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必修4Unit3I.用下列句型翻译句子.说到篮球,我们就想起了林书豪(whenitcomesto...说到).她站在窗前看日落(匕-ing作伴随状语).又累又饿,他比往日更早地上床睡觉了(形容词作状语).虽然我很愿意帮忙,但没有多少时间(while引导让步状语从句).我们该上床睡觉了(Itistimethat...某人该做某事了)II.单项填空Congratulationsonyourpromotion.Youreallyit.A.preserveB.observeC.deserveD.reserve[2012兰州模拟]Leaveittome!Ifeelmuchmoreaboutmyselfandmyabilitiesthesedays.B.energeticD.curious[2012阜阳模拟]—Itsthirtyyearssincewelastmet.—ButIstillrememberthestorybelieveitornot©TheRealCineexperiencewillamazeyouandyouwillagreethatthisisanextraordinarytechnologythattobedevelopedfurther.A.deservesB.requiresC.expectsD.hopes【解析】选A考查动词词义辨析句意RealCine的体验会让你吃惊,你会赞成这是一项值得被进一步发展的超乎寻常的技术deservetodosth.值得做某事,符合句意require需要;expect期待,指望;hope希望
②Youvebeenworkingallmorning一youtogetarest.A.deserveB.deliverC.reserveD.serve【解析】选A考查动词辨析句意你已经工作一上午了你应该休息一下了deserve值得,应受;deliver交付,发表;reserve储备,保留,预约;serve服务根据句意可知选A.【解析】选A考查形容词辨析句意留给我吧!这些天来我对自己和自己的能力更加自信了confident自信的,确信的,符合句意energetic精力充沛的;generous慷慨的,大方的;curious好奇的,均与题意不符.【解析】选B考查名词性从句句意一一自从我们最后一次见面已经三十年了一一但是信不信由你,我仍然记得我们在一个雨夜迷路的经历that引导的从句用来说明story的具体内容,作story的同位语,that在同位语从句中不作任何成分.【解析】选C考查动词和动词短语辨析句意一一你晚上把收音机开这么大音量你的邻居们可能会起诉一一我知道我从来都不对他们说的话感兴趣chargesb.withsth.指控某人某事;答语中题线前边定语从句的先行词anything作主语,谓语动词用单数,所以答案为CA、D两项中第一个空的用法应分别为accusesb.ofsth.;blamesb.forsth.【变式备选】Thesoldierwasofrunningawaywhentheenemyattacked.A.scoldedB.chargedC.accusedD.punished【解析】选C考查动词辨析句意这名战士被指控在敌人进攻时逃跑accusesb.ofdoingsth.指控某人做某事,符合句意scoldsb.forsth.因某事而责备某人;punishsb.forsth.因某事而惩罚某人;均不合题意charge作“指控”时结构为:chargesb.withsth.o.【解析】选A考查短语辨析句意这个电影院由于传统的设计而看上去很旧实际上,它仅仅在两个月前才完工inreality事实上,实际上;inturn依次,轮流;inreturn作为回报;inneed在危难中根据句意可知答案选A.【解析】选Ao考查动词辨析句意为2011年西安国际园博会做了三年的准备之后,西安正向全世界展示很多人认为的“绿色特别奥运present展示,呈现,赠送;appeal吸引,呼吁;introduce引进,介绍;develop发展根据句意选A7•【解析】选A考查名词辨析句意网上购物既可以提供方便也可以提供选择,但是并非所有的网站购物都足够安全convenience便利;fashion时尚;quality质量;shortcut捷径
8.【解析】选A考查动词辨析句意会议上,她才气横溢的报告给所有的人都留下了深刻的印象beimpressedwith对……留下印象,符合句意surprised吃惊的;excited兴奋的,激动的;comforted受到安慰的【变式备选】AfterMayDayIwrotedownwhatevermeduringthejourneyespeciallythelittlegirlwhocouldntgotoschoolforbeingdisabled.A.expressedB.affectedC.impressedD.influenced【解析】选C考查动词辨析句意五一之后,我写下了旅行中给我留下深刻印象的一切,尤其是那个因残疾而不能上学的小女孩express表达;affect影响;impress给人留下深刻印象;influence影响
9.【解析】选D考查动词辨析句意当我想表达对他的谢意时,却不知要说什么我只是紧紧握住他的手,哽咽了escape逃跑,逃脱;消失,忘掉,被遗忘”,符合句意——很糟糕不仅可以享受的业余时间更少了,我甚至觉得自己比以前更忙了notonly...butalso...连接两个并列分句,当notonly位于句首时,其后的分句要用部分倒装,但是butalso后的分句不用倒装,故答案选C.【解析】选Ao考查动词短语辨析句意一一Mary什么使得你如此高兴?一一哦,我刚刚遇见一位多年不见的老朋友comeacross偶遇,无意中发现;comein进来;comeout出现,出版,结果是;comeup走近,发生,开始,发芽根据句意选A.【解析】选C考查as的用法句意医生说,随着年龄的增长人们需要有规律的锻炼来避免腿部肌肉变小变弱as引导时间状语从句,表示主从句动作同时发生【知识拓展】when/while/as引导时间状语从句时的区别13•【解析】选C考查非谓语动词作状语将句子还原是Comparingthedifficultyhefacedwithothers因为compare的宾语thedifficulty有定语从句修饰,所以将其置后
