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语法重点
1、复合句定语从句,状语从句,名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句)
2、强调结构、主谓一致、独立主格(动词)
3、非谓语形式动词的时态,语态
4、情态动词
5、复合介词,常用句型,倒装
6、同义近义词,辨析,交际语
7、冠词、形容词、副词、代词、连词(完型中较常出现)定语从句一.几个基本概念.定语从句的定义用作定语的从句叫定语从句.先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词.定语从句的位置紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后.引导词引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)
(1)关系代词that/who/whom/which/as2关系副词when/where/why.引导词的位置位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)【as除外】.引导词的功能(作用):
(1)连接先行词和定语从句
(2)在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语).定语从句的类型
(1)限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)
①直接由引导词引导定语从句Themanwhoyouretalkingtoismyfriend.
②由介词+关系代词whom/which引导Themantowhomyouretalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=1needapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前也可放在从句之尾例如Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
1、时间状语从句When强调特定时间While从句用持续性动词,表时间的一段,而不是一点While还有几种含义
①然而,但是
②虽然,尽管
③只要TomisveryoutgoingwhileJaneisshyandquiet.WhileIunderstandwhatyousayIcannotagreewithyou.As多用于口语中,强调同一时间或一前一后,有时有随着的意思Ashewaseatinghisbreakfastheheardthedoorbellring.Asspringwarmsthegoodearthallflowersbegintobloom.Bythetime+现在时主句用将来完成时BythetimehearriveswewillalreadyhaveleftCalifornia.Bythetime+过去时,主句用过去完成时BythetimehearrivedwehadalreadyleftCalifornia.Assoonasinstantlyimmediatelydirectlypresently就Nosoonerthanhardlywhen刚就Thesunhadnosoonerstartedtoshinethanitwascloudedoveragainhadhardlysatdownwhenhesteppedin.HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise
2、原因状语从句比较becausesinceas*口fbrbecause语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或sinceoIdidntgobecauseIwasafraid.Since/Astheweatherissobadwehavetodelayourjourney.由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用forHeisabsenttodaybecause/forheisill.Hemustbeillfbrheisabsenttoday.seeingthat鉴于,既然consideringthat考虑至Inowthat既然inthat因为notbecause不是因为notthatbutthat不是因为而是因为IlikethecitybutIlikethecountrybetterinthatIhavemorefriendsinthecountry.NotthatIdonotlikethefilmbutthatIhavenotimeforit.地点状语从句通常由wherewherever引导WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.条件状语从句Ontheconditionthat以为条件Provided/providingthat如果的话,只要Aslongas只要Youmaygoswimmingonconditionhatyoudonotswimtoofarawayfromtheriverbank.WewillvisitEuropenextyearprovidjiang^uiedwehaveenoughmoney.Supposethat假^口supposethat假^口Whatif如果将会怎样Incase如果,万一SupposethatIdonothaveadayoffwhatshallwedoIncasethehouseburnsdownwewillgettheinsurancemoney.让步状语从句although与though引导,不能与but连用,但可以与yet连用Althoughtheyarepoor(yet)theyarewarm-hearted.evenif或eventhough弓|导,表示“即使”,“纵然rilgetthereevenif(though)Ihavetosellmyhousetogetenoughmoneytogobyair.nomatter后接上who、whatwherehow等疑问词,也可以在这类疑问词后面力口上ever构成whoever、whateverwhereverhowever等Donttrusthimnomatterwhat/whateverhesays.
(4)as也可以引导让步状语从句要用倒装Childas(though)heisheknowsalot.MuchasIlikeitIwontbuy.目的状语从句目的状语从句的谓语动词常与情态动词连用,否则可能是结果状语从句不可置于句首引导词inorderthatsothat(以便)forfearthat(生怕)9incase9lest(以防)结果状语从句thatsothatso...thatsuch...that...注意so+形容词/副词+that从句;such+名词+that从句比较状语从句thanas方式状语从句asasififthough)rildoasIamtoldto.ItlooksasifitisgoingtorainTheoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman注意asif和asthough引导的从句^一般用虚拟,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能是,也可用陈述语气注意状语从句中从句的省略现象
(1)连接词+过去分词Dontspeakuntilspokento.Pressurecanbeincreasedwhenneeded.Unlessrepairedthewashingmachineisnouse.
