaysweworktothewaysweplay.Anditevencausesanumberofsocialproblemssuchascloninghumans.Wehavehadlotsoftechnologyandithaschangedourlivesalot.Thereisnodoubtthathumanswillcontinuetousemoreandmoretechnology.Herearesomeexamplesofmodemtechnologythatwillchangeourideasandwillaffectourlivesgreatly.GlobalPositioningSystem（GPS）（全球定位系统）Itsasystemthatusesradiosignalsfromsatellitestoshowexact（精确地）information.Ittellsyouwheretheuserisontheearthinallweatherconditions.Itsmadeupofthreeparts:satellitescontrolequipment（设备）onlandandreceivers.SpaceTechnologyRussianandAmericanscientistshaveworkedtogetherfortheInternationalSpaceStation（ISS）foralongtime.TheyhopetheISSwillprovidealong-lastinglab.Suchalabwillbringhumanslimitless（无限的）advantages.Itsevenhopedthatonedayspacetechnologywilltakehumanstotheirnewhousesinspace.UnderwaterRobotHerculesisakindofUnderwaterRobotwithsomehightechnologyequipment.Itwillbeusedtosearchforancientshipswhichweredestroyedintothedeepseaduringtheirjourneylongago.Theworldischangingsoquicklythatitshardforustocatchupwithallthenewinventionsbecausetheyseemtocomeouteverymonth.Itsimportantforustolearnaboutnewtechnologyandtherolethatitplaysinourlives.Soweshouldbewillingtoacceptmoderntechnologyorwewillfallbehindthetime.

1.cantellyouwheretheuserisontheearthexactly.A.SatellitesB.ReceiversC.GlobalPositioningSystemD.UnderwaterRobotAccordingtothepassagewhichisNOTtrueabouttheISSIthascarriedpeopletootherplanets.Itwillprovidealong-lastinglabforus.RussianandAmericanareworkingforit.Humanswillgetalotofadvantagesfromit.Herculesisusedto.A.savelivesintheseaB.takepictureintheseaC.repairthebrokenshipsD.lookfortheancientshipsintheseaFromthepassageweknowthat.theuseofGPSisaffectedbytheweatherconditionsitsveryimportantfbrustolearnaboutnewtechnologyC・itseasyfbrustocatchupwithallthenewinventionsD.technologybringsusmanyadvantagessuchascloninghumans2Haveyoueverhadanexperiencewhereyoumeetsomeonenewlearntheirnameandthinktoyourself“Wowtheyreallylookjustliketheirname!^^WhatdoesthismeanexactlyScientistsaresuggestingthathumanstendtoassociatepeoplesnameswiththeirappearanceandcanevenguesssomeonesnamebasedonhowtheylook.ResearchersattheHebrewUniversityofJerusaleminIsraelcollectedthousandsofphotosofpeoplefaces.Theylabeledeachphotowithfournames.Thentheyaskedvolunteerstoguesswhichofthefournameswascorrect.Thevolunteerswereabletoguesstherightname38percentofthetime.ItseemsthathumansareabletorecognizecertaincharacteristicsoffacesthatcangivethemcluesaboutsomeonesnameReadersDigestreported.Howeverthisonlyworkswhenwerelookingatnameswithinourownculture.Inadditionthevolunteerswerenotasgoodatguessingtherealnamesofpeoplewhousenicknamesmoreoftenthantheirrealnames.Thisshowsthatapersonsappearanceisaffectedbytheirnameonlyiftheyuseitoften.“Thiskindofface-namematchinghappensbecauseofaprocessofself-fulfillingprophecyaswebecomewhatotherpeopleexpectustobecomeRuthMayofromtheuniversitytoldsciencenewswebsiteEurekAlert.Previousstudieshaveshownthatgenderandracestereotypescanaffectapersonsappearance.Theresearchersbelievetherearealsosimilarstereotypesaboutnames.ForexamplepeopletendtothinkthatmennamedBobshouldhaverounderfacesbecausetheworditselflooksround.Peoplemaythinkthatwomennamedrosearebeautiful.Theyexpectthemtobedelicateandfemininejustliketheflowertheyarenamedfor.WhatdoesthepassagemainlytellusPeoplecanguessothersnamesbaseontheirappearance.Apersonsappearancecanbeaffectedbythreefactors.Thereareseveralwaystoguessastrangersname.Itsnotpolitetoaskstrangersabouttheirnames.Dr.RuthMayothinkssomepeoplelookliketheirnamesbecauseof.A.racialstereotypesB.theiruniquecultureC.aself-fulfillingprophecyD.theirlivingenvironmentAccordingtothepassagemennamedBobareexpectedto.wearglassesB.havebigeyesC.lookbeautifulD.haveroundfaces

