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【本章重点难点】常用词与常用词组I•Hot wordsand hotphrases1-It takesa veryusual mindto undertakethe analysisof theobvious RI动词与形容词的用法undertake obvious2-Each groupmember representsa branch of science-R2动词与名词的用法represent branch3-Scan thetext to answer thefollowing questions•R3动词的词义与用法scan4-Imagine this:you aretwenty-one yearsold anda promising graduatestudent at one of the top universities in the worldR3在此句中的意思,作动词、名词的用法promisinggraduate5-Yet twoyears hadgone byand I was notthat muchworse•R3动词的词义与用法go by,6-In factthings weregoing ratherwell forme and I hadgotten engaged,toa very nice girl Jane Wilde•R3动词的词义与用法engage,7-Since thenHawking hascontinued to seek answers to questionsaboutthe natureof theuniverse•P3动词的词义与用法seek8-Scientists...know that their jobis neverfinished and that even the besttheory can turn out to be wrong•P4动词短语的词义与用法turn out,9-First theycarefully observewhat theyare interested in•R4动词的词义与用法observe,10-Finally thescientists testthe theoryto seeif itmatches what they have比得过;舌攵得过°or findan equalfor[例句或例词]二The curtaindoesnt matchthe paint•The curtainand thepaint dont这窗帘和油漆不搭配match•相配衬的裙子和毛衣a matchingskirt andsweater十分匹配的夫妻well-matched husbandand wife二Why notbuy sometapes tomatch gowithyour book为什么不买些磁带和你的书配套呐?・His latestfilms dontmatch hisprevious ones他最近的电影不能与以前的媲美[讲解]预言某事将predict vt•—say inadvance thatsthwillhappen;forecast发生;预报;预告[例句]He predictedthattheterrorists wouldattack theUSA•他预言恐怖分子会袭击美国The earthquakehad beenpredicted severalmonths before•这次地震早在几个月前就发布了预告It isimpossible topredict whowill win•11The Italianastronomer GalileoGalilei wasso curious that heinventedboth a microscope...R7译文意大利天文学家伽利略如此好奇,以至于他发明了显微镜和……[讲解],If you are curious about something you are interested init andwant,to knowmore aboutit Ifsomething iscurious it is unusualor difficultto其同源名词是understand•curiosity•[例句]我很想知道发生了什么事°I amcuriousabout/as towhat happened•They werecurious toknow wherehe hadgone•他们好奇地想知道他去了哪It iscuriousthat he left without sayinggood-bye-真奇怪,他不辞而别了,,12•By askingwhy howand whatif curiousminds findnew ideasandsolutions•P.7译文通过自问事情出现的原因、方式与如果某事发生结果会如何等问题,这些好奇的哲人发现了一些新的观点和一些新的解决问题的方法[讲解]可数名词解决;解答;解solution ananswer toa difficultyor aproblem法;解决方法其动词形式为另外作不可数名词时还有溶解的意思;作〃solve solution溶液,溶剂“讲时即可作可数名词又可作不可数名词•[例句或例词]・It isvery difficultto finda solutionto theproblem找出解决此问题的方法太难了,I havebought anotherdictionary whichis thesolution of all theproblems•我又买了一本字典,这样一切问题解决了We mustspare noeffort tosolve theproblem•我们必须全力以赴解决这个问题溶于水的糖°sugar insolution inwater13•We mustalso believe in whatwe doeven whenothers dont•R7译文即使别人不相信,我们自己也要相信自己所做的事情[讲解]指相信某人说的话或相信某事是真实的,其后可以接名词、宾语从believe句、名词+不定式当为被动语态时*其后只能跟不定式结构指相信某believe believe in人或某物的本质或特性,后常跟真理、宗教一类的词[例句]我相信他的话°I believehis words/him/what hesaid•我相信早睡早起是好的I believe in keepingearly hours•他不相信上帝的存在°He doesntbelieveinGod•我不信任他的为人/品质I dontbelieveinhim•语言点与语法重点II•Language points and grammar focus语言点A•Language points1•There didnot seemmuch point in workingon myPhD—I didnotexpect tosurvive thatlong•R3译文取得博士学位对我来说没有什么意义,我没有期望活则久[讲解]在此处为不可数名词意为目的;好处;point purpose-advantage;use•用途后面加或名词/代词/动名词;in of+No pointof doingsomething=No useful即做某事没什么用处purpose would be servedby doingit[例句]If wehave finishedour work•there isno point in stayingany longer;we如果我们完成了工作,就没有必要再呆下去我们还不如回家may as well gohome••I cannotsee thepointintrying topersuade him-hell neverchange hismind我看劝他没用,他不会改变主意的•[讲解]在此处为副词,非正式用语一般用于疑问句或否定句,意为;that•stosuch则;那样;到那种程度也有类似的用法a degreethis[例句]It wasntthat goodactually•=it wasquite goodbut notvery good•它实际上没则好We haventsee allthat muchof herrecently•我们最近没有怎么见过她Can hard work changea personthat much艰苦工作能使人有如此大的变化吗?你看上去没则老You dontlook thatold•,2•Hawking becamefamous in the early1970s when he andAmericanRoger Penrosemade newdiscoveries aboutthe BigBang blackholes•R3译文霍金是20世纪70年代成名的,他和美国人罗杰・彭罗斯发现了宇宙大爆炸和黑洞的理论[讲解]在此句中不是从属连词〃当……的时候〃的意思,这里是并列连when when词,有人也称之为等立连词,意为就在这/那时〃中学常见的句and atthis/that time
②型有
①…某人正在做某事,这时…be doing sth•when beabout to do sthwhen某人刚要做某事,这时......