(2)连词+现在分词Lookoutwhilecrossingthestreet.
(3)连词+形容词/其他常见的有itnecessaryifpossiblewhennecessaryifany寺Ifnecessaryringmeatonce.IdontthinkrilneedanymoneybutIllbringsome.A.aslastB.incaseC.onceagainD.intimeTheWTOcantliveuptoitsnameitdoesntincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.A.aslongasB.whileC.ifD.eventhough
3、SomeonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenightbuttheyhungupIcouldanswerthephone.A.asB.sinceC.beforeD.until独立结构带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句“独立结构”按其结构形式,分为不定式“独立结构,.ing分词“独立结构”,-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”,通常在句中起状语分句的作用例如Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperorsometoholdhisrobeotherstoadjusthisgirdleandsoon许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带等(sometohold...和otherstoadjust…为不定式独立结构)Therebeingnothingelsetodoweleft.由于没有其它事情可做,我们离开了(Therebeing…为-ing分词独立结构)Shegazedherhandsclaspedtoherbreast.她凝视着双手叉在胸前(herhandsclasped…为.ed分词独立结构)Hewentoffguninhand.他手里拿着枪离开了(guninhand为无动词独立结构)Thefloorwetandslipperywestayedoutside由于地板又湿又滑,我们呆在屋外(Thefloorwet…为无动词“独立结构”)“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开,但也有用破折号的例如Theroomwasinchaos---dirtyclothesstrewnonthefloorcosmeticsscatteredoverthedresseremptybottlesandcanseverywhere.房间一混乱,脏衣服扔在地板上,化装品散乱在梳妆台上,到处都是空的瓶在“独立结构”中做主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词例如Themanagersatquietlyintheofficehiseyesclosed.经理静静地坐在办公室里,双目紧闭“独立结构,,的位置是比较灵活的,它可位于句首,句中或句尾例如Theirroomwasonthethirdflooritswindowoverlookingthesportsground.他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场“独立结构”在句中可表示多种含义例如表示时间HishomeworkdoneJimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.=AfterhishomeworkwasdoneJimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.家庭作业完成之后,杰姆决定去看戏15Hershirtcaughtonanailshecouldnotmove.=Ashershirtwascaughtonanailshecouldnotmove由于裙子被钉子钩住,她不能移动表示条件WhetherpermittingthefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday.=IfweatherpermitsthefootballmatchwillbeplayedonWednesday.假如天气允许的话,足球赛将在星期三举行表示方式和伴随状况Heputonhissockswrongsideout.他穿上袜子,反面朝上Thechildrenwerewatchingtheacrobaticshowtheireyebeingwideopen.孩子们在看杂技表演,眼睛睁得很大在上述诸例中,“独立结构”均可变为由with引导的介词词组,即在“独立结构”前可用介词with介词w汕在此没有什么意义,只是比较口语化例如Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.他们坐在房间里,窗帘拉下来W汕thetreegrowingtallwegetmoreshade.树长高了,我们得到更多的阴凉不定式“独立结构”,-ing分词“独立结构”,-ed分词“独立结构”之间的区别不定式“独立结构”表示即将发生的动作例如Weshallassembleattenfbrty-fivetheprocessiontostartmovingatpreciselyeleven.我们将在十点四十五分集合,队伍整十一点开始游行Theplanwasthatthetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciplethedetailstobeworkedputlater.计划是双方应先就基本原则达成协议,细节问题以后拟订-ing分词“独立结构”表示正在进行的动作,且主语与.ing分词之间为主动关系例如Weredoubledoureffortseachmanworkingliketwo.我们加倍努力,每一个人就像干两个人的活-ed分词“独立结构”表示已发生的动作,主语与-ed分词之间为被动关系例如Thisdonewewenthome.做完此事,我们就回去Alloursavinggonewestartedlookingforjobs.积蓄全部用完了,我们就开始找工作无动词“独立结构”的常见类型
(1)名词+介词短语
(2)名词+adj.或adv.彳列乜口:Hesatstthetablecollaroffheaddownandpeninpositionreadytobeginthelongletter.主谓一致
1、语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式
2、意义上一致
(1)主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数Thecrowdarerunningfortheirlives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有peoplepolicecattle等
(2)主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数Thenewsisveryexciting.形复意单的单词有new、works(工厂)、means和以ics结尾的学科名称physicspoli-ticseconomics等(重点)
3、就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语如果连词or、either...or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连接的并列主语,如果一^个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致Eg.EitheryouorIammad.
