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概要写作示例与写作训练1【写作示例】【原文呈现】阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要60Regular exercisecan reducea womansrisk of cancer,but thebenefits mayslip awayif shegets toolittle sleep,U.S.researchers saidon Monday.The studyinvolving5,968women inMaryland confirmedprevious findingsthat people who doregularphysical activity are less likely to develop cancer.But whenthe researcherslooked at the womenages18to65who werein theupper halfin termsofthe amountof physicalexercise theygot perweek,they foundthat sleepappeared toplay animportantrole incancer risk.Those whoslept less than seven hours nightlyhad a47percent higher risk of cancer than those whogotmore sleepamong thephysically activewomen,the researchersreported at a meetingof theAmericanAssociation forCancer Research.“We thinkits quiteinteresting andintriguing.Its kindof afirst lookinto this.It isntsomething thathasbeen widelystudied,James McClainof theNational CancerInstitute,part of the U.S.governmenfsNational Institutesof Health,said in a telephoneinterview.McClain,who ledthe study,said it is unclearexactly howgetting toolittle sleepmay makeonemore susceptible(易受感染的)to cancer.Getting adequatesleep hasbeen longassociated withhealth/9McClain said.The U.S.Centers forDisease Controland Preventioncalls sleep loss anunder-recognized publichealthproblem,saying Americansare gettingless andless slumber.The CDCPsaid thepercentage ofadultsreporting sleepingsix hoursor lessa nightincreased from1985to
2006.Sleep expertssay chronicsleeplossis associatedwith obesity,diabetes,high bloodpressure,57words【解析】这是一篇概要写作,完成本题主要依赖于对文章中心内容的精准提炼和概括与文章保持一致,进行概要写作时应使用第三人称、一般现在时分析原文内容,第一段是引入,且无实质内容,只是一个设问,可不进行概括第
二、
三、四段主要讲了三层内容第一层易于满足者比利益最大化者更容易找到工作,利益最大化者要等久一点;第二层然而,利益最大化者工资起薪更高;第三层虽然工资更高,但她们并不快乐、幸福据此,可以进行本篇概要写作【范文点评】本篇概要写作要点全面,语言凝练,使用了现在分词作状语的表达,如Facing thefirst job offer和同时,这样的短语Having submittedmore applicationsthan thesatisficer,despite thehigher salary表达也十分出彩.【参考范文】2Smart phonesare playingan increasinglyimportant rolein peopleslife,but they are alsodeprivingpeople ofthree basicabilities.For onething,some peoplelose theability toremember telephonenumbers.Secondly,some peoplelose theirsense ofdirection.Third,some peoplelose theirsocial skills.Fortunately,people canreclaim theseabilities byreturning to the waythey usedto be.Most importantly,we need some timewithout cellphones.【解析】本文是一篇议论文文章以论证的方式说明了智能手机时代给人们带来的三种能力的丧失,以及如何恢复这三种能力本文是一篇概要写作,要求写出文章的主题大意和要点,要写全要点,抓住重点,要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型,恰当使用过渡词和连接词,以使文章连贯、流畅要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式,以体现较高的写作水平本文写作时人称以第三人称为主,时态采用一般现在时在写作时应注意把握本文文章要点智能手机在人们生活中扮演着重要角色,但也给人L们带来了三种能力的丧失;有人丧失了记忆电话号码的能力;有人丧失了方向感;.有人丧
2.