③某人刚做完某事,这时……have justdone sthwhen...[例句]We werehaving dinnerwhen the telephone rang•我们在吃饭这时响了•We had just finishedour work•whenhecame in•我们刚干完活,这时他进来了,We wereabout to go when thetelephonerang•我们刚要走这时响了•,,,3•Science on the other hand Hawking writes know that their job isneverfinished andthat even the best theorycan turn out to be wrong•R4译文霍金写道,从另一个方面说,科学家知道他们的工作是永无止境的,即使是最完美的理论也可能是错误的[讲解]另一方面用于对比与形成对比即:on the other hand•on the one hand on一方面……,另一方面……°指辩论、考虑、情况theone hand...on the other hand...等The Governmentseems tome to be inconsistent•On theonehand they saytheywish toreduce thecost ofliving•andon theother hand theyincrease the政府在我看来反复无常°他们一方面说,要duties ona numberof essentialarticles•降低生活费另一方面又提高许多生活必需品的税收•,In thiscountry-food ischeaper thanin Britain;clothing on theotherhand这个国家的食品比英国便宜,但另一方面衣着比英国贵is dearer••4•People wholisten toHawkings lecturessometimes find it difficulttounderstand him•...R4译文听过霍金报告的人有时发现理解他的报告太难了,……[讲解]除作代词外,还可用作引词引词本身无实义只起一种先行引it anticipatory•导的作用引词不重读,它可用作形式主语、形式宾语;还可用于强调句型现在让我们it学习一下作形式宾语的用法it真正宾语是不定式1e.g.I findit easyenough toget onwith Pam•指代我觉得与相处很容易°it toget onwith PamPamId thinkit usefulto learn computers•指代我认为学电脑有用it tolearncomputers真正宾语是动名词2e.g.You mustfinditexciting workinghere•指代你一定发现在此工作令人激动it workinghere指代I thinkit nouse advisinghim togive uphis plan♦it advisinghim to)我认为建议他放弃计划没用give uphis plan)真正宾语是宾语从句3(指代e.g.I thinkit bestthat you should stayhere•it thatyou shouldstay)我认为你最好留在这里here指代I tookit forgranted thatyou wouldstay with us{it thatyou wouldstay)我以为你当然会留在我们这里的withus5•Everyone hashis orher specialskills andinterests,and only bydiscovering whatwe dobest can we hopeto reachour goalsand trulymakea difference•译文每个人都有自己的专长和兴趣只有发现自己的专长我们才能期望达到自己的目标,••真正与众不同)[讲解]当引导状语处于句首时,主句要用倒装的语序注意当引导only1only)非状语处于句首时,主句不必用倒装的语序;当引导状语处于句中或句末时,主句2only)也不用倒装的语序;当引导状语从句处于句首时要倒装主句的语序千万不要倒装30nly••从句的语序而忘了倒装主句!•[例句]Only inthis waycanwelearn English well•只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语Only whenthe warwas overwas heable toget happilyback towork•只有在战争结束后,他才高高兴兴地返回工作语法重点B•Grammar focus1•The simplepassive formof theinfinitives•不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵与用法,2♦Four functionsof theinfinitives usedas subject-attribute object and用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法adverbial.本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式,具体讲解如下
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时,不定式一般用被动形式不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等如她生性让别人听命于她(作主语)To beobeyed wasnatural toher-这个问题还有待解决(作表语)The problemremained to be solved•It needsnot to be saidthat theyare veryhappy together•不必说他们在一起非常幸福(作宾语)要立即制定计划(作定语)There wereplans to be madeat once•He hasreturned onlytobesent awayagain•他回来以后又被打发走了(作状语)The captainordered theflag tobe hoisted•船长命令升旗(作宾语补足语)The bookis intendedtoberead andnot tobe torn•这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中,不定式虽表被动,但仍用主动形式如要付多少钱?What is to pay道理很浅显°The reasonis notfar to seek-他给了我一些书读He gaveme somebooks toread•我们发现这些报告很容易懂We foundthe reporteasy tounderstand•不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点,所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等但由于时间关系今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用•法讲解一下)作主语如1眼见为实°To seeistobelieve•为人民服务是我们的职责°To servethe peopleis our duty•在日常英语中,常用作为语法上的主语即形式主语,而将真正的主语放在后面it•为人民服务是我们的职责°It isourdutyto servethe people•)作宾语如2我买不起汽车°I couldntafford tobuy anew car•?