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英语基础概念主句+从句=复合句01有关概念由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子叫做复合句所谓主句,就是在复合句中起统领作用的句子,它是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;而从句则是复合句的一个句子成分,不能独立存在如You’ll feelbetter afteryou takethe pills.吃完药丸后你会感到好一些The policelearned that he wasn’t thereat thattime.警察获知他那时不在场这两句都是复合句,第一句的主句是You’ll feelbetter,从句是after youtakethe pills,由after引导,在整个复合句中用作状语,表示时间;第二句的主句是The policelearned是主句,that he wasn’t thereat thattime是从句,由that引导,在整个复合句中用作宾语注意,英语的复合句不是简单句的反面,不要将它误解为“复杂句”事实上,英语的简单句有时也可以比较“复杂”,而复合句也可以比较“简单”如He stoppedbecause he was tired.他停下来是因为他累了这个句子比较“简单”,却是一个典型的复合句,其中的he stopped是主句,because hewas tired是从句,在复合句中用作状语,表示原因02从句的分类前面我们说到从句是整个复合句的一个句子成分,它可以用作主语、宾语、定语、状语等一般说来,一个从句在复合句充当什么成分我们就叫它为什么从句——从句在复合句用作主语,我们就叫它为主语从句;从句在复合句用作宾语,我们就叫它为宾语从句;从句在复合句用作状语,我们就叫它为状语从句;等等如He answeredthat heknew nothingabout it.他回答说他不知情The troubleis that I have lost his address.麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了He wasrather pleasedwhen hewon thatprize.他获奖后相当高兴She wasnot in the train that arrivedjust now.她不在刚到的那列车上第一句中的that heknew nothingabout it为宾语从句,因为它在复合句中用作动词answered的宾语;第二句中的that I havelosthis address为表语从句,因为它在复合句中用在连系动词is后作表语;第三句中的when hewonthat prize为状语从句,因为它在复合句中用状语,表示时间,所以也叫时间状语从句;第四句中的that arrivedjust now为定语从句,因为它在复合句中用作定语,修饰名词the train判断关系代词与关系副词方法一用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词例如This isthe mountainvillage whereI stayedlast year.Ill neverforget the days when I workedtogether withyou.方法二准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分主、谓、宾、定、状,也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词例
1.Is thismuseum___you visiteda fewdays ageA.where B.that C.on whichD.the one例
2.Is thisthe museum____the exhibitionwas held.A.where B.that C.on whichD.the one答案例1D,例2A例1变为肯定句This museumis___you visiteda fewdays ago.例2变为肯定句This isthe museum___the exhibitionwas held.在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where,that,on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in themuseum词组,可用介词in+which引导地点状语而此题中,介词on用的不对,所以选A关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose;先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语语法小知识主将从现的标志词主将从现是一种出现在状语从句中的语法现象,多指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,当主句是一般将来时态,则从句要用一般现在时替代一般将来时因为主将从现出现在状语从句中,在这里我们就以状语从句的几个类别为根据来列举主将从现的标志性词语时间状语从句when,whenever,since,till,once,as soonas,while,as,before,after如I willbe amath teacherwhenIgrow up.条件状语从句if,unless,assolong as如If Ihave extramoney,I willpay thebill foryou.原因状语从句because,since,as,for,now that如The tutorwill leavehere now that you have noproblems.让步状语从句though,although,even if,even though,however如Though youhave advantagesin thismatch,I will not giveup.目的状语从句in orderthat,so that,that如In orderthat Lilycan getthe prize,we willhave aplanin detail.在条件状语从句中,如果主语是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时一个句子的中心意思体现在主句中,所以判断是否使用主将从现首先要做的是区分主从句当找到主句,分析其时态为一般将来时或借助某些结构表达将来含义时,则从句使用一般现在时态
1.用“连词+分词”来替代从句当主句和从句的主语一致,谓语的时态又是同时段发生,可以把从句的主语省去,变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确,还可以保留连词Guests minglewhile enjoyingcake,punch andother treats.客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品,一边却在一起聊天While speakingout againstHitler’s atrocities,the Americanpeoplegenerally favoredisolationist policiesand neutrality.虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行,但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度Plastics arematerials whichare softenedby heat and setintolasting formwhen shapedin amold.注如果从句的谓语是系动词be,在简化句型时应该把be动词改成being,但是由于being语义意义,所以可以省略,这样就造成了形容词作状语了These apples,when ripe,are picked.这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来She knowsall thehazards ofsmoking whilepregnant.她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性
2.用“介词+分词”来替代从句一般说来,用on和at表示“as soonas,once”on后面常接“来、去”之类的词,at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词in后面接其他带动作的词,相对于从属连词“while”On removingthem hewas stunnedto seethat theplates werefogged wherethe crystalshad coveredthem.当他把晶体揭开时,发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙,他吃了一惊In runningdown thestairs,I heardthe clockstruck twelve.我在跑下楼的时候,听见钟敲了十二下He jumpedwith joyat hearingthe news.他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来
3.用“介词+动作性名词”来替代从句同上面一样,At基本上后接sound,sight“听到、看到”之类的词;on接“回来、到达”之类的词;用in,during表示“when,while”;用over表示“while”之意当然,这一切都是相对的分类The littlegirl passedout atsight ofa snake.小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了In ourhurry toget fromone placeto another,we failedto see anythingon the way.当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候,一路上什么也没有看见On arrivalat the railway station,he foundthe trainhadalready left.当他到达火车站的时候,他发现火车已经开走了He hadintended togo,but onsecond thoughts,he gaveupthe idea.他本来想去,但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头During myabsence,would youplease takecare ofmy cat在我不在的时候,请帮我照看一下猫,好吗?He fellasleep overa book.他看书的时候睡着了After reelectionhe announcesthat he willnothelp.经过一番考虑后,他宣布将不提供任何帮助After graduation,he wentto Americafor hisPhD studies.毕业之后,他去了美国攻读博士