4、应注意的若干问题
(1)名词作主语
①某些集体名词如family、team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数,反之用复数这类词常有audienceclassclubcommitteecompanycrewcrowdenemygovernmentsgrouppartypublicteam等
②某些集体名词如people、police、cattleoxen只当复数看待谓语动词必须用复数
③单、复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数
④名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等;作主语时,动词一^殳用单数Myuncle9isnotforfromhere.常见的省略名词有thebaker9stheZhangs等
⑤当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语用单数
⑥不定代词each、everyno所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式如Eachboyandeachgirlinmyclasshasadictionaiy.
⑦如果主语有morethanone…或manya...构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,它的谓语动词用单数形式但是,more+复数名词+thanone”结构之后,谓语用复数
⑧一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式如glasses、clothestrousersshoescompasseschopsticksscissors等但如果主语用akindofapairofaseriesof等加名词构成时谓语动词一般用单数形式Apairofshoesonthedesk.
⑨thiskindofbook=abookofthiskind(这种书),其谓语动词;短语thiskindofmen=menofthiskind=thesekindofmen(口语)(这一,类人)但thiskindofmen的谓语用单数,menofthiskind和thesekindofmen的谓语用复数allkindsof后跟复数名词谓语用复数形式如⑩复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,用作单数意义时,谓语用单数,反之,谓语用复数这类名词有means、worksspecies(种类)、Chinese、Japanese等当它们的前面有asucha、this、that修饰时,谓语用单数;有allsuchthesethose修饰时,谓语用复数
(11)如果名词词组中心词是all、most、half、rest等词语所指是复数意义谓语动词用复数形式,反之用单数
(12)在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致如Betweenthetwowindowshangsanoilpainting.(hang)
(2)由连接词连接的名词作主语
①用and或both…and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式但如果并列主语指的是同一个人,同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词Truthandhonestythebestpolicy.Toloveandtobelovedthegreathappiness.Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyagoodhabit.Aknifeandforkonthetable.
②当主语后面跟有aswellas、asmuchas、nolessthan、alongwith、with、like、ratherthan、togetherwithbutexceptbesidesincludinginadditionto等引导的词组时,采取“就远原则”
③以oreither...orneigher...nornotonly...butalso等连接的词作主语时,采取“就近原则”3代词作主语
①名词型物主代词连接的动词,既可以用单数,也可以用复数,这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数OursOurPartyagreatParty.Yourshoeswhitemine=myshoesblack.
②such、thesame起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数Suchourplan.Suchhislastwords.
③关系代词who、that、which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致
④疑问词who、what、which作主语时,谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数WholivesnextdoorItXiaoLiu.WholivesnextdoorItWangandLi.
⑤不定代词any、eitherneithernoneallsomemore等作主语时,要注意下列情况(A)单独作主语时,视其在文中的意义,动词可用单数或复数形式Nowallhasbeenchanged.Allarepresent.(B)其后接of时,若of的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式;若of的宾语为复数名词或代词时,动词可以是单数,也可以是复数;在正式文体中,单数形式的动词更常用Do(es)anyofyouknowabouttheaccidentNoneofushas(have)seethefilm.