14.【解析】选Bo考查动词短语辨析句意在会上,“他应该负责这项工程”的建议被提了出来comeup被提出,符合句意putforward和comeupwith都表示“提出”,但用在此处均应该为被动形式;showup出现,到场,不合题意,故选B15•【解析】选B考查upondoing结构句意刚走到剧院门口,他就发现把票落在家里了upondoingsth.意为“一……就……”,符合句意m.【文章大意】一位被诊断为有言语障碍、诵读困难和听觉问题的少年敢于面对自己的困难,最终成为社区的明星,被授予“优秀小市民”称号那么,是什么促使他取得这一切的呢?.【解析】选D考查连词此句与前一句在逻辑上是转折关系Russ虽然是一个有多种交流障碍的人,今天却当选为Ocean县“优秀小市民”,现在站在台上演讲.【解析】选Bo考查名词makeanacceptancespeech意为“做领奖致辞,做受奖演讲”.【解析】选C考查介词短语Russ当选优秀小市民是因为他卓越的志愿服务.【解析】选A考查动词我情不自禁地回忆过去一些难忘的时刻以下的部分内容是作者回忆的,故A项正确.【解析】选D考查动词短语faceupto意为“勇敢面对”作者回想起Russ是一个有爱心、有同情心和善良的人,他敢于面对自己的交流障碍.【解析】选B考查情态动词我想他现在在台上演讲,心跳一定很快此处的must表示推测意为“一定”.【解析】选C考查形容词Russ小时候被诊断为有言语障碍、诵读困难和听觉问题现在,29岁的他被授予荣誉称号,他的家庭教师们知道后一定会感到很自豪proud.【解析】选Co考查名词根据下文的aboutfiresafety和drivingupinafiretruck可知Russ义务做了10年的消防志愿者.【解析】选B考查形容词Russ负责为无家可归者筹备服装、给学龄前儿童讲防火知识等事情.【解析】选Ao考查动词takesb.bysurprise为固定短语,意为“使某人吃惊”.【解析】选C此空前的touchon意为“提及,谈及”,根据后面的hedied可知他三岁的侄子因为生病而夭折了,故此处用loss.【解析】选Do考查连词在那一刻,我不得不在泪流满面之前再一次闭上眼睛.【解析】选B考查动词短语当Russ将他的获奖归功于侄子Austin时,房间里所有的人都立即沉默下来了dropdown意为“落下”,fallover意为“发生故障被……绊倒”,takeoff意为“起飞;脱下;产品等突然受欢迎,getup意为“起床”.【解析】选A考查动词concludehisaddress意为“结束他的演讲”.【解析】选C考查副词我从未想到Russ会有今天这样的荣誉和成就事实上actually没有人曾经会想到过Russ会成为足球队的明星……16•【解析】选A考查代词makeit为固定短语,意为“成功;达到预定目标”.【解析】选Bo考查动词但是他一步步地上来了,最终成为社区一位真正的“明星”18•【解析】选C考查介词Russ通过by给予他人无私的服务而成了一个有坚强个性的人.【解析】选D考查副词根据上文,Russ现在知道了如何去爱所以他做事有着清晰的目标.【解析】选Bo考查名词此题属于原词复现在14空后有howtoloveoIV.【参考范文】DearEditorImaseniorhighschoolstudentnamedLiHua.NowmanystudentshaveiPodsandthinkitsafashiontousethem.UsinganiPodwecanlistentomusicdownloadalotoflearningmaterialsandreadthemonthescreen.ApparentlyitishelpfultoourstudyespeciallytoourEnglishlistening.SomestudentshoweverbringtheiriPodstotheclassroomandlistentomusicwithearphoneswhichmakestheteacherandotherstudentsgreatlyannoyed.WhatJsworsesomeofthemevenwasteprecioustimeinclassplayingvideogames.InmyopinionasastudentweshouldmakegooduseofiPodtohelpachieveacademicsuccess.Classroomisaplaceforstudentstostudyandthereforeconcentrationisawfullyneededforustolearnourlessons.FurthermoretheschoolshouldmakearuletoguidethestudentstouseiPodsinaproperway.YourssincerelyLiHua高考英语语法定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句一.关系代词的用法关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中作主语在定语从句中作动词的宾语或者介词的宾语、介词在后指人that/whothat/who/whom指物that/whichthat/which上表中黑框内的关系代词可以省略;在口语及非正式文体中whom常被who所替代;另外,关系代词whose表示先行词的二.示例.关系代词在定语从句中作主语Doyouknowthemanthat/whocametoseeXiaoYangthismorningThisisabookthat/whichtellsaboutspacerocket..