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高考英语语法复习定语从句知识讲解
一、概念定义用来说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句简单地讲定语从句就是修饰名词或代词的作定语的句子大家要清楚一个概念,那就是它就相当于一个形容词,作后置定语,所以定语从句通常又被称为形容词性从句可以解释为什么什么样的人或物☆前置形容词的位置顺序Opshacom(记住这个无意义的单词)opinionshapeagecolouroriginmaterialtwoverynicesmallFrenchwoodenchairsaninterestinglittleredFrenchoilpainting定语从句的位置只能放在它所修饰词的后面,被修饰的词我们叫它“先行词”Tomwhois17ismyclassmate.Tomismyclassmatewhois
17.(Tom就是先行词)
二、结构被修饰的名词/代词+关系词+从句〃被修饰的名词/代词“二〃先行词〃这儿要强调的是先行词只能是名词或代词“先行词”与“关系词”之间实质上是互等、互换的关系关系词的作用就是将先行词所表达意义“代到”从句中来起作用“先行词”往往是分别重复出现在两个句中(主句和从句)的名词或代词先行词可以看成区别定语从句和名词性从句的标记看以下两句ThatsallthatIhavetoldhim.此句为定语从句,先行词为allThatswhatIhavetoldhim.此句为表语从句,由what引导,没有先行词★那为什么一定要有关系词呢?关系词可以看作是连接主句和从句的桥梁,它指代先行词在从句中充当一个句子成份这就体现了英语句子的链形结构,英语的句子逻辑性很强,就象一环扣一环的链条有了关系词,就把主句和从句紧紧地联系在了一起比如下面这组句子第二个句子中who把主从句连在了一起Thewoman-shelivesnextdoor-isadoctor.Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisadoctor.又如ThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.Thegirl-wesawheryesterday-isMary.Thegirl-herwesawyesterday-isMary.Thegirlwho/whom/thatwesawyesterdayisMary.关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词关系代词有whowhichthatwhose(所有格),as关系副词有whenwherewhy特别注意what不能引导定语从句,只能引导名词性从句
三、分类.限定性定语从句(去掉定语,意义模糊)对先行词进行限定、修饰ThemanwhoistalkingisMarysfather..非限定性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明Tomwhois17isagoodstudent.”是非限定性定语从句的标志注意以下两组句子的区别一Theoldmanhasasonwhoisinthearmy.(他只有一个儿子,这个儿子在参军)Theoldmanhasasonwhoisinthearmy.(他有一个参军的儿子)可能不只一个儿子Hesaidnothingthatmadeherangry.他没有说使她生气的话Hesaidnothingwhichmadeherangry.他什么也没有说,这使她很生气特别注意在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that
四、特征我们撇开先行词和关系词后,再看剩下的从句,这个句子一定会缺少一个句子成份,而这个成份就是由先行词来充当的比如ThemanwhoistalkingisMarysfather.去掉关系词who剩下istalking则缺少主语,这个主语也就是由who即theman从句补充完整就是Themanistalking.再如Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.不看关系副词why剩下hewaslate和句子原意再比,缺少原因状语完整句子应该是Hewaslateforthatreason.(why=forwhat)我们分析一个定语从句时、可以按以下三步来做.先确定先行词,定语从句一定有先行词,并且只能由名词或代词(有时会是整个句子)来充当.判断从句的起止,也就是从什么地方开始到什么地方结束,可以用括号括出.判断先行词在从句中充当什么成份(或看先行词可以还原到从句什么位置,如果要加介词才能还原,则为状语,要用关系副词whywherewhen或介词前置),以此确定关系词这个步为关键特别注意分析时主句和从句要分开看,不能互相影响
五、关系代词引导的定语从句L引导定语从句.指代先行词..在定语从句中必须充当一个成分SheisthegirlwhocanspeakEnglishvervwell.♦T♦先行词关系词定语从句
2.指代thegirl
1.引导
3.在定语从句中充当成分(主语).关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语(whosewhich)o表示人时用who(主格/宾格);whom(宾格,也就是动词或介词的宾语);thatwhose(所有格)表示物时用whichthatwhose(注意that和whose既可表人也可表物),另外which可以指代前面整个句子注意,介词后宾语表人用whom表物用which若是表所有格,用whose特别注意what不能引导定语从句,只能引导名词性从句.我们来看以下几个例句Thegirlwho/thatisstandingatthegateisanEnglishteacher(whothat作从句的主语,表人)ThatsnotTomwho/thatissittingnexttoJohn(whothat作从句的主语,表A)-ThatsnotTom.TomissittingnexttoJohn.Thegirlwhom/who/thatPeteristalkingtoisateacher(whom作从句宾语,表人)ThegirltowhomPeteristalkingisateacher.(介词可以前置,且当介词前置时,表人只能用whom)(人)Thegirlwhosemotherisanurseisateacher(whose与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分)(物)Thebookwhosecoverismissingisveryfunny.(不可分割的一部分,指物时可用ofwhich来代替)=Thebookthecoverofwhichismissingisveryfunny.Theroomwhosedoorfacessouthisverybright.(物质所属)=Theroomthedoorofwhichfacessouthisverybright.Thebookwhich/thatbelongstomeismissing(which/that作从句主语,表物)dontlikethenovelthat/whichyouarereading(that/which作从句动词的宾语表物)