(4)分数、量词作主语
①“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“alotoflotsofplentyofalargequantityofaheapofheapsofhalfof+名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语如
②agreatdealof、alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;largeamountsof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数
③表示数量的oneandahalf后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式Oneandahalfapplesleftonthetable.(be)⑸名词化的形容词作主语如果主语由“the+形容词(或分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数这类词有therichthepoorthebravetheinjuredthelivingthewounded等如表抽象的也可以用单数如theunknownthebeautiful等
(6)从句作主语
①由what引导的主语从句,谓语动词通常用单数,但所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式二ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.Thepalacewhich/thatIoftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.
(2)非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)直接由引导词引导定语从句由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecityinfrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegateonwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom指物用which)弓|导Onesomeanynoneallbothseveralmanymostneithereither等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用Hehasfivechildrentwoofwhomareabroad.(比较Hehasfivechildrenandtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooksnoneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较Wehavethreebooksbutnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导韭限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样但要注意以下区别.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开.非限定性定语从句的作用它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院).在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)指人做主语时只能用who做宾语时用whom;指物做主语,宾语都用which;关系副词用when或where也不能省略.whose引导非限定性定语从句Thehousewhosewindowfacessouthismine.Whatweneedmoremoney.Whatweneedmorepeople/teachers.
②在oneof+复数名词+who/that/which”引导的从句结构中,关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式如one前有theonly贝U用单数形式强调结构.用Itis/was...that/who…句型表示强调被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语)放在is/was的后面,如被强调的是人,则后面可用whowhom等代替例如Hemetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.他昨天在公园碰见一^个老朋友上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调如Itwashewho/thatmetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.(强调主语)Itwasanoldfriendthat/whohemetintheparkyesterday.(强调宾语)Itwasintheparkthathemetanoldfriendyesterday.(强调地点》失语)Itwasyesterdaythathemetanoldfriendinhepark.(强调时间状语).用助动词dodoes或did来强调谓语动词例如Docomeearly.一^定早点来Hedidsendyoualetterlastweek.他上周确实给你寄过一^引信We^epleasedthatshedoesintendtocome.她的确打算来,我们非常高兴.用主语从句+BE+被强调部分,主语从句常用what引导例如Johnwantsaball.约翰想要^一个球WhatJohnwantsisaball.约翰想要的是一^球Marygivespianolessonseveryday.玛耶每天教钢琴WhatMarydoeseverydayis(to)givepianolessons.玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴
4.人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调例如NeverwillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.中国决不会第一^个使用核武器Onlyinthiswaycanwecatchupwithandsurpasstheworldsadvancedlevelofscienceandtechnology只有这样,我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平Happyarethosewhoarecontent.知足常乐Itis/was...that...强调句型的强调部分必须是对that/who之后句子的某一成分表示强调,如果把Itiswa§.・・that”去掉,该句应该意思完整,不缺任何句子成分区分下例两句Itwas7o9clockwhenhecameback.他回来时7点钟了it指时间Itwasat7oclockthathecameback.