你决定嫁给他吗Have youdecided tomarry him有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语,它们是,,,want•wish•hate preferhope continue,•manage-try-ask•offer•start•forget•remember•begin•decide,agree,,,,,等°choose•learn pretendpromise meanexpect desire另外,在一些复合宾语中,常用代表不定式作为形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式放it在后面如我认为做这项实验是对的°I thoughtit rightto dothis test•)作定语通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后如3This isthe bestway tosolve thisproblem•这是解决这个问题的最好办法我有许多工作要做I havea lotof workto do•如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系,且这个不定式是不与物动词,则它后面需有必要的介词如他是一个很好共事的同志°He is a goodcomrade towork with•没什么值得考虑的There isnothing tothink about•)作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等如4他回家看望父母(表目的)He wenthome tosee hisparents•I turnedthe radiodown soas notto disturbyou•我把收音机音量调小,以免打扰你(表目的)The problemis toohard tounderstand•这问题太难了,理解不了(表结果)What haveI doneto makeyou unhappy我做了什么事使你不高兴?(表结果)听了这消息,我很高兴(表原因)Im gladto hearthe news•I wassurprised tosee himthere•我真想不到会在那里见到他(表原因),m•Skills of the fouressential abilities:listening speaking*reading听、说、读、写项基本能力的学习技巧writingand听力技巧1-Listening skillsHave a good understanding of a long dialogue bygrasping thereason whyan event happens•掌握某事发生的原因,很好理解一段较长对话在高二的第一学期我们主要学习如何听好较长对话的一系列技巧较长对话与简短对话的检测有哪些区别?简短对话在篇幅上,比起较长对话要短;简短对话只有一个检测点,因此只有一个设问•而较长对话有若干个检测点,因此有若干个设问简短对话侧重于句子层次理解的考查,而较长对话侧重于话语或语段层次的检测一般说来,如果一段较长对话有两个设问,则这段对话涉与的内容至少是两个,所以在审题中,应把在应对简短对话中的那些技巧使用起来,而且还应学会通过审题中得到的信息来把握各个设问之间的内在联系,从而推断出还未听到的较长对话的大致内容,进而确定听音的重点的技巧听其对话录音时要尽力把握能正确解决设问的关键词、短语或句子以高考试题的实例讲解本节的中心议题(请看下例年高考试题,全国卷)20021-why does the manthank thewoman A-She hashelped himwith hisproblems•B•She hasinvited himfor coffee•C-She hasagreed tosee himon Monday•2-When doesthe conversationtake placeA-Before class•B•After class-C-During class•首先你们应仔细审读这两个设问与其选项看看从审题中能得到哪些信息?第一个设问是为什么这位男士要感谢这位女士?这段较长对话的第二个设问是这段对话发生在什么时间?这两个设问有什么内在联系呢?孤立地看这两个设问与选项,似乎看不出它们的内在联系,但如果你是个细心的有经验的应试者,应该能确定此段较长对话发生在学校,因为第二题的选项提供的时间,都是发生在学校里的时间现象上课前;下课后;课程进行的过程中根据生活常识,我们可A•B•C•以推断出对话的双方最大的可能都是学校中的人士则其对话内容很可能与学校生活有父再有从审读第一个设问的选项的内容,我们得知男士感谢女士的原因有以下三个女士帮A•助他解决了一些问题;女士邀请他喝咖啡;女士同意在星期一会见他带着这些问题我B•C•们再听对话录音,就是有备而听这时我们听到如下这段较长对话的录音,M:Thank youvery muchMiss Times-That helpedme a lot-W rmglad I could beof somehelp arolos-Let meknow ifyou stillhaveany morequestions later•M:I will-And thankyou forgiving upyour coffeebreak tohelp-I knowyouneed oneafter teachingthree classes•W:Oh*I dontmind Teachingis whatI lovemost•M:Well•Good byeand thanksagain•,W:Youie verywelcome Carolos-See youin classnext Monday•动词和的词义与用法seen and if it can predict future events•P4match predict11The Italianastronomer GalileoGalilei wasso curiousthat heinventedboth amicroscope...P7形容词的词义与用法curious,,12By askingwhy howand whatif curiousminds findnew ideasandsolutions-P.7名词的词义与用法solution13We mustalso believein whatwe doeven whenothers dont•R7动词词组与的词义与用法的区别believeinbelieve语言点与语法重点n-Language pointsand grammarfocus语言点A•Language points1-There didnot seemmuch pointin workingon myPhD—I didnot expecttosurvive thatlong-P3句型的句意;用作副词的词义与用法There be...pointindoingsth•that,2-Hawking becamefamous in the early1970s whenhe andAmericanRoger Penrosemade newdiscoveries aboutthe BigBang blackholes•R3用作并列连词时的词义与用法when3-Science*on theotherhand,Hawkingwrites*know thattheir jobis neverfinished andthat eventhebesttheorycan turn out tobe wrong•R4词组的词义与用法on theotherhand・4People wholisten toHawkings lecturessometimes findit difficultto,understand him…R4代词用作形式宾语时的各种用法it,5-Everyone hashis orher specialskills andinterests andonlyby听完这段较长对话两遍之后,我深刻体会到从正确审题中所获取的信息,进而做到有备而听是解答这类较长对话听力题的基础与前提在听对话录音时,把握其中的关键词、短语或句子是正确做出判断的关键我在录音中听到该男士三次向女士致谢,在他第二次致谢时,他解释了他致谢的原因感谢女士放弃了在教了三节课后喝咖啡的休息给他讲解问题,同时又听到女士乐于给他讲解问题的陈述,由此得出上面两个设问的正确答案应该是稳操胜券的事口语训练2•Oral practiceTalk about science and scientists谈论科学与科学家我们怎样才能较好地用英语谈论科学与科学家呢?