3.4失了社交技能;应该积极找回这些能力有时候,我们需要一些没有手机在身边的时候写
5.作时应注意上下文连贯及词数要求【范文点评】范文内容完整,要点全面,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当,上下文意思连贯,符合逻辑关系作者在范文中使用了不少固定用法,比如等让play animportant rolein,sense ofdirection文章增色不少文章长短结合,错落有致,语句自然.【参考范文】3Emojis havebecome importantin communication.Since thecreation inJapan in the1990s,theirnumber has risen so sharply that now each emotion has a correspondingemoji.They replacenon-verballanguages in face-to-face communication due to its efficiency in conveying feelings while emojis can cause misunderstandingthey addcolor tocommunication,they mayindicate theweakening oftraditional writing.【解析】写作步骤)细读原文首先要仔细阅读短文,掌握文章主旨文章介绍了表情符号在交流中的重要1地位,历史演变过程以及表情符号的优点与它可能会造成的一些问题)弄清结构,归纳段意概要写作是写全文概要,不是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问2题写出要点因此一定要弄清文章结构,归纳文章各段大意本文第一描写表情符号在如今交流中的运用;第二段描写表情符号的历史演变进程;第
三、四段描写表情符号的优点;第五段描写表情符号的运用可能会产生的一些问题和缺点)列出原文要点分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序3在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分本文中要点有三:第一,介绍表情符号的地位;第二,表情符号的历史演变;第三,表情符号的优点;第四,表情符号会造成的问题)在写作时要特别注意下面几点4⑴概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节⑵安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容⑶注意要点之间的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬⑷不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好()计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求5【范文点评】范文内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式,如Since thecreation inJapan in the1990s,their numberhasrisensosharplythatnoweachemotionhas运用了结果状语从句a correspondingemoji.They replacenon-verbal languagesinface-to-face运communicationdue toitsefficiencyinconveyingfeelingswhileemojiscancausemisunderstanding用了表前后对比全文中没有中国式英语的句式,显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力另外,while文章思路清晰、层次分明,上下句转换自然,为文章增色添彩.【参考范文】4The impactof droppingbirth rate in the21st centurymay bedisastrous toboth developedand(要点)developing countries,resulting inlack ofyoung work force.1This populationproblem facing(要/点)China willgreatly affectits economic growth.2The earlierdeath ofRussians caused by(要/点)peoples way of lifewill alsodamage its economic future.3One solution,like America,is to(要点)increase itspopulation throughimmigration,which willcompensate forthe decline.4()71words【解析】这是一篇概要写作题文章要求是写一篇词左右的文章概要60分四个要点第
一、出生率的下降也许是灾难,因为这样会缺少劳动力The impactofdropping birth ratein the21st centurymay bedisastrous toboth developedand developingcountries,(要点)resulting inlack ofyoung work force.1第
二、中国要面对的这个人口问题会严重影响其经济增长This populationproblem facing.(要/点)China willgreatly affectits economic growth2第
三、因为生活方式导致俄罗斯人早死也会导致其经济问题The earlierdeath ofRussians(要点)causedby peoples wayof lifewill alsodamage itseconomic future.3第
四、一个解决方案就像美国一样增加移民以增加人口数量,这会弥补人口的衰减Onesolution,like America,is toincrease itspopulation throughimmigration,which willcompensate forthe(要点)decline.4【范文点评】使用高级句型如使用现在分词和过去分词作各种成分….resulting inlack ofyoung workforce作结果状语作定语作的定语非限problem facingChina causedbypeopleswayof life death制性定语从句的使用.(要点)...immigration,which willcompensate forthe decline
4.【参考范文】5Nowadays online schools areenjoying greatpopularity bypeople fromall walksoflife.(要点)Nevertheless,they haveboth strengths and weaknesses.l Onone hand,online schoolshave the他匚(要,点)low costand freedomthat regularschools canto2On theother hand,those wholackself-discipline maydo badlyin online schools.Worse still,many employersdont valueonline degrees(要点)(要点)()3In brief,how to make useof online schools variesfrom personto person.473words【解析】本文是概要写作这是一篇说明文文章分析了网络学校的优缺点最后文章强调,如何使用在线学校因人而异本文是概要写作,要求写出文章的主题大意和要点,要写全要点,抓住重点,要使用自己比较熟悉的词汇、短语和句型,恰当使用过渡词和连接词,以使文章连贯、流畅要尽量使用高级词汇和句型、各种从句以及非谓语动词等高级形式,以体现较高的写作水平本文写作时人称以第三人称为主,时态采用一般现在时stroke,cardiovascular disease,depression,cigarette smokingand excessivedrinking.In addition,research hadshown that peoplewhoget regularexercise have a reducedrisk ofbreast,colon andother typesofcancer.Experts thinkthe effectsof exerciseon thebodys hormonelevels,immune functionand bodyweight mayplay animportant role.【思维路径】[核心内容]本文是一篇说明文文章介绍了一项科学研究发现第一段科技报道类文章的中心所在,该段告诉我们文章主要说明的要点经常锻炼可以降低妇女患癌症的风险,但是如果睡眠不足,锻炼的这种好处也将不存在文章的第
二、
三、四段讲述了该项研究中的具体的方法与数据统计文章的第