关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语Thecomradethat/who/whomtheycametovisitisascientist.Iwillneverforgetthedaythat/whichwespentinthecountryside.wegotlostonarainynight.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.when一Yourneighborsmayyouwithplayingyourradiotooloudlyatnight.-1know.Theyneversayanythingthatmeespecially.A.accuse;appealstoB.charge;appealtoC.charge;appealstoD.blame;appealstoThecinemalooksveryoldbecauseofitstraditionaldesign.itwasfinishedonlytwomonthsago.A.InrealityB.InturnC.InreturnD.InneedAfterthreeyearsofpreparationforthe2011XianInternationalHorticulturalExpo(西安国际园博会),thecityiswhatmanypeoplethinkistheGreenSpecialOlympicstotheworld.A.presentingB.appealingC.introducingD.developingShoppingonlinecanprovidebothandchoicebutnotallwebsitesaresafeenoughforshopping.A.convenienceB.fashionC.qualityD.shortcut[2012聊城模拟]Atthemeetingallthepeopleweredeeply.关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语,介词在后Thisisthehousethat/whichhewasbornin.Thepersonthat/who/whomyoushouldwritetoisMrBall.Themanthat/who/whomyoutalkedwithisourEnglishteacher..whose引导的定语从句IknowaladywhosehusbandisaNobelPrizewinner.Thechildwhosemotherdiedinthefireisnowanengineerinourcompany.Heislivinginahousewhosewindowsarepaintedwhite.三.应注意的问题.指物时,关系代词只用that而不用which的情况:
①.先行词被最高级或theonlytheverythesame等修饰时ThisisthebestplaythatwaswrittenbyJack.HeistheonlypersonthatIcantrust..先行词被序数词或thelast等词修饰时a.Thisisthefirstcarthatarrivedthismorning..先行词为alleverythingnothingsomethinganything等不定代词时或被不定代词allanyno等修饰时Allthepeoplethatcomefromthecountryworkmuchharder.ThisisallthatIcantellyou..人+动物或事物共同作为先行词时a.MyfatherandMrBrowntalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedforaboutanhour..句中又有which作为疑问词出现时a.WhichisthetrainthatgoestoBeijing
2.关系代词whowhichthat在定语从句中作主语时,要注意定语从句中的主谓一致问题.因为who/that/which指代先行词,所以定语从句的谓语与先行词保持一致即可Icametogetthebookthatwasleftintheclassroom.Icametogetthebooksthatwereleftintheclassroom.关系副词引导的定语从句一.关系副词的用法when在定语从句中作地点状语;where在定语从句中作地点状语;why在定语从句中作原因状语.示例:HewaswellatthetimewhenIsawhim.Letsmeetattheplacewherewemetyesterday.ThisisthereasonwhyIaminfavorofthesinger..应注意的问题.在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可省略,这样的名词如thetimeeverytimeeachtimethemomenttheminutethesecond等(也有语法家认为是这些名词直接引导了时间状语从句)a.Bythetime(when)hewasfourteenyearsoldhehadlearnedmuchEnglish.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句一.说明关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,介词可以位于关系代词之前从而构成介词+关系代词引导的定语从句二这种定语从句中关系代词的用法在这种定语从句中,关系代词只能用whom(指人)和which(指事物),而不能使用that/who.示例Thisisthehouseinwhichhewasborn.ThepersontowhomyoushouldwriteisMrBall.ThemanwithwhomyoutalkedisourEnglishteacher.ThegentlemanwithwhosedaughterIworkedlookeddownuponwoman..应注意的问题.