就科学而言,主要两大类社会科学与自然科学本教学单元一共提与七位科学家哥德、爰因斯坦、居里夫人、爰迪生、霍金、伽利略与培根在他们中间哥德与培根属于社会科学家,其余的五位都是自然科学家自然科学有很多分支,例如数学物理学,化学mathematics ormaths•physics生物学,天文学与计算机学等°chemistry•biology astronomycomputer science知道这些自然科学的英语表达方式后,我们应如何谈论这些科学与其科学家呢?要谈论这些科学,首先应掌握这些科学的英语表达方式,然后发表自己认为哪门科学最重要,最有兴趣和最有用,the mostimportant the most interestingthe mostuseful然后讲清你为什么认为它最重要、最有兴趣和最有用要谈论这些学科的专家,首先应掌握他们各自的英语表达方式数学家物理学家mathematician physicist化学家生物学家chemist biologist天文学家发明家astronomer inventor计算机专家或科学家computer expert/scientist假定你认为数学是一门最重要、有兴趣和有用的科学,你将如何表述你的见解与你这种看法的理由呢?我将用如下方式表示我的看法与其理由,I thinkmathematics isthemostimportant•interesting anduseful sciencefirstlybecause itsthe basisof eachbranch ofother sciences;secondly becauseitis closelyconnected withour dailylife;thirdly becauseone can become(严谨的)cleverer andmore rigorousthrough studyingthe scienceof maths...要谈论一位科学家,就应对他的身世与他在他的研究领域的建树和功绩有所了解因此以下这些句式都常用来谈论科学家,请看〃1-What isthe nameof theman whowrote thebest-seller ABrief HistoryofTime2-What ishis greatestcontribution tomodern science3-When andwhere washe born4-Where didhe growup5-Where didhe receivehis advancededucation6-When didhe gethis PhDdegree7-When didhe becomewell-known allover theworld8-What famoustheories ofhis isusually expressedin hisspeeches9•When didhe visitChina10What doeshe thinkof scienceand scientists很明显这些问题针对本教学单元中这篇课文设问的,根据课文中对NO BOUNDARIES史蒂芬・霍金的介绍的内容给予回答就是对科学家与他研究的理论谈论很好的例证阅读技巧3-Reading skillsHow to grasp the core of a very long sentence如何抓住一个长句的核心在我们现在的阅读中,虽然在文章或句子中没有生词,但我们仍然对短文或句子,尤其是那些长句往往不能很好的理解,这究竟是怎么一回事?这是你们现在所处的学习阶段里出现的一个通病阅读较难的读物时,常遇到很长的句子这些长句往往对初学者来说是很难正确理解的如果能抓住句子的核心,困难就会迎刃而解the coreof asentence找出句子的核心1•所谓句子的核心,就是指句子最主要的部分,即主语、谓语动词与其宾语或表语它们是句子最基本的成分一般地说,长句的核心不过是几个关键词,其他部分都为这几个关键词服务或是描述修饰它们,或是解释说明那些细节如原因,方式,时间,••why howwhen地点,何物与结果下面我们以年高考考题里where what what result°1995—1998阅读理解文章的一些句子为例,说明如何找出这些句子中的核心最高的台阶Twenty studentshadjustclimbed theirway to the toprung outof4million studentstaking partintheFifth NationalHua LuogengGold CupMathematicsContest onTuesday eveningat Jintan*Jiangsu Province•句子的核心:students...climbed句子的细节:How many:twenty outof4million现在分词短语taking someof thewaste productsfrom thecoral andgiving in置于此种位置的分词短语起的是return oxygenwhich theanimal needsto breathe°解释说明的作用,回答的是如果再细致进:What kindof workdoesthedustman do行下去,还可对这个分词短语各个成分作分析这样,全句的意思就清楚了找出核心词的过程中应注意的三个常见的语言现象2•()注意倒装句英语中有时为了保持句子的平衡,或为了取得特别效果要把谓语动1•词放在主语前面形成倒装句例如
①(闪光的)In thefar distancewas seenthe glitteringsurface ofa lakesurroundedby large and tall willow trees•先找出动词was seen用放在动词前发问,找出其主语:,核心词what whatwas seen…surface ofa lake经过语法分析明确动词之前的介词短语surface ofa lakewas seenwas seenIn thefar为地点状语,而主语之后的过去分词短语distance surfaceofalake surroundedby是作修饰的定语这样,准确理解此句就应是理所当然largeandtallwillowtrees lake的结果