4.用“并列句”代替Two otherposes weretried andI emergedfrom thebooth tofind a lot peoplewaiting formy signatures.又试了两个其他的姿势后,我从拍照亭里出来,发现很多人在那里等待我的签名名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同,分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开,并且它们都用相同的关联词,关联词如下
①主从连词that无意义,whether是否,if是否(在句子中不充当任何成分)
②连接代词who谁,whom谁,whose谁的,what什么,which哪一个
③连接副词when什么时候,where什么地方,how怎样,why为什么主从连词只起连接作用,连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外,还充当从句某一个成分另外,可以用whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever等连接代词引导名词性从句,来加强语气
(一)主语从句(subject clause)在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句例如That hewill come to the discussion iscertain.他来参加讨论是确定的That the moon movesround theearth iswell knownto allof us.月球绕地球转动,这是我们大家都熟知的When the meeting is to beheld hasnot yetbeen decide.会议什么时候召开还没有决定主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得比较笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主语,而将主语从句放在后面例如上面的句子可以分别改写为It iscertain that hewill cometo thediscussion.It iswell knownto allof usthat themoon movesroundthe earth.It hasnot yetbeen decidewhen themeeting isto beheld.
(二)宾语从句(object clause)在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句在引导宾语从句时,从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略
(1)动词后的宾语从句We knowthat aparrot can’t reallyspeak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话He wantsto tellus what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情Knowing that it wasgoing torain,they decidedto workinside thehouse.知道要下雨了,于是他们决定在室内工作现在分词knowing的宾语从句I wantto knowwhether/if youstill workin thefactory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作(不定式to know的宾语从句)The clubwillgive whoeverwins aprize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖Up tonow we can’t saywhether histheory canstand thetest.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验
(2)形容词的宾语从句有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句,表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩常见的这类形容词有afraid,amazed,astonished,aware,certain,confident,delighted,glad,grateful,happy,proud,sad,sorry,sure,surprised等I amglad that youhavecome.你来了,我真高兴I amafraid that you arewrong onthis point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的He isquite confidentthat hewill passthe examination.他很有信心通过这个考试
(三)表语从句(predicative clause)在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句One ideais thatfish isthe bestbrain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品The problemis wherewecanhold ourmeeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议My questionis howinformation isstored inthe long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的That is whathereally wants.那就是他真想要的东西It seemsthat everythinggoes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利
(四)同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明,一般用连词that引导,由于先行名词的意义不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后如She finallymade thedecision thatshe wouldjoin thefashion show.I hadno ideahow manybooks Icould borrowatatime.The newscame that their teamhad won the championship.名词性从句的用法及定义1.that引导主语从句时,that没有意义,但不能省略It worriedher abitthat herhair wasturning gray.她的头发正在变白,这使她很不安that引导主语从句,it作形式主语,that不能省略That she is arich womanis knownto usall.众所周知,她是个富有的女人这是that引导主语从句,that不能省略这句话可以改为用it作形式主语的句型2.从句作主语时,多数情况下由it作形式主语,而把主语从句放在后面,尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下例
①It wasn’t veryclear what she meant.不清楚她是什么意思
②It isimportant that he shouldcome ontime.他按时来是很重要的
③It istrue thatthat manontheleft isa well-known writerhere.左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家,这是真的这里,第一个that引导主语从句,是单纯的连词,无词义,不作句子成分第二个that是指示代词,作句子成分,是man的定语3.whether既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句,但if不能引导主语从句whether后面可以加or not,而if不能与or not连用作介词宾语时不用if.如
①Whether Iknew Johndoesn’t matter.=It doesn’t matterwhether IknewJohn.我是否认识约翰没有关系
②Whether or not she’ll comeisn’t clear.=Whether she’llcomeornot isn’t clear.=It isn’t clearwhether….她是否来还不清楚
③It alldepends onwhether wecan gettheir cooperation.这是主语从句还是宾语从句?it是形式主语吗?it是代词,whether引导的是宾语从句,作介词on的宾语,不能用if引导请翻译这句话这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作
④I worryabout whetherI hurther feelings.宾语从句,介词宾语,不能用if引导请翻译这句话
⑤She askedme whether/if youwere married.宾语从句,既可以用whether,又可以用if引导注意时态的对应请翻译这句话
⑥We haven’t decidedwhether/if weshall givethem aid.