8.WhatdoweknowfromthisresearchA.Nicknameshaveabiggerinfluenceonpeoplesappearance.Genderandracehavenoinfluenceonapersonsappearance.Thevolunteersguessednearlyfournamescorrectlyoutoften.Peoplearegoodatrecognizingthedifferentcharacteristicsoffaces.3Littlewasunderstoodaboutearthquakesbeforethe20thcentury.Howevertheyhavebeenresponsibleformillionsofdeathsandahugeamountofdamagetohumansovercenturies.EarthquakesusuallyhappenontheedgesoflargesectionsoftheEarthsplates.Theseplatesslowlymoveoveralongperiodoftime.Sometimestheedgeswhicharecalledfaultlinescangetstuckbuttheplateskeepmoving.Pressureslowlystartstobuildupwherethe-edgesarestuckandoncethepressuregetsstrongenoughthe-plateswillsuddenlymovecausinganearthquake.Generallybeforeandafteralargeearthquaketherewillbesmallerearthquakes.Theonesthathappenbeforearecalledforeshocks.Theonesthathappenafterarecalledaftershocks.Scientistsdontreallyknowifanearthquakeisaforeshockuntilthebiggerearthquakeoccurs.Shockwavesfromanearthquakethattravelthroughthegroundarecalledseismicwave*.Theyaremostpowerfulatthecenteroftheearthquakebuttheytravelthroughmuchoftheearthandbacktothesurface.Theymovequicklyat20timesthespeedofsound.Scientistsuseseismicwavestomeasurehowbiganearthquakeis.Theyuseadevice*calledseismographtomeasurethesizeofthewaves.Thesizeofthewaveiscalledmagnitude.Totellthestrengthofanearthquakescientistsuseascale*calledtheMomentMagnitudeScaleorMMSitusedtobecalledtheRichterscale.ThelargerthenumberontheMMSscalethelargertheearthquake.Youusuallywontevennoticeanearthquakeunlessitmeasuresatleasta

3.5ontheMMSscale.Thepictureontherightshowssomeexamplesofwhatmayhappendependingonthescale.

9.InParagraph1thewriterexplainswhattheearthquakeisby.A.listingexamplesB.offeringdataC.makingacomparisonD.givinganexplanationAccordingtoParagraph2whichofthefollowingisTRUEScientistscan*tmeasurethestrengthofanearthquakeexactly.Itsstilldifficultforscientiststotellwhenanearthquakecomes.Afterabiggerearthquakehappenspeoplemaynoticeforeshocks.Theearthquakewontcauseanydamageunlessitreaches

