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1、氧化性F2+H2===2HFF2+Xe过量===XeF22F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4nF2+2M===2MFn表示大部分金属2F2+2H2O===4HF+O22F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+Cl2等体积===2ClF3F2过量+Cl2===2ClF37F2过量+I2===2IF7Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP2+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P
22、还原性S+O2===SO2S+O2===SO2S+6HNO3浓===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3稀===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===P4O10常写成P2O52P+3X2===2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3浓===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2少量===2COC+O2足量===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2生成水煤气2C+SiO2===Si+2CO制得粗硅Si粗+2Cl===SiCl4SiCl4+2H2===Si纯+4HClSi粉+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H
23、(碱中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO☆☆☆金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3(钝化)4AlHg+3O2+2xH2O===2Al2O
3.xH2O+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4===Al2SO43+3H22Al+6H2SO4浓===Al2SO43+3SO2+6H2OAl,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化Al+4HNO稀===AlNO33+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2Og===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn☆☆☆非金属氢化物HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH
31、还原性:4HCl浓+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HClg+O2===2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2足量===2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2少量===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4浓===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO稀===3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2SO43+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2纯氧===2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO用氨清除NONaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O===CaOH2+2H
22、酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+PbNO32===PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2===2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH
33、碱性NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===NH42SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
4、不稳定性2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl22H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2☆☆☆非金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性2SO2+O2===2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2===SO3+NO2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)2CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H
22、氧化性SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg===2MgO+CCO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si
3、与水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4浓===2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O===H2CO
34、与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===NH42SO3SO2+NH42SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,再用H2SO4处理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===NH42SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气SO2+CaOH2===CaSO3+H2O不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO
2.可用品红鉴别SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+CaOH2===CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH过量===Na2CO3+H2OCO2过量+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+CaOH2过量===CaCO3+H2O2CO2过量+CaOH2===CaHCO32CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2AlOH3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2☆☆☆金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===FeNO33+NO2+2H2O
2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O制还原铁粉Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O
3、与水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O
2.H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4稀===BaSO4+H2O2MgO+H2O===MgOH2缓慢反应
4、与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4冷,稀===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3===MgSO4MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2SO43+3H2OAl2O3是两性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2Sg===Fe2S3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O☆☆☆含氧酸
1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HClHClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但浓,热的HClO4氧化性很强2H2SO4浓+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4浓+S===3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+FeAl室温下钝化6H2SO4浓+2Fe===Fe2SO43+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4浓+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4浓+2HBr===SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4浓+2HI===SO2+I2+2H2OH2SO4稀+Fe===FeSO4+H22H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O4HNO3浓+C===CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3浓+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3浓+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O6HNO3+Fe===FeNO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe===FeNO33+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8FeNO33+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10FeNO33+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8FeNO33+3NH4NO3+9H2O
2、还原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HXX表示Cl2,Br2,I22H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl
3、酸性:H2SO4浓+CaF2===CaSO4+2HFH2SO4浓+NaCl===NaHSO4+HClH2SO4浓+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HClH2SO4浓+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO33H2SO4浓+Ca3(PO4)2===3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4浓+Ca3(PO4)2===2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)23HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO32HNO3+CaCO3===Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,(SO2)等还原性气体)4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2===3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙)H3PO4(浓)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4(浓)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI
4、不稳定性2HClO===2HCl+O24HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3===H2O+SO2H2CO3===H2O+CO2H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O☆☆☆碱
1、低价态的还原性4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)
32、与酸性物质的作用2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2(足量)===NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强?)NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH
3.H2OAlOH3+NH4Cl不溶解
3、不稳定性:MgOH2===MgO+H2O2AlOH3===Al2O3+3H2O2FeOH3===Fe2O3+3H2OCuOH2===CuO+H2O☆☆☆盐
1、氧化性:2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2用于雕刻铜线路版2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgCFe2SO43+2Ag===FeSO4+Ag2SO4较难反应FeNO33+Ag不反应2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl2+Mg===Fe+MgCl
22、还原性:2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl33Na2S+8HNO3稀===6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3稀===3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO
43、与碱性物质的作用:MgCl2+2NH
3.H2O===MgOH2+NH4ClAlCl3+3NH
3.H2O===AlOH3+3NH4ClFeCl3+3NH
3.H2O===FeOH3+3NH4Cl
4、与酸性物质的作用:Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaClNa2CO3+HCl===NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl===NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O===2AlOH3+3CO2+6NaCl3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O===2FeOH3+3CO2+6NaCl3NaHCO3+AlCl3===AlOH3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3===FeOH3+3CO23Na2S+Al2SO43+6H2O===2AlOH3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4AlOH
35、不稳定性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4===Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2ONH4Cl===NH3+HClNH4HCO3===NH3+H2O+CO22KNO3===2KNO2+O22CuNO33===2CuO+4NO2+O22KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO3===2KCl+3O22NaHCO3===Na2CO3+H2O+CO2CaHCO32===CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3===CaO+CO2MgCO3===MgO+CO2。