②,With thelast hoursof theafternoon wenther hopesher courageand her先找出动词strength•went,,再用放在动词前提问找出其主语whatwhatwent hopes*courage strength其核心词,,hopes couragestrength went最后作语法分析,得出结论是句子的时间状with thelast hoursof theafternoon语,意为就在那天下午的最后几个小时里,……()注意主从复合句剥卷心菜法是处理主从复合句的有效方法2在实际的阅读中,会经常遇到主从复合句在处理主从复合句时,应首先处理主句,然后再解决从句主句应视为“菜心,从句则是包在菜心〃外的菜叶〃处理它们的程序仍是抓住核心与语法分析等方法下面以高考英语试题的阅读文章中的句子为例,做些实际分析,©In the19th centurywhen Englishladies wentswimming inthe seathey,,hired a bathing machinewhich wasused forchanging inand fortaking the()()本句为带有个定语从句的主从复合句bathers downtothe sea-19962主句:they hiredabathingmachine时间状语:其后的inthe19th century...when Englishladies wentswimming in为修饰的定语从句the seacentury定语从句,which wasused forchanging inand fortaking thebathers downto用来说明的°theseamachine然后再按上述方法找出主句与从句的核心,最后再对主句与从句的细节做语法分析用这种方法理解这样的较长的难句是很有效的方法
②Carmakers researchand developmentlaboratories havealready provedthat mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers canreduce theunwanted noise1995主句:1Carmakers researchand developmentlaboratories havealreadyproved...宾语从句thatmixinginmore noisewith thehelpofloudspeakerscan reducethe unwantednoise•主句的主语的定语:1carmakers researchand development宾语从句的宾语theunwantednoise注意并列句切割”法是处理并列句的有效方法3并列句或并列复合句也是阅读文章中常见的情况合理地将它们分而解决之是行之有效的•例如The ideaof fightinga noiseby makingmore noisesounds strange,butthats exactlywhat motor engineers are doing in Germany and some othercountries•1995这是一个并列复合句由并列连词连接两个并列子句第二个并列子句中有一个表语•but从句第一个并列子句的核心谓语:(系动词+表语)sounds strange主语:the idea...第一个并列子句的细节修饰主语的定语:...of fightinga noiseby makingmorenoise第二个并列子句的核心谓语(系动词+表语从句)is what...countries主语:that表语从句的核心谓语:aredoing主语:motorengineers表语从句的细节谓语动词的宾语what地点状语:inGermanyandsomeother countries书面表达能力4•Writing capacitiesHow to write a descriptiveparagraph如何写一个描述性的段落怎样写好一篇描述性的短文呢?本单元学习的是对科学家的介绍,我们应学以致用,写关于介绍科学家的描述性短文与学习汉语写作一样,首先应确定我们要写的内容,然后根据要写的内容来确定写作的方式在介绍一位科学家前,你应该考虑清楚你要写的科学家是哪一位?你为什么最喜欢他/她?他/她生活中有哪些重要和有趣的事?读者需要对他/她了解些什么?考虑好这些问题,就应解决写作方式的问题描写文是用生动语言描绘人、事、物、场景或过程,使人物有血有肉,活灵活现,把事情的过程、发生的场景变得具体、形象与生动描写文与记述文的不同之处在于是对人或事物作概括和交代,而描写文则是具体的描述与刻画描述科学家的特征的形容词与名词求知欲强的细心的curious adj•careful adj•有耐心的创造力patient adjcreativity n-想像力毅力imagination n•perseverance n•发现发明discovery n•invention理论成功theory nsuccess n••因为有成就的科学家都是求知欲旺盛的,细心的与有耐力的,他们都有丰富的想像力,坚忍不拔的毅力与了不起的创造力,他们或是有伟大的发现与发明,他们的理论往往在开始时不被世人理解,或使人大感惊愕所以他们的人生往往是以伟大的成功划上圆满的句号所以你可以上网查寻你认为最了不起的科学家的各方面情况,上面讲述的思路写作特点•与描述科学家的词汇应该对你的写作有所帮助【同步达纲练习】根据句意,在空白处填入既适合语境又在语法上正确的单词I•川,lHe is amionaire soitisthat hecan afforda car•,・2If youread apaper veryquickly forsome informationyou are,3When yougo abroadyoushouldthe customsthere•,4They haventgot marriedbut theyhave got•,5He worksontheBank ofChina Gu-an•单项填空n•1—Nancy isnot comingtonight-NMETI998一But she!A-promises B-promisedC-will promiseD-had promised21have neversought myview•A•hiding B-to hideC-hidden D-tobehidden31observed himhis homeworkwhen Ientered theroom•A-do B-doingC-did D-done41dont thinkpossible tomaster aforeign languagewithoutmuch memorywork•NMETI990A•this B•thatC-its D-it匕京春5can youexpect toget apay rise•2001iA-With workhard B-Although workhardC-Only withhardworkD-Now thathe workshard阅读技巧m•指出下列各句的句子性质与句子的这四个成分,主语横线谓语波浪线,其后如有宾语则加箭头_________________________________状语虚线定语双线,并将它们译成汉语此练习中的句子均选自高一英语下的〜Unit13Unit18[例l]Organic vegetablesare thosethat are grown withoutchemicals thatcan,be harmful to human beings orthe environmentUnit13P4[例2]Since Kwanzaa is a time for learning aswell as joy•people celebrate itby lightinga candleeach dayand discussingone of the sevenprinciples ofKwanzaa•Unit141P.ll[例3]Having realizedthat Icould use a kiteto attractlightning Idecided to,do anexperiment•Unit16R24[例4]0nthethird dayI wasstruggling throughstormy weatherand duringthenext