⑦I’m notsure whether/if thereport isbelievable.
⑧Now let’s dosome translation:现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举
⑨It isstill hardto predictwho willwin thenext presidentialelection.对于多数公民来说,谁当选总统无关紧要⑩Who willbecome thepresident doesn’t mattermuch tomost citizens.这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察形式主语中名词性从句作真正主语的情况与汉语习惯不同,英语习惯将较重要的信息放在句子后半段,为避免头重脚轻,就产生了一个逻辑主语it,同时也就产生了一种新的的语法现象——形式主语It+动词+从句seem,appear,happen,look,matter,make,strike,occurIt appearedthathehad ahappy childhood.看来他有一段幸福的童年It madeus veryhappy thatshe wassaved.她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴It is+形容词+从句true,strange,necessary,important,certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probableIt iscertain thatfree medicalcare willbe givento mostpeoplein ourcity.我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗,这是一定的It isobvious thathe hasbeen treated.很明显他已经被款待了It is+名词+从句fact,surprise,pity,honor,common knowledgeIt is commonknowledge that themooncannot giveout light.月亮不会发光,这是常识It isa surprisethat yougave suchan answerto thequestion.你对这个问题作了这样的回答,令人吃惊It+be+分词+从句said,reported,believed,known,decided,thought,expected,announcedIt issaid thatJack hasbeen toEurope.据说Jack去过欧洲It wasreported thata newpark willbe built.据报道将要建造一个新的公园需要注意的是,作为形式主语的it并无实际意义,只是为了满足语法上的需要,避免句子头重脚轻,它代替的是句子的逻辑主语,而真正主语由从句或不定式充当形式主语一直都是高频考点,同学们需要多多练习从句定语从句的简化规律
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性(包括谓语有情态动词)或之后性,则可以用“关系代词或关系副词+不定式”来简化,或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词要注意的是,此时的不定式一定要是及物动词,如果是不及物,则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词,使之成为及物动词短语这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面,也可以继续留在句尾前者是正式说法,后者是非正式说法We movedto thecountry so that the children wouldhave agardenin whichthey couldplay in.我们搬到了乡下,好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩改为We movedto thecountry so that thechildren wouldhave agardenin whichto play.或者We movedto thecountry so thatthechildren wouldhave agardento playin.