9.0MMS.Ifa

5.0-magnitudeearthquakehityourareawhatmighthappenA.Yourhousemightshakebadly.B.Peoplemightfeelnoshakingatall.C.Thefamilyphotomightfalloffthewall.D.Everythingmightbreakdownonthestreet.Thepassageiswrittenmainlyto.presentfactsabouttheearthquakegiveearlywarningsbeforeanearthquakestresstheimportanceofearthquakescaleprovideknowledgeofself-protectioninearthquakes4DuringavisittoMexicoin1519HermanCortesaSpaniardwasgivenadrinkcalledxocoatl.Itwasmadefromcocoabeansandwasverybitter.HelikedthedrinkandtooksomeofthebeansbacktoSpainwherethedrinksoonbecamepopular.TheSpanishhoweveraddedsugartomakeitsweetandtheydrankithot.AhundredyearscameandwentbeforeitwasintroducedtoFrance.Thenin1657aFrenchmanopenedastoreinLondonandbegansellingchocolate.ItwasveryexpensivebutsoonchocolatehouseswereopenedinmanylargeEuropeancities.Theywereplaceswherepeoplecouldmeettodrinkchocolatetogetherandtalk.In1900theEnglishstartedputtingmilkintheirchocolatesisMiltonHershey.Hersheywasbomin1857andasayoungmanhebecameinterestedinmakingchocolate.Intheearly1900shestartedachocolate-makingcompanywhichgrewveryquicklybecausehischocolatewassodelicious.NowadaysHersheychocolateissoldallovertheworldandmanypeoplethinkitwasMiltonHersheywhowasinstrumentalinmakingchocolatesopopular.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“bitter“meaninChineseA.贵的B.苦的C.便宜的D.酸的TheEnglishmanMiltonHersheystartedputtingmilkintheirchocolates.A.in1519B.in1657C.in1857D.in1900WhichoneisrightaboutchocolatehousesA.Storesthatsoldsoftdrinks.companiesthatsoldchocolate.Wherethechocolatewasproduced.Placespeoplemetanddrankchocolate.WhatdoesthispassagemainlytalkaboutA.Thechocolatehouses.C.Thehistoryofchocolate.Iveheardofmanycomplaintsfrombothparentsandchildrensuchas“Mymotherissooverpoweringthatshedoesntunderstandme.andWhyisntsheasrespectfulassheusedtobe”Generationgapmeansmisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.WhatarethereasonsbehindthegenerationgapFirstchildrenfindtheyhavegrownupsotheydontwanttodependontheirparentsanymore.Thedesiretoprovethemselvescapableofmakingdecisionsbythemselvesmakesthemdisobeywhatparentssaid.Secondagenerationcreatestheirownlanguageandfashionwhichdiffersitselffromothergenerations.Thefeelingwiththeirpeers（同龄人）isdifferentfromthatwiththeirparentsasifthetwogenerationswerefromdifferentworlds.ForexampleparentsdontunderstandwhytheirchildrenlikeJayChousomuchwhoisthestarofyoungpeoplesworld.HowtobridgethegenerationgapCommunication!Communicationimprovestheunderstandingbetweenchildrenandparents.Forexamplechildrenshouldbealwayswillingtoshareeverythingintheirlife.Ontheotherhandparentsshouldshowtheirunderstandingandcareaboutthem.Itisnothardtobridgethegapbecausethelovebetweenparentsandchildrenisthegreatestintheworld.WhooftencomplainaccordingtothefirstparagraphA.Children.B.Mothers.C.Parents.children.Generationgap“meansbetweenparentsandchildren.A.mistakeB.misunderstandingC.disagreementThesecondparagraphmainlytellsus.thelanguageandfashionagenerationhascreatedwhatchildrenwanttoprovetotheirparentsthereasonsbehindthegenerationgapwhoisthestarofyoungpeoplesworldThewaytobridgethegenerationgapis.A.laughingB.quarrelingC.neverspeaking6FormanyAmerican10-year-oldssummerisalwaysatimeforgoofingaround（消磨时光）hangingoutwithfriendsandplayingoutsideuntilthesungoesdown.HoweverforLiamHannonthesummerof2017wasabitdifferent.ThatyearLiamdidnotwanttogotosummercampsohemadeadealwithhisdadtostaybusyandactive.Hejoinedaprogramtogivebacktothecommunity.Specificallyhewasgivenatasktohelphomelesspeople.LiampointedouttohisdadthattherewerealotofhomelesspeoplejustoutsidetheirhomeinCambridgeMassachusetts.ThesepeoplewerehungryandLiamthoughthecoulddosomethingtolifttheirspirits.Liamandhiscladbeganmakingsandwiches.Togethertheymade20lunchesthatfirstweekwhichtheythenhandedouttothehomelesspeople.WhentheweekwasoverLiamrealizedhewasnotreadytoputawayhisbreadknifejustyetsoLiamsLunchesofLovewasborn.“Nooneshouldbehungry“LiamwroteonhisGoFundMepage.HecreatedtheonlinepagewithhisfatherasawaytohelpraisemoneyforLunchesofLove.DonationsthatwerereceivedthroughGoFundMehaveenabledLiamtobuyabettercart（手推车）andmakethousandsofadditionallunches.Liamalsogetshelpfromfriendsandvolunteerstomakeanddeliverthelunches.Hisfriendslovedrawingpicturesandwritingencouragingmessagesonthebrownpaperbagsthatthelunchesandhealthysnacksarepackedin.“Iveseenpeoplewhoarefeelingreallydown.Butwhenwehandthemalunchtheirfacesjustlightup“saysLiam.Buthedidntstopthere.LiamhasanotherprojectcalledLegos（乐高）ofLove.Peoplesendintheiroldtoyswhicharethensortedandgiventochildrenwhoarelivingathomelessshelters.Onethingiscertain:Thisnow12-year-oldknowshowtopayitforward（让爱传播出去）.HisLunchesofLoveisanexampleofhowevensomethingassimpleasasandwichcanchangetheworld.WhatdidLiamHannondointhesummerholidayof2017Hewenttosummercamp.Hehungoutwithhisfriends.Hehelpedmanyhomelesspeoplewithhisfatherandfriends.Hedrewpicturesandwroteencouragingmessagesonthepaperbags.HowdidLiamhelpthechildrenathomelesssheltersA.Byraisingmoneyforthem.B.Bymakingsandwichesforthem.C.Bybuyingoldtoysforthem.D.BycreatingaprojectcalledLegosofLove.Liamsstorymainlytellsus.weshouldaskourfriendsforhelpweshouldenjoythesummerholidaywithourfamilysimplehelpcanmakeabigdifferenceD.projectsmakealotoffun7ThedaywasThankfulThursday.ItsaweeklytraditionthatmytwolittlegirlsandIbeganyearsago.Wealwaysgooutintheworldanddocharity（慈善）work.LastThursdayweweregoingtobuylunchforthebeggars（乞丐）inthestreet.Iordered15lunchesfromMcDonalds（麦。