关系代词前的介词可以是单个介词,也可以是短语介词或类似短语介词的词组Thisisthehouseinwhichhewasborn.Atfiveoclockwereachedthehouseinfrontofwhichthereisabigtree.Atfiveoclockwereachedthemountainatthefootofwhichliesomefarmhouses..根据表达的需要,介词之前还可以有其他词,从而构成名词或代词+介词+关系代词引导的定语从句Iusedtoliveinasmallroomthewindowofwhichfacesthestreet.Atthegatestoodagroupofstudentssomeofwhomaregirls..介词若为短语动词中的介词,则不可将介词拆开放在关系代词之前Thisisthemagazinewhichyouarelookingfor.for不能放在which之前ThechildwhomAuntLitakescareofisill.of不能放在whom之前.关系副词when/where/why常可与介词+关系代词互换DoyourememberthedayswhenwewereinBeijing=inwhichwewereinBeijingDoyouremembertheparkwhereweonceplayedforawholeday=inwhichweonceplayedforawholedayThisisthereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterday.=forwhichhewasabsent限定性与非限定性定语从句一.两者的区别见下表形式作用译法限定性定语从句无逗号与主句分开修饰限定作用,即不可缺少的定语其译文常位于先行词之前,并体现的非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句分开附加、补充说明的作用,若缺少它,句意仍然完整常将其译成一个和主句并列的分句二.关系词的用法非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,并且关系词在任何情况下都不能省略,除此之外,在关系词的使用上,非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句完全相同三.示例Mybookwhichisveryoldisonthetable.PresidentKennedywhohadheardofKingbeforewasinterestedtomeethim.HisfatherwhoisworkinginBeijingisanengineer.Thehousewherehewasbornhasbeendestroyedintheearthquake.Mr.SmithwithwhomyoujusttalkedisourEnglishteacher.ThegentlemanwithwhosedaughterIworkedlookeddownuponwoman.四.应注意的问题:l.as/which都可以引导一个非限定性定语从句as/which是关系代词指代主句中所提到的某种情况,它们的不同点是.as引导的这种定语从句位置比较灵活一,可位于句首,句中,句尾;但which引导的这种定语从句只能位于主句之后.as还带有正如,正象之意,而which不含此意Theearthislikeaballaseveryoneknows.Aseveryoneknowstheearthislikeaball.TheysaidtheywereFrenchwhichwasnttrue.常见问题一定语从句还原法试题中有很多有关定语从句的,这类题往往需选择引导词部分做好这类题的关键首先是要有这样的观念定语从句应有完整而合理的句子成分.基于这一点,我们可以用还原法来检验定语从句是否正确,即把定语从句还原成为一个简单句.具体做法是
①.第一步替换.将关系代词直接替换成先行词,如果是关系副词先替换成介词+关系代词,再将关系代词替换成先行词
②.第二步调整,即调整语序,看能否构成一个合理的简单句例如,还原以下例句a中的定语从句的过程是先将that/which替换成先行词thepark再调整语序,就能得到一个合理的简单句Wevisitedtheparklastyear.再如,还原以下例句b中的定语从句的过程是先将where替换成inwhich再将which替换成先行词thepark再调整语序,就得到一个合理的简单句Weonceplayedforawholedayinthepark.Doyouremembertheparkthat/whichwevisitedlastyearDoyouremembertheparkwhereweonceplayedforawholedayDoyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespenttogetherDoyoustillrememberthedayswhenweweretogether二.分隔定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但有时也被分隔开来,在阅读时要注意根据定语从句所表达的意思来分辨先行词withherbrilliantreport.A.impressedB.surprisedC.excitedD.comforted[2012鹰潭模拟]WhenTwantedtoexpressmythankstohimwordsme.Ijustheldhishandsfirmlyandchoked.A.leftB.fledC.forgotD.escaped[2012蚌埠模拟]一Howdoyoulikeyourcollegelife一Terrible.Notonlylesssparetimebutmyselfevenbusierthanbefore.A.doIenjoy;doIfindB.Ienjoy;IfindC.doIenjoy;IfindD.Ienjoy;doIfind—WhathasmadeyousohappyMary-OhIvejustanoldfriendIhavenJtseenforyears.A.comeacrossB.comeinC.comeoutD.comeup[2012济南模拟]Doctorssaythatpeopleneedregularexercisetopreventtheirlegmusclesbecomingsmallerandweakertheyage.A.whenB.whileC.asD.beforeothersthedifficultyhefacedhefoundhis是什么Iwastheonlypersonintheofficewhowasinvited.HewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhopassedtheGRE..as引导的这种定语从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首,句中,句尾;但which引导的这种定语从句只能位于主句之后.as还带有正如,正象之意,而which不含此意Theearthislikeaballaseveryoneknows.Aseveryoneknowstheearthislikeaball.TheysaidtheywereFrenchwhichwasnttrue.常见问题一.定语从句还原法试题中有很多有关定语从句的,这类题往往需选择引导词部分.做好这类题的关键首先是要有这样的观念定语从句应有完整而合理的句子成分.基于这一点,我们可以用还原法来检验定语从句是否正确,即把定语从句还原成为一个简单句.具体做法是
①第一步替换.将关系代词直接替换成先行词,如果是关系副词先替换成介词+关系代词,再将关系代词替换成先行词
②.第二步调整,即调整语序,看能否构成一个合理的简单句例如,还原以下例句a中的定语从句的过程是先将that/which替换成先行词thepark再调整语序,就能得到一个合理的简单句Wevisitedtheparklastyear.再如还原以下例句b中的定语从句的过程是先将where替换成inwhich再将which替换成先行词thepark再调整语序,就得到一个合理的简单句Weonceplayedforawholedayinthepark.Doyouremembertheparkthat/whichwevisitedlastyearDoyouremembertheparkwhereweonceplayedforawholedayDoyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespenttogetherDoyoustillrememberthedayswhenweweretogether二.分隔定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但有时也被分隔开来,在阅读时要注意根据定语从句所表达的意思来分辨先行词是什么Iwastheonlypersonintheofficewhowasinvited.HewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhopassedtheGREcurrentsituationwasmuchbetter.A.ComparedwithB.ComparedtoC.ComparingwithD.ComparingtoAtthemeetingaproposalthatheshouldtakechargeoftheproject.A.putforwardB.cameupC.cameupwithD.showedupatthegateofthetheatrehefoundtheticketfortheplaywasleftathome.A.ToarriveB.UponarrivingC.AsarrivingD.Whilearrivingm.完形填空L2012杭州模拟JRusswasalovablekidwithavarietyofcommunicationchallenges一aspeechimpediment(言语障碍)dyslexia(诵读困难),andauditory(听觉的)problems.1todayheiswalkingconfidentlystandingtai1tomakeanacceptance2forhavingbeenchosenasoneoftheuOutstandingYoungCitizensvinOceanCountyNewJersey3hisremarkablevolunteerserviceinthetownofTomsRiver.AsIlistenedIclosedmyeyes.Ifoundmyself4thosememorablemoments.MymindwasfullofwarmimagesofRussasalovingcaringyouthagentlesoul5hischallenges.AndnowashestoodattheplatformIknewhisheart6beracing.AsRusscontinuedtospeakIthoughtaboutthefatefuldaywhenhewasdiagnosedwithallthoseimpairments(缺陷)andhow7histutors(家庭教师)wouldbeiftheycouldseehimtoday.Herehewasattwenty-ninebeinghonoredfortenyearsofserviceasavolunteer8Russwas9fororganizingclothingforthehomelessteachingpreschoolchildrenaboutfiresafetyandforplayingSantaClausforverysickchildrenbydrivingupinafiretruck.Russthankedhisparentsforprovidinghimwithdignityandteachinghimaboutmorals.Thenpausingforafewsecondshe10usbysurprisebytouchinglovinglyonthe11ofhisnephewAustin.Austinwasjustthreeyearsoldwhenhediedfromanincurabledisease.AtthatmomentIhadtoclosemyeyesagain12adifferentsetoftearsrandownmychecks.Asilence13theroomasRussowedhisvolunteerawardtoAustin.He14hisaddressbyliftingtheaudienceupwiththesewordsuAustintaughtmehowtolove.”Ihaveneverthoughtofthisday.15noonehadeverthoughtthatRusswouldmake16asthestarofthefootballteamandhehadneverbeenvoted“mostlikelytosucceed“buthe17tobeatrue“starinhiscommunity.Russbecameamanofstrongcharacter18hisunselfishservicetoothers.WithsomanyimpairmentsRussnowseesandacts19withhisheartlliswordsanddeedsinspireeveryonewhoknowshim.Itshownuswhat20is.A.AndB.WhenButA.pointB.speechD.appealA.inspiteofC.becauseofC.AsD.C.callB.regardlessofD.inthefaceof
4.A.recallingA.GenerallyC.ActuallyA.itB.himD.thatA..happenedC.appearedA.atB.onA.cautiouslyC.closelyA.sharingC.sacrificeIV.书面表达假如你叫李华,是一位高中生随着科技的发展,iPod已成为中学生的新宠用iPod既可听音乐、阅读纯文本电子书,又可玩电子游戏请你用英语给某英语报社写一封信,谈谈中学生使用iPod的情况信的内容须包括以下几点.使用对学习的好处.对课堂纪律和学习可能产生的负面影响.提出自己的建议并说明理由注意
1.开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数;
2.词数150左右DearEditorseniorhighschoolstudentnamedLiHua.YourssincerelyLiHua答案解析I.
1.WhenitcomestobasketballwethinkofLinShuhao.Shestoodatthewindowwatchingthesunset.Tiredandhungryhewenttobedmuchearlierthanbefore.WhileIamwillingtohelpIdonothavemuchtimeavailable.Itistimethatwewenttobed.H・L【解析】选C考查动词辨析句意祝贺你的提升这真是你应得的deserve值得,应得,符合句意preserve保存,保护,维持;observe观察,遵守,注意到;reserve储备,保留,预约【变式备选】whenwhen既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作,可用来表示主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生Whenthefilmendedthepeoplewentback.当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一致,其表语又是一个名词时,就可以用as引导的省略句来代替Asayoungman=Whenhewasayoungmanhewasfondofhunting.when引导的从句while从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比Pleasedonttalkwhileothersareworking.as从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译为“一边……,(一边……)”或“随着……”Hehurriedhomelookingbehindashewent.注意如果主句表示短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时whenwhile与as可互换使用When/While/AsIwaswalkingdownthestreetIcameacrossanoldfriendofmine.C.seizingD.expecting
5.A.puttingupwithB.concerningaboutC.escapingfromD.facingupto
6.A.couldB.mustC.wouldD.might
7.A.nervousB.excitedC.proudD.surprised
8.A.policemanB.tailorC.firemanD.tutor
9.A.gratefulB.responsibleC.anxiousD.fit
10.A.tookB.gotC.shockedD.moved
11.A.birthB.achievementC.lossD.disease
12.A.sinceB.afterC.whenD.before
13.A.droppeddownB.felloverC.tookoffD.gotup
14.A.concludedB.wroteC.deliveredD.started。