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Module5Ethnic Culture-Section1Background Readings素材Part TwoTeaching Resources第二部分教学资源Section1Background Readingsfor Module5Ethnic Culture
1.The JinuoEthnic Group:The JinuoEthnic Groupis madeup ofaround18,000people wholive in theJinghong areaof Yunnan.Their languageis aChinese-Tibetan languagewith nowritten script,but theymostlyspeak Chinesetoday.They liveby farming,and fishing,and theygrow mainlyrice,maize andtea.Rice andmaize,along withbeans,are theirstaple foods;they eatthree mealsa day,with lunchbeingtaken ontheir farmland.They livein largehouses madeof bambooon mountainslopes.About20or30familieslive onthe upperfloor of the samehouse,keeping theiranimals onthe groundfloor.The women wear colorfuljacketsand shortblack skirts,while themenweara shortwhite jacketand whiteor bluetrousers.Theyare knownas goodsingers anddancers,and thedrum isa veryimportant instrumentfor them.In Decembertheyhave a special Sun-drum Dance,when olderpeople playaspecialdrum andothers dancearound drum.
2.Ethnic Minoritiesin the UK:Immigration fromcountries whichwere formerBritish coloniesmeans thatthereare manyother ethnic groups in theUK.These arethe figuresfrom the2001censsus published
2003.Total UKpopulation:58,789,
194.Ethnic groups:White:
92.1%,Mixed:
1.2%,Asian/Asian British:
4.0%,Black/Black British:
1.8%,Chinese:
0.4%,other:
0.6%.
3.Naxi:With apopulation ofabout278009as of1990,the Naxi ethnicgroupmainly livein concentratedmunitiesin the Naxi AutonomousCounty ofLijiang in the Yunnan Province,and therest arescatteredthroughout theneighboring countiesin YunnanProvince,as wellas Yanyuan,Yanbian andMuli countiesinSichuan Province.There isalso asmall numberliving inthe MangkangCounty inthe TibetAutonomousRegion.The Naxiethnic minorityhas itsown languagewhich belongsto theYi branchof Tibeto-Burman Austronesianof the Chinese-Tibetan Phylum.The ancientNaxi peoplecreated pictographic characters calledthe“Dongba“script anda syllabicwriting knownas the“Geba”script.However,they weredifficult tomaster,and in1957the governmenthelped the Naxi designan alphabeticscript.Due toclose contactwiththe Hanpeople overthe pastseveral hundredyears,theNaxi people alsouse theoral andwritten Chinesetomunicate.According tohistorical documents,the forefathersof theNaxi people were closelyrelated toa tribecalledMaori uYi inthe HanDynasty206BC-220AD,u Mosha Yi”intheJin Dynasty265-420and“MoxieYi“intheTang Dynasty618-
907.The Naxisalso hada numberof othernames.In1278,the YuanDynastyestablished LijiangPrefecture representingthe imperialcourt inYunnanProvince.After thefoundingof thePRC in1949,following consultationwith theethnic minority,it agreedupon theofficial nameofNaxiethnicminority.Agriculture isthe mainoccupation of theNaxipeople,together withstockbreeding andhandicraftindustry.The banksof theJinsha Riverare heavilyforested,and YulongMountain isknown athome andabroadas auflora storehouse^.The extensivedense forestscontain Chinesefir,Korean pine,Yunnan pineandother valuabletrees,as wellas manyvarieties ofherbs.Naxi literatureis richin formand content.The Dongbascript createdintheseventh centuryby theNaxipeople isthe onlypictographiccharactersextant inthe world.The DongbaScripture,a religiousworkwritten inthe pictographicscript,describes thevarious aspectsof lifeoftheNaxipeopleduringtheir longtransition fromslavery tofeudalism.It isextremely importantfor thestudy ofNaxi literature,history andreligion.Most Naxipeoplewerefollowers ofthe Dongbareligion,which isa formof Shamanism.Lamaism,Buddhism,Taoism andChristianity onlyhave limitedaccess tothe Lijiangarea.The traditionalfestivals includethe Farm-Tool Fairin January,the GodoftheRain Festivalin March,and theMule andHorse Fairin July.There arealso theSpring Festival,the QingmingFestival,the DragonBoatFestival,the Mid-autumn Festivaland theTorch Festival--all beingthe sameas thoseoftheHans.