(二)改用“介词短语”介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式
(1)省略“关系副词+主语+be动词”,或“关系代词+be动词”;
(2)根据从句的意思改编We havenever forgottenthe dayswhen wewere atcollege.我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子I don’t knowthe person who isin youroffice.在你办公司的那个人我不认识He isnot a personwholikes tohaggle overevery ounce.改为He isa personabove personalinterests.他不是一个斤斤计较的人
(三)改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”“现在分词短语”作后置定语此项要明白三点
(1)“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系;
(2)它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态例如谓语是一般现在时或将来时,现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时;如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时,现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时;
(3)being+-ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”如果信息的中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢?当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词”,可用现在分句短语作后置定语由于主语是泛指,句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”,所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”,此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语为了看清分词所隐含的时态,配上定语为了大家看得明白,配上定语从句,把分词所替代的时间展示出来Anyone touchingthat wire will get an electric stock.任何人碰到那根电线就会触电=Anyone whotouches thatwirewillgetanelectricstock.The onlyreal andlasting solutionistoconvince peoplethat drivingisaskilled taskrequiring(=which requires)constant careand concentration.唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信,开车是一种技术活,需要不断的小心,思想不能开小差Charles andSydney,looking(=who look)so muchlike eachother,are oftenconsidered tobe twins.查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似,经常被人误解为双胞胎注虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词,但是如果从句里的时态不是同步,则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语,只能用“定语从句”Do youknow anybodywho haslost adog你知道有谁丢了一只猫?定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词,也可以是一个句子定语从句通常位于先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导→限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词,对先行词起修饰作用,紧接先行词之后,无逗号,若省去,原句意思不完整引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有时也可指物,相当于of which;which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用于限制性定语从句中关系代词除了引导定语从句,替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等如The computersand cableswhich makeup the Internet areowned bypeople andorganizations.Those wholive aloneor whoare sickmay havetrouble ingettingclose toother people.The girlwhose parentsdied inan accidentis livingwithher grandmother.1当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导从句如That isall thatIve heardfrom him.Hes thefirst personthat Imgoing tointerview thisafternoon.2关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that,只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略,但当介词位于宾语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可省略如This isone ofthose thingswith whichwe have to put up.This isone ofthose thingswhich\that wehavetoputupwith.3引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等关系副词在从句中作状语,意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构如Even incomic bookswhere=in whichthere areno words,thestories arefully expressedthrough thedrawings.No oneknows the reason why=for which hewasso angrythat day.*→非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,也可修饰整个主句,起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开,若省去,原句意思不受影响不可用that引导非限制性定语从句关系词不可省略如Every objecthas agravitational pull,which israther likemagnetism.*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配,或先行词的习惯搭配如This isthe computeron whichhe spentall hissavings.Itiswritten byapersonwith whomwe areall familiar.*as引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中,代替先行词是人或物的名词as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间如These arenot suchproblems ascan beeasily solved.as代替先行词problemsAs ismentioned above,no singlecompany orgroup cancontrol whathappens ontheInternet.as代替主语)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语1)when,where,why关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用,例如There areoccasions whenon whichone mustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候Beijing isthe placewhere in which Iwas born.北京是我的出生地Is thisthereasonwhy forwhichherefused ouroffer这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和介词+which引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如His fatherdied theyear that/when/in whichhewasborn.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了He isunlikely tofind theplace that/where/inwhichhe livedfortyyears ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下Is hethe manwho/that wantsto seeyou他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He isthe manwhom/thatIsaw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2Whose用来指人或物,只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如They rushedover tohelp theman whosecar hadbroken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙Please passme thebook whoseof whichcover isgreen.