他是7点钟回来的强调句强调at7oclock只能由because弓I导,不能由since、as或why弓I导例出口:Itwasbecausethewaterhadrisenthattheycouldnotcrosstheriver.正是由于水涨了,他们没有渡过河去不用because或since.注意not...until强调句型的变化比较下列三个句子Shedidn*trememberherappointmentwiththedoctoruntilshehadarrivedhome.Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhomethatsherememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.Notuntilshehadarrivedhomedidsherememberherappointmentwiththedoctor..Itis/was…that…强调句型中that作宾语时可以省略例如ItwasanewdictionarythatFatherboughtforme.父亲给我买的是一^本新字典Wasitherthatyouweretalkingabout你刚才是和她在谈话吗?倒装全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时常见的结构有heretherenowthenthus等副词置于句首谓语动词常用becomegolierunoTheregoesthebell.Thencamethechairman.Hereisyourletter.2表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber.Aheadsatanoldwoman.注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装Herehecomes.Awaytheywent.部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词dodoes或did并将其置于主语之前句首为否定或半否定的词语,如nonotneverseldomlittlehardlyatnotimeinnowaynotuntil...等NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion.Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom.当Notuntil引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装注意如否定词不在句首不倒装Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.Themotherdidntleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.以否定词开头作部分倒装出口Notonly...butalsoHardly/Scarcely...whenNosooner...thanNotonlydidherefusethegifthealsoseverelycriticizedthesender.Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither.注意只有当Notonly...butalso连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构如果置于句首的NotoNy…butalso仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.soeithernor作部分倒装表示“也“、“也不”的句子要部分倒装TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack.IfyouwontgoneitherwillI.only在句首要倒装的情况OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.asthough引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)注意1)句首名词不能带任何冠词2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前Tryhardashewillheneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.其他部分倒装1)so...that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中Mayyouallbehappy.情态动词mustcancouldmaymight表推测的用法表推测时,其中must的可能性最大,can/could次之,may/might最小具体用法如下must的用法(D表示推测“可能性”时,意思是“一定、准是”,语气较肯定,较有把握HemustbeAmerican.=ItiscertainthatheisAmerican.must表推测只能用于肯定句如果要表示“一定不、肯定不”的意思时,应用cant如询问某种可能时,应用canHemustknowmyaddress.他肯定知道我的地址(一定)Hecantknowmyaddress.他肯定不知道我的地址(一定不)Canheknowmyaddress他知道我的地址吗?(询问可能性)must表示推测时,可以推测现在/正在发生的动作/过去发生的动作Hemusthaveacarnow.(现在)他一定有辆小汽车Hemustbedoinghisexercisesintheclassroom.(正在进行)他一定在教室里做练习Hemusthavefinishedthework.(过去发生)他一定已完成了工作注must表示推测时很少用于将来的情况一般不用Hemustcometomorrow.可用Itscertain/Imsurethathewillcometomorrow.can/could的用法can表示推测“可能性”时,往往用于否定句或疑问句Can、t“一定不”,语气很肯定can在疑问句中意思是“会、可能、Hecantbeathome.=Itisimpossiblethatheisathome.他一定不在家can/cant后可接进行时/完成时,表示对现在发生的动作或过去发生的动作进行推测Theycantbereadinginthelibrary.他们一定不在图书馆读书Itssolate.Wherecanshehavegone天晚了,她可能去哪儿了呢?could可用于表示某事有可能发生或可能是事实Donteatit.Itcouldbepoisonous.不要吃它,可能有毒Theplanecouldbedelayedbyfog.飞机可能会因为雾晚点could还可以用于表示客气、委婉、礼貌的请求语气ExcusemecouldyoutellmethewaytothebusstationCouldyouhelpmecouldnt表示否定推测,表示某事不可能真实,或由于特定事实或环境某事肯定不会发生Itcouldntpossiblybepoison.这不可能是毒药may和might的用法maymight表示推测“可能性可寸意思是“可能”、“也许”语气没有must肯定Hemay/mightbeAmerican.=ItispossiblethatheisAmerican.他可能是个美国人注might不表示过去时态,只是语气上比may更委婉,表示的可能性更小maymight表推测时,可以用于否定句,意思是“可能不、也许不”,但不用于疑问句Hemay/mightnotbeathome.他也许不在家maymight可以推测现在正在发生的动作或过去发生的动作Hemay/mightbesleepingnow.现在他可能正在睡觉Theboymay/mightnotbewatchingTVathome.(现在)这个男孩可能没在家看电视Thesestudentsmay/mighthaveseenthefilmbefore.(过去)这些学生以前可能看过这部电影