4.丽江丽江既是一个县又一个地区的名称丽江地区现在管辖4个县,其中华坪县是煤炭基地,永胜县是鱼米之乡,宁范彝族自治县和丽江纳西族自治县是重点旅游开发区全区面积20600平方公里,总人口112万,除汉族外,人口较多的还来纳西族、彝族、傀傣族、白族、普米族等10个少数民族,人口64万,约占全区总人口的57%丽江少数民族的语言、习俗、民居、服饰、节日、歌舞丰富多采,独具特色丽江坝子,云南特有民族纳西族的主要聚居地,它是滇西北最大的高原盆地,面积近200平方公里,海拔2400米左右丽江县城大研镇就坐落在坝子的中央人们通常说的丽江古城,就是大研镇的中心,在1997年12月4日它被联合国列入世界文化遗产名单,成为一座世界文化名城为什么叫“丽江”呢?“丽江”一名,始于元朝至元十三年(1276年)设置行政区丽江路《元史•地理志》说“路因江名”就是说,“丽江”地名的由来最早起源于金沙江的别称“丽水”金沙江就是长江上游,因产金沙得名但为什么金沙江又称“丽水”、“丽江”呢?史书上的主要说法是金沙江源于青藏高原犁牛石,而称犁水,即犁田的犁,山水的水昆明大观楼长联作者孙髯翁就在《金沙江》诗中写道“劈开蕃域斧无痕,流出犁牛向丽奔”蕃域即今藏族先民吐蕃居住区后因犁、丽声音相近而异写为丽水、丽江从地图上看,丽江的西、北、东三面都有金沙江环绕,就像拉丁字母W,形成三大转折奇观由此看来,元世祖忽必烈用此突出的自然实体取名“丽江”,是很恰当的丽江就是美丽的金沙江,当地纳西语又叫“依古堆”,意为大江转弯的地方这里就引出了丽江古城的大环境一一玉壁金川玉壁指的就是玉龙雪山,它位于这个坝子的北端,像是古城的一堵银色照壁,把古城映衬得光彩夺目金川指的就是金沙江,它三面环绕丽江地区615公里,堪称全球最美丽的江段丽江县城虽然地处云南西北高原,终年看见雪山,然而没有严寒,没有酷暑,不要暖气,不要空调这里年均气温摄氏
12.6度,最冷的1月平均气温约为摄氏6度,最热月的平均气温约为摄氏18度,年温差仅有12度左右同时,丽江出现绝对低温和绝对高温的次数比较少,持续时间也不会太长,所以四季的界限不很明显究其原因,主要是低纬度的地理位置,丽江位于北纬27度左右,冬夏两季日射角度变化小,地面温度比较均匀;而每年夏秋,又受海洋季风暖湿气流影响,阴雨天多,地面气温不易升高;加之纵横交错的高山成为阻挡北方寒流的天然屏障,所以这晨形成干暖温和的独特气候同时,丽江工业不多,自然很少受到污染,空气清新洁净,到处青山碧水,四季庄稼生长,尤其冬春季节,天空分外湛蓝,阳光充足明媚,令人赏心悦目正是由于丽江的四季不很明显,立体变化,遇雨成冬,而且昼夜之间的温差比较大,所以外地客人到丽江后应适当注意增减衣服,以免引起感冒丽江虽然地处偏僻,却有着悠久的历史和灿烂的文化五万年前,已有旧石器晚期智人“丽江人”在此生息从新石器、青铜器的发现进一步证实了丽江是云南古人类的摇篮之一丽江地区开发较早,公元前109年西汉即设遂久县管辖,元初设置云南37路之一的丽江路,“丽江”一名从此开始元代至清初的470年间,丽江是纳西族木氏土司统治区域中心如今的丽江县,是中国唯一的纳西族自治县,也是丽江地区最大的一个县,面积7648平方公里,人口约36万,其中纳西族占55%纳西族源于中国古代南迁的氐羌族群,居住在以丽江为中心的滇川藏交界处,总人口约有30万,而丽江县有20万,占全国纳西族总人口的67%纳西族人口不多,分布不广,然而却以古老而丰富的民族文化著称,有人说它是小民族创造大文化纳西族最为著名的文化特色是“三个活化石”所谓“三个活化石”,即是文字活化石一一纳西象形文字、音乐活化石一一纳西古乐、人类社会活化石一一摩梭人母系大家庭创造于唐代的纳西东巴文,被称为世界上唯一活着的象形文字;至今仍在丽江流行的两套大型古典乐曲《白沙细乐》,被中外音乐界被为“国宝”;泸沽湖畔摩梭人,至今仍保持着母系大家庭和不娶不嫁的阿夏走婚形态,为世所罕见。