weekthe windgrew strongerand I found myselfspending awhole dayin my tent•Unit17•P.31[例5]The common meeting placefor Maoriis onthe marae•an areaof landwith a meeting house,where allimportant eventstake place•Unit18,P.41书面表达练习IV•根据下面的提示,以居里夫人——一位伟大的女科学家为题写一篇短文玛丽・居里于1867年11月7日生于波兰,年轻时有旺盛的求知欲,对物理学非常感兴趣,读尽其可能得到的书籍但那时波兰不许女子上大学,她下决心去法国求学,于1881年她抵达巴黎尽管她十分穷困,她以惊人的毅力坚持刻苦学习,在到巴黎的两年后,获得一级物理学位大学毕业后嫁给当时巴黎物理化工大学任教的一位名为皮埃尔居里的科学家共同就贝克勒在当时首先发现的放射性现象进行研究由于他们极其细心且有耐Becquerel•心,先后发现孙和镭两种天然放射性元素:年居里先生不幸死于车祸之后她继续研究L906推动了原子核科学的发展年和居里贝克勒三人共同获得诺贝尔物理奖,年再度获19031911•得诺贝尔化学奖参考答案【同步达纲练习】他是百万富翁因此很显然他买得起汽车lobvious如果你为寻找某个信息而快速读一份报纸,那你就是在略读2scanning如果你出国,你要遵守那里的风俗3observe他们未结婚,但已订婚4engaged他在中国银行,固安分行工作5Branch本题考查时态,他答应是过去的事情,排除表示过1B AC;had promised去的过去后接不定式形式2B seek当我进屋时我注意到他正在做他的作业有未完性〃3B doing•见栏中4D Language pointsand grammarfocus A-Language points4°见栏中5C°Language pointsandgrammarfocusA-Languagepoints5°[例l]Orqanic veqetablesare thosethat aregrown withoutchemicals thatcan有机蔬菜是指不用对人和环境有害be harmfulto humanbeirgs orthe environment•的化学品的那些蔬菜这是一个主从复合句a•主句的主语是b•:organic vegetables主句的谓语部分是〃系动词+表语”结构c-arethose修饰代词的定语从句是…直到此句的结束d thosethat aregrown•修饰这个定语从句中谓语动词的状语是e•aregrownWithout chemicals修饰名词的定语从句是f•chemicals thatcanbeharmfultohumanbeingsor theenvironment[例2]Since Kwanzaaisatimeforlearningaswellasjoy■people celebrateitby lightinga candleeach dayand discussingone of the sevenprinciples of因为宽扎节不仅是喜庆的时刻,而且又是学习的机会,人们每天点燃一支蜡烛,Kwanzaa•逐一讨论宽扎节的七条原则这是一个主从复合句a.主句的主语是b•people主句的谓语是c•celebrate主句的谓语的宾语是d•celebrateit修饰主句谓语动词的方式状语是介词引导其后剩下的部分e•celebrate by由从属连词引导的从句是原因状语从句f•since其主语是其谓语部分是这一系表结构其后的g•Kwanzaa•isatime•fordiscovering whatwe dobest canwe hopeto reachour goalsand trulymake adifference•R7当引导状语处于句首时,主句要用倒装的语序0nly语法重点B•Grammar focus1-The simplepassive formof theinfinitives不定式被动语态的一般形式的内涵与用法,2-Four functionsoftheinfinitives usedas attributeobjectandadverbial用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法,IH•Skills ofthe fouressential abilities:listening speaking•reading听、说、读、写四项基本能力的学习技巧and writing1-Listening:Haveagoodunderstandingofalongdialogueby graspingthereason whyaneventhappens掌握某事发生的原因,很好理解一段较长对话2-Speaking:Talkaboutscienceandscientists谈论科学与科学家3-Reading:Howtograspthecoreofa verylongsentence如何抓住一个长句的核心4-Writing:Howtowriteadescriptive passage如何写一篇描述性的短文【难点解析】常用词与常用词组I•Hot wordsand hotphrases1-It takesa veryunusual mindto undertakethe analysisof theobvious•P.I译文分析明显存在的事情需要非凡的头脑有两个意思
①[WS]undertakeundertook;undertaken to take upor start是修饰名词的定语learning...joy time[例,我3]Havinq realizedthat Icould usea kiteto attractlightning Idecided也以空因为已经意识到我可以用风筝来吸引闪电,我决定做个34•✓wwx/wvwx/w/wvwwx/^实验主句的主语是:a•I主句的谓语是b•decided后的不定式短语是其宾语c-decided是作原因状语的分词短语,其后的从句是动词的宾d-Having realizedthat realized语从句在宾语从句中是其主语,是其谓语,是的宾语,不定式短e•Icoulduseakite use语是使用风筝的目的状语to attractlightning[例4]0nthethird dayIwasstruggling throughstormy weatherand duringthenext weekthe windgrew strongerand Ifound myselfspending awhole day第三天我与暴风雪拼搏了一整天,在接下来的一星期之内,风刮得越发猛烈,in mytent•我只好整天呆在帐篷里这是一个由三个简单句组成的并列句a-第一^^简单句是b•onthethird day...stormy weather第二个简单句是c•during thenext...grew stronger第三个简单句是:d•Ifound...inmytent[例5]The commonmeeting placefor Maoriis onthe marae-an areaof land,毛利人聚会的地点with ameeting housewhere allimportant eventstake place•通常是在麦利会场,这是一块有会议堂馆的开阔地,重要的事件都在这里举行这是一个主从复合句a•主句的主语是与都是修饰b•the placecommonmeetingfor Maorithe place的定语主句的谓语部分是:(系动词+表语〃结构)c-is onthe marae是的同位语,解释说明d-an areaof landwithameetinghousethe marae的功能与特点marae由引导的是个非限制性定语从句,修饰其先行词e•where house由于在难点掌握中已经讲解过描写科学家的短文的写作方法和注意事项,现将示范短文展示如下Madame Curie-a GreatWoman ScientistMarie Curie was bornin Poland,on,,Nov-7th