(4)maymight还可以推测将来的情况Ithinkweshouldtakeraincoatwithus3itmayrain.我想我们应该带上雨衣,可能要下雨了Shemightnotcomethisafternoon.她今天下午可能不来了附(重要)情态动词+不定式完成式虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示谓语动词的形式用法过去式表示当时未能实现的愿望、意愿过去完成式—表TF过去未能实现的愿望、意愿过去未来式---表示未来不大可能实现的愿望,意愿熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式虚拟语气用于某些从句中的情况1)在主语从句中It+be+形容词I名词+that+(should动词原形这类形容词/名词常见的有essential(绝对必要的)important(重要的)advisable(明智的)desirable(希望能够的)imperative(必须的)natural(自然的)necessary必要的)regretful(遗憾的),strange(奇怪的)proper(适当的),urgent(紧急的)duty(义务、责任),apity(遗憾)nowonder(难怪),aregret(遗憾),例如Itisstrangethathe(should)sayso.他居然会这样说,真是奇怪Itisagreatpitythatyou(should)thinkso.他居然会这样想,真是一件憾事另外,下列结构中主语从句的谓语动词也要求用虚拟语气Itisorderedthat.・.(根据命令、要求)Itisproposedthat.・.(人彳门建议)Itisdesiredthat.・.(最好、需要)Itisrequestedthat...(人们要求)Itissuggestedthat...(有人建议)Itisrecommendedthat・・.(有人推荐)Itisdemandedthat...(根据要求)Itisdecidedthat...(已经决定)Itisarrangedthat...(已经安排)等等例如Itisorderedthatallthetroops(should)withdrawthreemilesaway.根据命令,所有部队撤至三英哩以外ItisarrangedthatheleaveforCanadaonFriday.照安排,他星期五动身去加拿大ItissuggestedthattheEnglisheveningbeheldonSaturday.有人建议,英语晚会周六举行2)在宾语从句中某些动词后面,宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式“should+动词原形”或是“动词原形”这类动词有command(命令)demand(要求)desire(希望)insist(坚持)order(命令)propose(提,义)5recommendG隹荐)5request(要求)3require(要求)suggest(建议),等例如Heproposedthatwe(should)setadeadlineforthecomplementoftheplan.他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限Theyrequestedthatwe(should)sendadelegationtotheircountry.他们请求我们派一个代表团到他们国家去(注意下列例句wish自身的时态并不影响从句谓语动词的形式)IwishthatIknewsomethingaboutprogramming.我希望我懂一点程序设计就好了IwishedthatIknewsomethingaboutprogramming.我当时希望我懂一点程序设计就好了Theywishthattheyhadn*tsaidittous.他们希望他们没有对我们说过那件事3)在表语从句和同位语从句中下面这些名词的后面所接的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟式should+动词原形”或是直接用“动词原形”idea(想)去)suggestion(建议)motion(动议)proposal(提,义)order(命令)recommendation(4隹荐),advice(建£义),instruction(指示、指令)等等例如Theinstructionwasthatnobodybeallowedtogotosleepuntilfurtherorders.(表语从句)指示要求,任何人不得在接到进一步的命令之前去睡觉MysuggestionisthatheleaveforLondonatonce.(表语从句)我的建议是他立即动身去伦敦Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatwe(should)putonaplayattheEnglishevening(同位语从句)他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样?4)在状语从句中在某些状语从句中,要求谓语动词要用虚拟式“should+动词原形”或是“动词原形以asif、asthough(似乎,仿佛)引出的方式状语从,如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;Hetookhisumbrellawithhimlestitrain.(目的状语从句)他带了雨伞,以防下雨Illkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldchangeyourmind.(目的斗夫语从句)我给你留个座,没准你会改变主意Theyburnedalltheimportantdocumentsforfearthattheyfallintotheenemys二Thehousethewindowofwhichfacessouthismine.=Thehouseofwhichthewindowfacessouthismine.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法Lwho/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)
①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow
②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whomoThemanwhom/who/thatIspokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfortakecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前Sheistherightgirlwho/whom/thatwearelookingfor.