3.which的特殊用法Hewaslateforschoolagainwhichmadetheteacherveryangry(which指代前面整个句子,作从句的主语)HeadvisedmetohidebehindthedoorwhichadviceItookatonce.(which作定语)Shehadalittlemoneyinthebankwithwhichtohelphermother(which与不定式连用,构成定语短语)
(1)介词+关系代词例句(包括介词前置)who㊀指人㊀作主语、表语、宾语注意介词的选择,要根据从句来确定,不能受主句影响!ThisistheroominwhichIlive.先行词room在从句中要加上介词in作地点状语,也就是作in的宾语从句还原应该是Iliveintheroom.止匕句也可以转换成ThisistheroomwhichIlivein.Ihavepaidforthehouseinwhichhelived.注意此句不能用forwhich分析此句时,先确定先行词thehouse其次确定thehouse或which在从句中要加介词in作状语不能受主句中thehouse前介词for的影响Themantowhomyoutalkedjustnowwillchairthemeetingtomorrow.=Themanwhom/whoyoutalkedtojustnowwillchairthemeetingtomorrow.Hetoldmetheticketsarehardtobuyinwhichcaseyoudbetterbuyrightnow.(which作case的定语)Thebookssomeofwhichhehasreadareveryinteresting.表示整体与音B分关系Thestudentsmostofwhomhaveseenthemoviearefromourclass.Hespent2hoursthereduringwhichtimeheslept.ThebossinwhosedepartmentMr.Kingworkedhadaheartattack.但注意,在部分固定短语中介词不能提前,比如careforcallonputofflistentolookforlookafter等,如果把它们拆开,那么这些短语就失去了原来的含意TheoldmanwhomIamlookingafterisbetter.
(2)介词+关系代词的倒装Iarrivedatabuildinginfrontofwhichgrowmanytrees.Iarrivedatabuildingandmanytreesgrowinfrontofit.Wevisitedahillatthefootofwhichliesatemple.Wevisitedahillandatempleliesatthefootofit.Theywentintotheclassroominthecenterofwhichstandsalargetable.Theywentintotheclassroomandalargetablestandsinthecenterofit.关系代词as(as…as…,suchasthesameas/that)可放于句首和句中,可作从句主语、宾语和状语(做题时一般看到前面有assuchthesame等,大部分情况后面都选as)常用于beknownexpectedreportedannouncedshown•••AsweallknowChinaisabigcountryas作宾语ChinaisintheeastofAsiaasisknowntoall.as作主语Ourteamaswehadexpectedwonthegame.Takeasmanybooksasyoucan.Iwanttoreadsuchabookasyouread(as定语从句)Thisissuchagoodbookthatwealllikeit.(so/such…that・••结果状语从句that后跟完整的句子)PleasedoitinthesamewayasIdid.(as作状语)Iwanttoborrowthesamebookasyouread.我想借一本和你读的一样的书Iwanttoborrowthesamebookthatyouread.我想借你读的那本书(只有一本)
六、特殊的定语从句
①It/Thisis+the+序数词+时间+(that)+定语从句(从句用完成时)Itisthefirsttime(that)Ihaveeverbeenhere.Itis(high)time+that+定语从句Itistimethatweshouldgohome.Itistimethatwewenthome
②theway+定语从句,theway做从句状语时,通常省略关系词或用that/inwhichTheway(that/inwhich)heisdoingtheexperimentisveryfunny.
③timemomentsecondminute等后,通常用that来代替when引导定语从句,并且常省略ThemomenthearrivesIwillringyouup.(that/when)常省略BythetimeJohncamePeterhadfinishedhiswork(that/when常省略)
④But作为关系代词(了解即可)相当于that(who)…notThereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.很少有人不佩服他的才华
七、定语从句的省略定语从句除了上述特殊定语从句中的
2、3点两种情况的省略外,主要是当关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可省,注意,只有做宾语时才能省但如果是介词前置,则不可省Thenovelwhich/thathewroteisinteresting.Themanwho/whomTomistalkingwithisateacherinourschool.
八、定语从句的主谓一致.当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致Iknowthestudentwhoisyourclassmate.Thestudentswhoaremyclassmatesaregoingtohelptheoldman..“oneof+可数名词复数”引导的定语从句中,谓语动词应用复数;而“oneof+可数名词复数”前有theonly或theonly修饰,定语从句中的谓语动词用单数Heisoneofthestudentswhostudyveryhardatschool.Heistheonly/theonlyoneofthestudentswhostudiesveryhardatschool.