1867.As achild shewas verycurious tolearn anythingnew toher•She wasinterestedinthe scienceof physics and readas manybooks asshecould findonthesubject-At thattime womenwere notallowed tostudy atuniversitiesin Poland.so Mariewas determinedtogoto Franceand studythere-She arrivedin Parisin1891-Though shewas verypoor*she studiedveryhard withsuch greatperseverance thatshe managedtotakea first-classdegree inphysics twoyears afterarriving inParis-Soon afterher graduationMariemarried PierreCurie,averyeminent scientistwho wasteaching attheschool ofphysicsandIndustrial Chemistryat ParisThey bothbegan todoresearch onthe phenomenonof radioactivitywhich anotherscientist named,Becquerel discovered•As theyhad greatpatience andwere verycareful theydiscoveredtwo kindsof radioactiveelements:polonium andradium-,Unfortunately MrCuriewaskilled inan accidentin1906•After thatshe wentonwiththeresearch thoughshe sufferedalotfrom theloss ofher husband-,As aresult ofher researchshe greatlypromoted thedevelopment of sciencenuclear-In1903a Nobel Prize forphysics wasgiven tothe Curiesandthe,,scientist namedBecquerel andin1911Madame Curiewon aNobelPrizeforChemistry fora secondtime endshe willalways beremembered asagreat womanscientist•担任职位;着手艰onor apiece ofwork esp.one thatis difficultor needeffect苦工作等后常用名词、代词作其宾语
②答应;同意后加不定to promiseor agree式或从句作宾语that[例句]She undertookresponsibility forthe accident•她承担了这次事故的责任He undertookto pay back the money within2months•/He undertookthat他答应两个月之内还钱he wouldpaybackthemoneywithin2months•He undertooktobehere by10oclock•/He undertookthathewouldbe他答应点前到达°here by10oclock...10[讲解]本句中出现的另一个词为形容词,意为显而易见的;明显的obvious显而易见地,这类形容词如用定冠词,表示一类事物或人,又如obviously adv•the rich富人,残疾人the disabled[例句]It isobvious thatmastering theEnglish languageisamust ininternational很显然,在国际贸易中,掌握英语是必要的trade•很显然他疯了°He isobviously mad•=It isobvious thathe ismad♦2•Each groupmember representsa branchofscience•R2译文每组成员代表着一个科学分支[讲解]意为〃代表,作此义讲时,它的同义词是,但represent vt•stand forstand不可用于被动语态for[例句]在会议上她代表总统°She representedpresident inthe conference•,在化学中代表氧元素°In ChemistryO representsOxygen•O玫瑰花是英国的象征The roserepresents England•Our companyis representedin Chinaby Mr-Smith•史密斯先生是我公司在中国的代理[讲解]名词,原意为树枝,引申义为(河流的)支流;(铁路的)支线;(家branch族的)分支;(公司的)分店、分公司;(组织的)支部”等[例句和例词]His unclesbranchofthe familymoved toShanghai lastyear•在他们这个家族中,他叔叔的那一支去年搬到上海了The bankhas branchesin allparts ofthe country•该银行在全国各地都有分行()3-Scan thetext toanswer thefollowing questions•R3译文浏览课文,回答下列问题()()[讲解]scan scanned;scanned vt——glance ate.g.a documentquickly匆匆而粗略地看(文件等);略读but notvery thoroughly[例句]She scannedthe newspaperover breakfast•她吃着早餐把报纸大致地读了一遍She scannedthe listof namestoseeif herswas onit•她扫了一下名单,看自己的名字是否在上面4-Imagine this:you aretwenty-one yearsold anda promising()graduate studentatoneofthetopuniversitiesintheworld•R3译文想象一下你岁,是世界一所顶尖大学的一名很有希望的大学毕业生21[讲解]形容词意为〃大有希望的;有出息的;有前途的该词是promising promise的同源词作动词或名词时,除了我们较熟悉的”允诺〃〃诺言,还有其他意思promise作动词时还有〃预示的意思作名词时还有(有)指望;(有)前途〃的意思,promise[例句]All of youarepromising ifyou learnEnglishwell•如果你们学好英语,你们非常有前途The resultsofthefirst experimentare verypromising•第一次试验结果充满了希望那是一个很好的迹象Its apromising sign•今天下午有望变暖°It promisestobewarm thisafternoon•晴朗的天空予页示着好天气The clearsky promisesfine weather•[讲解]