五、六段讲述了研究者对这个研究结果的看法与评论文章的第七段讲述了美国疾病控制与预防中心对睡眠不足的看法第八段进一步引证有关睡眠专家对睡眠不足带来的负面影响的看法最后,第九段又回到该项研究发现上,告诉我们经常锻炼可以降低患那些癌症的风险及其原因[写作思路]熟悉文本类型,把握表述特征通过文章第一段中的可1“U.S.researchers saidon Monday”知,本文是一篇科研报告科研报告类的写作一般会在文章的开头部分交代文章的中心,然后具体介绍研究的设计、实施以及数据分析等,最后会根据相关研究发现进一步展开说明研究可能会带来的影响等通过分析文本类型及其表述特征,我们可以准确地筛选文章的中心及其各个部分的分论点理清文章结构,概括段落大意根据⑴部分的分析,我们可以进一步的梳理文章的层次2结构第一段是文章的点题;第二至地四段是文章的数据分析;第
五、六段是研究者的评论;第
七、八段是引用他人的观点来进一步分析自己的发现;第九段则是进一步分析本研究通过对文章层次的梳理,我们可以逐一罗列文章的中心及其各个分述的分论点确定表述中心,连贯表达要点在的基础上,我们可以逐一列出要表述的中心第32一段弓出文章中心、,I IPRegular exercisecan reducea womansrisk ofcancer,but thebenefits may要点;第二至四段是第一个分论点,即slip awayif shegets toolittle sleep1People whodo regularphysicalactivityare lesslikely todevelopcancer,but those who sleeplessthan sevenhoursnightly have(要点);第
五、六段引出第二个分论点,即higherrisk.2This researchis quitenew,so it is still unclear.(要点);第
七、八段引出exactly howsleeping littlemay makeone moresusceptible tocancer3第三个分论点,即Sleep lossmay giverise tosuch health problems as obesity,diabetes,stroke,(要点);最后一段进一步引出研究的发现,即depression andso on.4Regular exercises may haveanactive effecton thebodys hormonelevels,immune functionand bodyweight whichthus mayreduce(要点)在理清每部分的中心之后,我们可以利用有效的衔接手段,把这the risk ofcancer.5些要点组织成一个意义连贯的语篇[参考范文]US researchershave foundthat regular exercisesmayhave anactive effecton thebodys hormone(要点要点levels,immune functionand bodyweight whichthus mayreduce theriskofcancer1,)(要点)5,but thebenefits mayslip awayif shegets toolittlesleep1,especially lessthansevenhours(要点)(要,点)nightly2which maycause suchhealthproblemsasobesity,depression andso on.4(要However,it isstillunclearexactly howsleeping littlemay makepeople moresusceptible tocancer.点)()376words[范文解析]范文把要点分为两部分并且与要点、要点、要点进行整合,这样使得文章更加紧1524凑、言简意赅范文把要点放在了开头,这样先交代了之所以能够降低患癌5regularexercises症的风险的原因;在这之后,用衔接词把要点的后半部分整合了进去,要点正好也对要but12点的后半部分进行了进一步的细化与解释;此外要点缩写成一个引导的定语从句,14which进一步说明睡眠不足带来的健康问题最后用引入要点说明了该项研究所存在的不however3,足,这也正好符合科研报告类文章的写作特点[提炼归纳]、关注文本的特征缩写是对原文要点的综述,因而其表达方式或陈述方式也必须与原1文相符合本文是一篇科研报告,所以在缩写部分就要点明是谁做的研究、研究的结果怎样、以及研究是如何进行的等、注重语义的转换缩写很大程度上依赖于对原有的句子表达的浓缩与改写,这就需要2对原文语句进行语义转换,包括使用非谓语动词短语替换原句子,或者用定语从句整合两个句子之间的关系等范文中对要点、、、的整合就充分体现了在缩写中语义转换的重要性
1245、强化整合的逻辑要点整合涉及到事件或观点之间的时间先后、条件、因果关系等逻3辑关系,因而在缩写的过程中,需充分关注各个要点之间的逻辑关系,并在此基础上对原文要点进行合理地整合【写作演练】.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要160First Offer:Take Itor KeepWaitingAnyone whohas searchedfor a job freshout ofcollege knowshow difficultitisto getthat first job.And ifyoure verylucky,eventually theresajoboffer onthe table.Should yougrasp it,or waitforsomething betterto comealong the wayIt dependson whetheryou are a maximizeror asatisficer.Simply put,satisficers aremorelikely tocut theirjob searchshort andtake thefirst joboffer.Maximizers aremore likelyto continuesearchinguntil a better joboffer comesalong.Which typeof approachyields thebetter payoffAmaximizer.Specifically,quoting theresults of a studyof the job searchof548members ofa school,themaximizers putthemselves throughmore difficultiesinthejob hunt.They applied to twentyjobs,onaverage,while satisficersappliedtoonly ten,and theywere significantlymore likelytomakeuse ofoutsidesources ofinformation andsupport.But itturned outto beworth it:thejoboffers theygot weresignificantlybetter,in termsof salary,than whatthe satisficersgot.Satisficers wereoffered jobswith anaverage startingsalary of$37,085;the averagestarting salaryofferedto maximizerswas$44,515,more than20percent higher.The troubleis,however,that higherpaydoesnt makemaximizers ahappier groupthan satisficers.In fact,maximizers weresignificantlymore likelythan satisficersto beunhappy with the offersthey accepted.Evidently,being amaximizer canhelp youearn moreincome,but thatincome doesntbuy morehappiness,as themaximizers likelyto worryabout theprospect ofabetterjobofferout therehe orshemissed.Maximizers mayhave objectivelysuperior outcomes,but theyreso busyobsessing aboutall thethingsthat theycould havehad,so theytend tobe lesshappy withthe outcomesthey doget..阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要260Human beingsare smart.However,it seemsthat peopleare graduallylosing their smartness assmartphonesbecome moreand moreimportant assistantsin theirlives,reported newswebsite RecordJapanon Oct.