请递给我那本绿皮的书3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如A prosperitywhich/that hadnever beenseen beforeappears inthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣(which/that在句中作主语)The packagewhich/thatyouare carryingis aboutto comeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了which/that在句中作宾语)状语从句→地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.Wherever shewent,she tookher littledaughter withher.→原因、结果和目的状语从句1)引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat,considering that,in that等Considering thathe isa freshman,we mustsay he is doingwell.2引导结果状语从句的连词有so...that,such...that,so that,that,so等Mickey Mouseis soattractive thatthechildrenare reluctantto leave.3引导目的状语从句的连词有so that,in orderthat,for fearthat,lest等,从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词We gotup earlythis morningsothatwe couldcatch thefirstbus to therailwaystation.→条件和让步状语从句1)引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,asso longas,oncondition that,in case,providedproviding that,supposing等As longas youhave theright equipment,you canuse atelephone lineto transmitcomputer data.2引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,eventhough,even if,no matterwhatwhen,how...,whateverwhenever,wherever,however....等though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构,具有强调意义其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词)+as+主语+谓语”No matter what youmay say,I wouldnot changemy mind.Young asheis,heisquite experiencedin thiswork.=though heis young→时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有1)when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等We havelearnt quitealotabout itsince wecame here.2as soonas,hardlyscarcely...when,no sooner...than,eacheverytime,the moment,immediatelythat等As soonas Isent ane-mail message,I receivedpositive responses.The momenthe heardthe goodnews,he jumpedwith joy.状语从句常用引导词时间状语从句常用引导词when、as、while、as soonas、before、after、since、till、until特殊引导词the minute、the moment、the second、every time、theday、immediately、directly、no sooner…than一……就……、hardly…when刚一……就……、scarcely…when几乎没有…的时候地点状语从句常用引导词where特殊引导词wherever、anywhere、everywhere原因状语从句常用引导词because、since、as、for特殊引导词seeing that、nowthat、inthat、considering that、given that结果状语从句常用引导词so…that、such…that特殊引导词such that、to thedegree that、to theextent that、to suchadegree that目的状语从句常用引导词sothat、such that特殊引导词tothedegree that、totheextent that、to sucha degreethat、in orderthat条件状语从句常用引导词if、unless、whetherwhether…ornot特殊引导词as/so longas、only if、providing/provide that、supposingthat、in casethat、on conditionthat让步状语从句常用引导词though、although、even if、even though特殊引导词as用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装、while一般用在句首、no matter…、in spiteof thefact that、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever方式状语从句常用引导词as、as if、how特殊引导词theway比较状语从句常用引导词as同级比较、than不同程度的比较特殊引导词the more…the more…、just as…、so…、A toB iswhat/asC isto D、no…more than、not somuch Aas B区分that与what引导的从句
一、引导主语从句that与what都可引导主语从句,that在从句中不作句子成分,但不能省略what在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,不能省略如What hesaid atthemeetingwas veryimportant.他在会上所说的非常重要(宾语)What surprisedus isthathedid italone.使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作(主语)That hedid italone surprisedus.他独自完成了那项工作使我们感到吃惊(that用来引导主语从句,在句中不作成分)
二、引导宾语从句that与what都可引导宾语从句,that在从句中不作句子成分,一般情况下可以省略,但当有两个以上的宾语从句时,只能省掉第一个thatwhat在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,不能省略如They stoppedtoseewhat washappening.他们停下来看发生了什么事情(主语)The teachergot angrybecause ofwhat theboy haddone.那个男孩子做的事情让老师很生气(what在宾语从句中作宾语)All thepeople believedthatitwas rightto rescuethe temple.所有的人都认为拯救古庙是正确的(that在宾语从句中不作句子成分且可省略)We must believe thateach one of usis ableto dosomething wellandthat whenwe discoverwhat thissomething iswe mustwork hardat ituntilwe succeed.我们必须相信,我们每一个人都能把某件事情办好;而且,当我们发现这事情是什么的时候,我们就必须努力干下去,直到成功为止(第一个that可省略,第二个that不能省略)
三、引导表语从句that与what都可引导表语从句,that在从句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,不能省略如Mary isno longerwhatsheused tobe.玛丽不再是从前那样了(what在表语从句中作表语)The questioniswhat we should do toprevent himfrom going.问题是我们怎样做才能阻止他去(what在表语从句中作动词do的宾语)The reasonwhy hedidn’t cometoday isthat hismother isill.他今天没来的原因是他母亲病了(that只起连接作用)
四、引导同位语从句that与what都可引导同位语从句修饰表示抽象概念的名词,对所修饰的名词的具体内容进行详细阐述这类名词有fact,idea,news,hope,belief,promise,thought,suggestion,proposal等that在从句中不作句子成分,但不能省略what在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等,不能省略如Ihaveno ideawhatweshoulddonext.我不知道我们下一步该做什么(宾语)He madea promisethathe would studyhard.他许诺要努力学习that只起连接作用The boyexpressed hishope thathewouldbe apilot whenhe growsup.那个男孩儿表达了他长大后想当一名飞行员的愿望(that只起连接作用)
五、引导定语从句that可引导定语从句且在定语从句中作主语或宾语,that既可指人也可指物that在从句中作宾语时可省略如This isoneofthe buildingsthat werebuilt lastyear.这是去年建的楼房之一(that在定语从句中作主语,指物,不能省略)The doctorthatyoumet inthe streetyesterday camehere20years ago.你昨天在街上遇到的那位医生二十年前就来到这里了(that在从句中作宾语,指人并可省略)注意what不能引导定语从句如不能说1.He didall whathe couldto savethe patient.2.All whathe needsis moretime.应将句中的what改为that,或去掉what,还可以将以上两句中的all去掉,但两句的结构发生了根本的改变句1中的what引导宾语从句,句2中的what引导主语从句
六、引导状语从句so...that,such...that,sothat结构引导状语从句what不能引导状语从句,但whatever,no matterwhat可引导让步状语从句如Put thelittle plantsintheshade sothatthesun won’t burnthem.请把幼苗放在阴凉处以免太阳晒枯它们Don’tbelievehim nomatterwhathe says.无论他说什么,都不要相信他。