①在此句中为名词意为毕业生当你步入大学校门,一年级时,graduate•你被称为;大二时被称为大三时被称为大四时,被称为freshman sophomore;junior;••当你已基本完成学业,但尚未取得学士学位时,被称为拿到学士学senior;undergraduate;,位后,又继续上硕士或博士,那你就被称为作名词时有时也可postgraduate graduate指硕士或博士研究生
②作动词时意为毕业〃,后加介词学校;加graduate from/at+介词专业;加介词学位in+with+[例句和例词]一名护士学校毕业的学生a graduatenurse—名研究生a graduatestudent他毕业于牛津大学法学专业He graduatedin lawat Oxford•他毕He graduatedfrom BeijingUniversity witha Doctorsdegree inhistory•业于北京大学,获得史学博士学位5♦Yet twoyears hadgone byandIwas notthat muchworse•R3译文然而两年过去了我的情况却不是那样糟糕•
①[讲解]有三个词义时光流逝;经过某处°go by to passinplace ortime
②依照;遵循,依据......办事
③根据……作出判断作上be guidedbytojudge by面
②、
③词义讲时不用被动语态[例句]一辆汽车驶过A carwent by•,・As timegoes by/passes allof youhave growninto bigboys orbig girls,=With timegoing by/passing allofyouhave growninto bigboys orbig girls•随着时光的流逝,你们都长成大小伙子,大姑娘了Dont goby thatold map;it mightbe outof date•别用那张旧地图,它可能过时了他总是循规蹈矩He alwaysgoes bythe rules•,Going by/Judging byher clothesshe mustbe veryrich•根据她的衣着判断,她一定有钱6-In fact•things weregoing ratherwell forme andI hadgotten,engaged toaverynicegirlJaneWilde•R3译文事实上,事情发展得还挺顺利,我和一位非常好的女孩简・怀尔德订了婚
①[讲解]意为与某人订婚,注意为瞬间动词,意为变get engaged to sb•get成,所以不可与表一段时间的时间状语连用表一段时间时,可用get engaged to sb♦与某人结婚也是如此
②牢记本短语的介词be engagedto sb•get/be marriedto,不要受汉语影响,误记为twith[例句]汤姆和玛丽三周前订了婚Tom gotengagedto Mary3weeks ago•Tom hasbeen engagedtoMaryfor3weeks•It is3weeks sinceTom gotengagedtoMary•汤姆和玛丽订婚三周了7-Since then.Hawking hascontinued toseek answersto questionsaboutthe natureoftheuniverse•R3译文自从那时,霍金就一直探求关于宇宙本质问题的答案[讲解]二seeksought,sought,seeking°seek todo sthattempt todo sth•二二二try todo sth•do asmuch assb-can todo sth•do asmuch aspossible to二二二do sth•do whatsb-can todo sth•make aneffort tosth•spare noeffort;设法试图做某事寻找、征求、谋求、追求;追求、企todosth seeksth•seek after•图得到;寻求/寻找;外出找出路seek forseek onesfortune[例句]We shouldconstantly seekadvice fromthe masses°我们应不断地听取群众的意见和建议这些书彳艮畅专肖These bookswere eagerlysought after•They encouragedher toseek fornew waysof doingher experiments•他们鼓励她寻找新的实验方法We soughtto changeher mindbut sherefused•我们试图改变她的主意,但是她拒绝了8-Scientists...knowthattheirjobis neverfinishedandthateventhebest theorycan turnout tobewrong•R4译文科学家们……知道他们的工作永远不会结束,甚至认为即使最好的理论也可能被证实是错误的[讲解]有三个意思
①生产,培养被证实turnoutproduce prove;@to comeout,群体出动作〃被证实〃讲常用or gatherasiffor ameeting publicevents etc•...turn,z或从句两种句型outto be+adj•/noun Itturnout that[例句]This factorycanturnout200cars aday•这家工厂一天可生产辆汽车200This schoolhas turned out somefirst-class scholars•这所学校培养出了一些一流学者OThe partyturnedouta success/successful•=It turnedoutthatthe partywas a success/successful•=The partyproved asuccess/successful•=It二proved thatthe partywasasuccess/successful•The partywork outvery这台晚会结果开得很成功well•The wholevillage turnedouttowelcome him•整个村庄群体出动来欢迎他,9♦First theycarefully observewhattheyareinterestedin•R4译文首先,他们对自己感兴趣的事情进行仔细观察
①[讲解]observe vt•If youobserve someone or somethingyou watchthemcarefully*especially inorder tolearn somethingabout them;@If youobserve,
③someoneorsomethingyousee ornotice them;If youobserve something,such asa lawor customyou obeyit orfollow it•[例句]Did youobserve anythingunusual inhis behavior你注意到他的行为有什么不寻常吗?我注意到他们迟到了I observedthat theywere late•The policeobserved himentering/enter thebank witha shotgun•警察看到他带着猎枪进入了银行你有过圣诞节的习俗吗Do youobserve Christmas,10Finally thescientists testthe theorytoseeif itmatches whattheyhave seenandifitcanpredictfutureevents•R4译文最后,科学家们对这项理论作了试验,目的在于了解这项理论是否与他们所见一致,以与它是否可以预见未来的事情[讲解]意为
①和……相一致;和……相匹配;匹配;
②一match v•be equalto。