22.As werely toomuch ontechnology insteadof ourbrains,many people have lostthreebasic abilities,said thewebsite.The firstskill manypeople havelost isremembering phonenumbers.Because phonenumbers arestoredin smartphone contacts,theres noneed todial anumber orlook atit again.And some people mayalso havelost theirsense ofdirection becausenavigation appscan guidepeopleanywhere theywant to go.These appscan evenfind shortestroutes foryou andavoid trafficjams.But(无能的).the worstlost skillsmay besocial ones,meaning thatsomepeopleare becomingsocially ineptPeopleoften burythemselves intheirsmartphones.As weretoo addicted to whatshappening inthevirtual world,some ofus havelost conversationalskills andsometimes canteven tellwhether a personis happyor not.In August,researchers atthe Universityof California,Los Angeles,studied51students aged11and12who hadover fivehours screentime everyday.Their taskwas totell the emotions of48pictures offacesthat werehappy,sad,angry orscared.The childrenmade anaverage of
14.02mistakes atthe(电子的)beginning.But aftera five-day campwithout electronicproducts,they madeonly
9.41mistakes onaverage.If yourenot practicingface-to-face communication,you couldbe losingimportantsocial skillsJ concludedprofessor YaldaUhls fromthe research.Luckily,people stillhave achance toget theseabilities back.You shouldtry tokeep yourparents1numbers inmind foremergencies.You shouldalso paymore attentionto streetsigns andstores,whichwill helpyou todraw amind mapand stopyou fromgetting lost.And theeasiest solutionto socialskillloss isto takea breakfrom electronicdevices becausewe aresocial creatures.We needdevice-free time..阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要360Happy,angry,amazed-these aresome of theemotionswe liketo expressthese dayswhen weresendinga messageon oursmartphones!Thats whymany ofus nowadd littlepictures to our textstobrighten upsomeones mobilescreen butwere alsousing them asaquick wayof tellingsomeone howwerefeeling.Yes,emojis havebecome avital toolfor communication.The emojiwas firstinvented inJapan inthe late1990sandthe word“emoji“comes fromtheJapanese wordsfor pictureand character”.The numberof differentimages hasdramatically increasedsincethen andnow we haveapicture forevery moodor situation.So nowwehavethe optionto givethis newcreation thevisual thumbs-up buthave youthoughtwhy wevebecome soaddictedtousing emojisProfessor VyvEvans haswritten abook calledTheEmoji Code.He says,Increasingly,what werefinding is that digitalcommunication istaking overfromcertain aspectsof face-to-face interaction.One of the reasonsemojis areso interestingis that they reallydoenable usto expressour emotionalselves muchmore effectively.”So emojis areasort ofreplacementfor thevisual signalsor non-verbal clueswe normallygive whenwe speakto someoneface-to-face.Another advantageof emojisisthatthey arean internationallanguage-they dontuse wordsbut tellamessage inthe formof picturesso they can beeasily understoodwhatever yournative languageis.However,the emojisyou sendneedsomethought astheycansometimes bemisunderstood-if afriendsends youan emojiofahammer,you maythink he is angrywhen reallyheissaying hehas hurthimselfor heis clumsy!Emojis area goodway fbrshowing commonemotions.But aslinguist NeilCohn says,“To many,emojis arean excitingdevelopment ofthewaywe communicate;To others,theyareextinction oflanguage.It doesshow thereis alot moretoourcommunication thanwords alonebut doesthis meanthedecline intraditionalwriting.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要460Why is the worlds population growingThe answeris notwhat youmight think.The reasonfor theexplosionis notthatpeoplehave beenreproducing likerabbits,but thatpeoplehavestopped droppingdeadlike flies.In1900,people diedatthe average ageof3O.By2000theaverageage was
65.But whileincreasinghealth wasa typicalfeature ofthe20th century,declining birth rate couldbe adefining oneofthe21st.Statistics showthattheaverage numberof births per womanhas fallenfrom
4.9intheearly1960sto
2.5nowadays.Furthermore,around50%oftheworldspopulationlive inregions wherethe figureisnow belowthe replacementlevel i.e.