九、定语从句需特别注意的地方
①situationcasepoint在从句中充当状语时,后常用whereCanyouthinkofasituationwhereyoucanusetheword
②标点符号,比较以下一组句子
③关系词选择时,要注意从句中的及物动词和不及物动词,从而判断先行词在从句中所作的成份特别是看到先行词是时间、地点、原因时,要特别小心注意下面几组句子:I11neverforgetthedayswhen/inwhichweworkedtogether.I11neverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.Iwenttotheplacewhere/atwhichIworkedtenyearsago.Iwenttotheplacethat/whichIvisitedtenyearsago.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslate.Thisisthereasonthat/whichhegave.
④which和whose在从句中做定语时的区别Hetoldmetheticketsarehardtobuyinwhichcaseyoudbetterbuyrightnow.(which作case的定语)HeadvisedmetohidebehindthedoorwhichadviceItookatonce(which作定语)Thebookwhosecoverismissingisveryfunny.(不可分割的一部分,指物时可用ofwhich来代替)Theroomwhosedoorfacessouthisverybright.(物质所属)which做定语时和后面的名词一起指代前面的先行词(通常为整个句子),还原从句为独立分句时往往还原成this/that;如第一句whichcase指代前面的句子,从句可还原成Inthatcaseyoudbetterbuyrightnow.第二句:1tookthatadviceatonce.而whose做定语时只是单独指代前面的先行词,通常可以用ofwhich或ofwhom来代替,还原时往往变为its/his…等比如第三句:Thebookisveryfunnyanditscoverismissing.分裂式定语从句有些定语从句的先行词和关系词之间会插入一些其它成份HearrivedinJinzhouin1984wherehebecameamanger2yearslater.此句中关系词不能用when因为从句中已经有时间状语,因此先行词不是1984而是Jinzhou带有插入语的定语从句,如Ithinkdoyousuggest等Pleasechoosesomeonewhoyouthinkiskind.此句中youthink为插入语,关系代词wh作从句的主语,is是从句的谓语介词from后可以跟whereHehasbeentothecitytwicefromwherehisgirlfriendcame.
十、与其他从句的区别
一、定语从句和同位语从句的区别定语从句的先行词或关系代词要在从句中充当一定的句子成份,而同位语从句中则不充当任何句子成份,比较以下两个句子Thenewsthatourteamlostthegamedisappointedallofus.止匕句为同位语从句,that连词在从句中不充当任何句子成份Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayissodisappointing.止匕句为定语从句,that连词在从句中充当told的宾语
二、定语从句和状语从句的区别状语从句没有先行词,引导词用where它很明显的特点是其前面为动词、副词等,有时虽有名词但不是表示地点的名词Youshouldmakeitaruletoleavethingswhereyoucanfindthemagain.状从Afterthewaranewschoolbuildingwasputupwheretherehadoncebeenatheatre.状语从句Thisistheroomwhere/inwhichwelivedthreeyearsago.定从,先彳亍词是room
三、定语从句和强调句的区别强调句型的结构Itis/wascouldbe---+被强调的成分+that...强调的成分是主语、宾语和状语强调句型可用“还原法”来判断,若删除强调句型结构Itis\was...that后,句子能还原为一个完整的句子,就是强调句ItwasattheschoolgatethatImetTomyesterday.ItwastheschoolgatewhereImetTomyesterday.第一句为强调句,去掉强调句型结构后,句子可以还原成一个完整的句子,ImetTomyesterdayattheschoolgate.而第二句不能还原成一个完整的句子,必须要加个介词at
四、as前置和It作形式主语的主语从句辨析这两种形式主要区别在于as结构有标点符号”号,而It和that连用,比较下面两个句子Asisknowntoalltheearthmovesaroundthesun.Itisknowntoallthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.
十一、定语从句练习中的难点陷阱一★从句迷惑主句结构的判断Thepersonwespoketonoansweratfirst.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.made对于此题,一些粗心的学生看到to马上就选择C实际上wespoketo是定语从句,修饰theperson主句的主干应该是Thepersonmadenoanswer.应该选DThemanwhosesongswearefondofinourcitynextweek.A.singingB.tosingC.willsingD.sang同样,此题易误选A以为是befondofsinging实际上whosesongswearefondof为定语,句子主干为Themanwillsinginourcity.陷阱二★主句从句结构混杂在一起Everythingheawayfromhimbeforehereturnedtohishometown.A.tookB.hadbeentakenC.hadhadbeentakenD.hadtaken此句对于一些基础差的学生有一定难度,他们无法正确判断句子的结构,容易误选A或D但实际上,此题是主句和从句的结构相互混杂Everything为先行词,hehad为定语从句修饰everything主句主干为Everythinghadbeentakenaway.因止匕应选C陷阱三★定语从句和强调句混杂在一起定语从句和强调句本身就容易混淆,如果把两者加在一起就更容易混淆了,做题时,关键是要判断定语从句的范围如以下这个句子ItwasinthisbuildingIonceworkedhemethisformerclassmate.(答案是wherethat因为强调部分是inthisbuildingwhereIonceworked是状语从句强调句主语谓语部分是从he开始)。