3.whose:指人或物是所有格…的形式Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididntfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.(动宾)ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.(介宾)
4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)
①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略
②当作介宾时介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用whichoThehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.hands.(目的状语从句)他们将所有的重要文件都烧毁了,以免它们落于敌人之手Thougheveryonedesertyouwewillnot.(让步状语从句,这是间或的用法)即使所有的人抛弃了你,我们也不会5)在Itis(high)timethat…从句中在这个句型中的that…从句里,无论何时、何人称,其谓语动词都肝‘过去式”这个句型表达的意思是“该是……的时候了例如Itistimethatwegotreadyforthefinalexamination.该是我们为期末考试作准备的时候了Itishightimethatwehadourlunch.该是我们吃午饭的时候了6)在Ifonly…从句中“Ifonly...从句”表示一种愿望或是向往的假设,其意义是“要是・・・...就好了“、”但愿……o这个句型中的语序是正常语序,不倒装另外,其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同例如Ifonlyshecouldunderstandmyrealfeelings.要是她能了解我的真实想法就好了Ifonlymymotherhadsurvivedthediseaseandlivedtillnow.要是我妈妈没有死于疾病而活到现在就好了Ifonlyhewouldfineasatisfactoryjobafterhisgraduation.但愿他毕业后找到一份称心如意的工作Thepenwhich/thatyoufoundyesterdayismine.Thegamesthat/whichtheyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which先行词指人用whom指物用whicho.when关系副词指时间When=介词+which(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.=1stillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=1stillrememberthetimewhich/thatIjoinedtheLeagueon..where关系副词指地点Where=介词+which此时先行词一定是表地点的名词IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.=1stillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=1stillremembertheschoolwhich/thatIjoinedtheLeaguein.※注对关系副词whenwhere的认识.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句rilneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing..先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句Thisisthefactorywhich/thathevisitedyesterday.
7.why指原因,先行词通常为reasonowhy引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句oWhy二forwhichIdontknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhyforwhichhewaslateisthathemissedthebus.※注当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用whyThisisthereasonthat/whichhegave/explainedtous.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键试比较Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.(spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)Thereasonthat/whichhegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisntbelievablegave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略Thereasonwhyhedidntcometoschoolyesterdayisntbelievable.从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词三.值得注意的几个问题第一.当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which只用that的情况
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.^Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday..当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschoolthathehadvisited..当先行词是all的,用thatoallthat=whatAllthatwhatIwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”..先行词为somethinganythingnothingeverythingthing时,用that.riltellyouanythingthatIknow.5•当先行词前有allmuchlittlemanyafeweverysomeanynoonlytheveryoneoftheonlythelastthenext等修饰语时ThisisoneofthebooksthatImveryinterestingin.XThisisoneofthebooksinwhichTmveryinteresting.ThisistheonlybookthatIread..人,物,当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时,用that引导以避免混淆.WhoisthemanthatistalkingwiththeladyWhichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用that.Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.第二.当先行词是物时,关系代词that/which只用which的情况.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge..引导非限定性定语从句时主,宾都用which都不能省略.Footballwhichisaveryinterestinggameisplayedallovertheworld..which指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句.Healwaysmakesfunofmewhichupsetsme.第三.其他特殊情况..先行词是thesethose指人时,关系代词只用who.Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents..先行词是人称代词(heshe…)时,关系代词只用who.HewhodoesntreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman..不定代词someoneanyoneeveryonenoonesomebodyanybodyeverybody作先行词时,关系代词用who.Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished..
①先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是theonlyone而不是of后的可数名词复数).Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.