2.1birthsperwoman andalmost alldeveloped nationsareexperiencing sub-replacement birthrate.You mightthink thatdeveloping nationswould makeup thelossespecially since80%oftheworlds peoplenow livein suchnations,but youdbe wrong.Declining birthrateisamajor problemin manydeveloping regionstoo,which mightcause catastrophicglobal shortagesofworkforcewithin afew decades.A greatdecline inyoung workforce islikelytooccur inChina,for instance.What doesit implyFirst,China needsto undergorapid economicdevelopment beforea populationdecline hitsthecountry.Second,if otherfactors such as technologyremain constant,economicgrowthand materialexpectationswill fallwell belowrecent standardsand thiscould invitetrouble.Russia isanother countrywith populationproblems thatcould breakitseconomicpromise.Since1992the numberof peopledying hasbeen biggerthan thatof thosebeing bornby amassive50%.Indeedofficial figuressuggest thecountry hasshrunk by5%since1993and peoplein Russialive ashorter lifenowthanthosein
1961.Why isthis occurringNobody isquite sure,but poordiet andabove alllong-time alcoholismhave muchto dowith it.If currenttrends dontbend,Russias populationwill beabout the size of Yemensby theyear
2050.In thenorth ofIndia,the populationis boomingduetohigh birthrates,but inthe south,where mosteconomicdevelopment istaking place,birthrateis fallingrapidly.In afurther twist,birthrateis highestinpoorly educatedrural areasand lowestin highlyeducated urbanareas.In total,25%of Indiasworking-age populationhas noeducation.In2030,a sixthofthecountrys potentialworkforcecould betotallyuneducated.One solutionis obviouslyto importforeign workersvia immigration.As forthe USA,itisalmost一unique amongdeveloped nationsin havinga populationthat isexpected togrow by20%from
20102030.Moreover,the USAhas atrack recordof successfullyaccepting immigrants.As aresult itslikely toseea riseinthesizeofits working-age populationand towitness strongeconomicgrowthover thelongerterm..阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇词左右的内容概要560Online schoolsare becomingvery populartoday.Whether itis workingprofessionals whocannotafford the time togo toa full-time collegebecause oftheir hugeworkload orstay-at-home mumswhohave manyduties andcannot joininacollege,onlineschoolsare muchenjoyed atall.And now,evenregular students,who havethetimetogo to college,are goingin foronline education,as itleaves themwithenough timeto pursueother things,suchasa part-time jobor ahobby,along withstudying.However,as witheverything,there areboth advantagesanddisadvantages ofonline schooling.Lefs startwiththepositives.These schoolscost muchless.You donthave tospend moneyonbuying booksor busfees.Another advantageistheflexibility itprovides.You canstudy atany timeduringthe day.You canstudy whereveryou want-in yourhouse,atacafe oreven ina park.Move ontothedisadvantages ofonline schooling.Those students who alwaysneed apush fromtheirteachers to do well,are verylikely nottodowell inonlineschools.And thegreatest disadvantagegoingto schoolonline isthat thereare manyemployers whoprefer studentswith atraditional degreetothose whohave anonline degree.The employersfeel thatstudentswhogotofull-time collegesare moreknowledgeablecompared tothosewhohave online degrees.Since thevery purposeof educationis tolandapersona goodjob,onlinedegrees,many atime,do notserve thispurpose.No doubtthat onlineschools offerthe freedomwhich noregular collegecan provide.However howmuchthe employerswill valuethe degreesand whethera studentcan actuallymake hisown studyscheduleand mostimportantly,stick toit,depend uponindividuals AA.So inthe end,it canbe rightlysaid,onlineschoolsare goodfor some,while othersshould givethemaskip.答案与解析.【参考范文】1Facing thefirstjoboffer,satisficers probablygrasp itwhile maximizerswill likelykeep waitingfora betterone.Having submittedmore applicationsthan thesatisficer,maximizers aremore likelyto havebetterpayoff.However,despite thehigher salary,maximizers aremore worriedabouttheother workingopportunitiesthey missed,so theyarelesshappy thansatisficers.。