②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数而不是one).Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate..当主句缺先行词时,用theone代替,但须注意theone只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么.IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterdayIspopmusicthemusichelikesbest.当先行词是theway在定语从句中充当方式状语时(theway表以…方式/方法),引导词通常用that或省略,也可用inwhich.Idontliketheway(that)youspeak.=1dontlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.=1dontliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,宾语从句)主语从句主语从句连词:thatwhetherwhowhatwhichwhenwherehowwhy例句Thatshewasabletocomemadeusveryhappy.Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.Whatweneedismoretime.2)形式主语目的为了避免头重脚轻,由it做形式主语Itis+{名词/形容词/过去分词}+主语从句Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Itisstrangethatyoushouldlikehim.表语从句谓语系动词之后1)引导词:that(有时可省略),whetherasifwhothatwhichwhenwherehowwhy.例句Thefactis(that)sheneverlikedhim.2)用because引导的表语从句仅限于以下一个句型This/That/Itisbecause(that)Ithinkitsbecauseyouaredoingsomuch.3)主语是reason时,从句不可用why或because引导,只能用thatThereasonwhyisthat+(表语从句)OnereasonwhyHamletissuchasuccessfulplayisthatitappealstomanydifferentpeople.4)表语从句不能用if引导,但可以用asif引导Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry.同位语从句(两个成分处于相同的地位,起修饰作用的成分叫做同位语)WangLinadiligentstudentrefusedallhelpthatwasofferedhim.1)用一个句子做同位语,就叫同位语从句引导同位语从句的关联词用that时,不能用which代替Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.2)howwhenwherewhywhetherwhat可弓|导同位语从句YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas.HehanoideawhataremarkablewomanMaryis.Ihaveasmalldoubtwhetherheissuitableforthejob.3)当主句谓语比较短时,同位语从句常被隔开主语(本位语)+谓语+同位谣画Therumorspreadthatanewschoolwouldbebuilthere.
4、宾语从句引导宾语从句的连接词that通常不能省略
①agreeargueassureholdindicatemaintaininformobjectsuggest等接宾语从句是,that通常不省略Iassureyouthatyouaremistaken.Heobjectedthatitwasimpossible.
②位语动词后接两个并列的宾语从句时,连接第二个宾语从句的that不可省略Hesaidhecouldnttellyourightawayandthatyouwouldntunderstand.Iknowyouarentdoctorandthatyouwantyoursontobecomeadoctor.从句做介词的宾语介词后通常不跟由that引导的从句,但可以跟thefactthat从句结构作宾语Amoderncityhasbeensetupinwhatwasawastelandtenyearsago.Theshopkeeperdidnotwanttosellforwhathethoughtwasnotenough.Hewasheldresponsibleforthefactthathisdoghadbittenhisneighbor.3形式宾语如果谓语动词considerfindmakeregardseetakethink等后接“宾语从句+宾语补足语”时,则用让作形式宾语,把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后此时,that不能省略主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+that+宾语从句WefinditnecessarythatwepracticespeakingEnglisheveryday.Healwaystakesitforgrantedthathecanpasstheexamwithouthardwork.Whether与if的用法只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况表语从句同位语从句主语从句如果用it作形式主语,则whether和if都能引导主语从句在介词之后介词往往省略后面直接跟动词不定式紧接ornot用if会引起歧义Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.状语从句whennosoonerthanthefirsttime原因状语从句Becauseforassince(既然)seeingthat(鉴于)consideringthat(考虑到)nowthat(既然),inthat(因为)not……because(不正因为),地点状语从句Wherewhereveranywhereeverywhere条件状语从句ifunlessonconsiderthatprovided(that)aslongaswhatiff如果将会怎样)incase(如果,万一)giventhat(考虑到)让步壮语从句Thoughasifeventhoughevenifnomatter+wh-疑问词目的状语从句inorderthatsothatforfeatthatincaselest(以免)结果状语从句Sothatsothatsuchthatsuchthatbutthat(而不)方式状语从句Asjustasinthewayasi£asthough比较状语从句AsasIliannotsoasthemotethemore结构含义Couldhavedone用于谈论过去的情况“那是可能,本可以,差点就要May/mighthave对过去发生的行为的推测“或许已经,或许可能“Musthavedone对过去发生的行为的逻辑推断“一定已做”Neednlhavedone本来不必做而实际已经做了“本不必做”Shouldhavedone本来应该做而实际上没有做“本应该做”Willhavedone推测某事可能已经发生“可能已做”Oughttohavedoe过去应该做而实际上未做“本应该做”条件从句主句与现在事实相违背过去式(动词是BE用were)Should/would+动词原形与过去事实相违背had+过去分词would/should+have+过去分词与未来事实相违背should+动词原形were+动词不定式3)过去式(动词是BE也可以用were)would/Should+动词原形名称常用连词时间状语从句Whenwhileasbeforetilloncebythetimeassoonashardly。