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高中英语语法非谓语动词精讲与专练非谓语动词
(一)——动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作形式这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语但可以有逻辑主v+ing语由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能正确进行口语和书面的交流动词不定式、过去分词及形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词v-ing
(一)动词不定式动词不定式由动词原形”构成,如动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词“to+to study,to play,的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如to studyhard,to play table tenniso、动词不定式的形式变化动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化1语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动to buildto havebuilt to be buildingto have been building被动to bebuildto have beenbuild、动词不定式的基本用法动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语2补足语、定语和状语用,如作主语.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用作形式主语,而将作主语的
(1)To help each otheris goodit动词不定式置于句末,如It is good to helpeachother.作表语动词不定式在系动词之后作表语,
(2)My job is todrive themto thepower stationevery day.be与表示将来时的动词不定式结构有所区别,如9be+Our planis to set up another middle school for the peasants我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学(句中的谓语动词为动词不定式为表语,主语children.is,to set up...为但并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式所表示的动作不是主语产生的)plan,plan to set upplan我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学(句中的We are to setupanothermiddleschoolfor thepeasantschildren.整个结构为句中谓语,主语为同时也是动词不定式所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词aretosetup we,tosetup不定式所表示的动作是由产生的)tosetupwe作宾语
①作及物动词的宾语,如
②作某些形容词的宾语可以有
(3)She wishesto be a musician.;动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有等,glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure如
③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时I amdetermined togive upsmoking.;,就可作介词的宾语,如Can yougive ussome adviceon what to donext作宾语补足语,如:如果句中的谓语动词为
(4)Tell thechildren not to playon the street.see,hear,watch,notice,等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将省去,如have,make,let toI sawa littlegirl runacross the street.动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如
(5)itI dont think itright to do it that way.作定语动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如
(6)Is thisthe bestway to help him和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如如果He isthe man to depend on.被不定式修饰的名词为不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如place,time,way,The oldman islooking for a quietplace to live.分词表时间、条件、原因、伴随、方式,结果等2
①Not having been warnedof danger,they steppedinto thecave.
②Given a chance,I cansurprise the world.
③He didntwork hard,thus failingthe exam.
④He came in,followed byhis students.独立主格结构3©Weather permitting,well playgolf this afternoon.
②There being no bus,we hadto walk.3He waslying on the ground,his eyeslooking straightupward.复合结构4with1With nothingtaken home,the boywas afraidto facehis stepfather.2With timegoing on,they havebecome goodfriends.3With Maryto help,he issure tosucceed.虚拟语气类:表条件用于状语倒装形式或含蓄式1
①Were Iin schoolagain,I wouldwork harder.
②Had youbeen hereearlier,you woulddo wellnow.
③Should there beameeting tomorrow,I wouldcome.
④Without air,there would be noliving things.
⑤But for your help,I couldnlhave done it.©Were itnot for your help,I couldntdo it.
⑦Had itnot beenfor yourhelp,I couldnt have doneit.§lf onlyI knewthe answer!
⑨If onlyI hadntlost it!用于宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句2
①sb.suggestadvise/recommend/propose/demand/require/desire/order/request/insist that sb shoulddo/be done
②作等名词的表语从句或主语从句,谓语动词用advice;suggestion;order;request;demand;proposalshould+do/be done.e.g We all agree to hissuggestion that the planshould becarried outin notime.
③用于主语从句a.It is necessary/natural/important/strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/thatsb should dob.It isdesired/suggested/ordered/advised/recommended/requested/required thatsb shoulddo.用于定语从句3It ishigh time thatsbshoulddo/sb did.e.g It is hightime thatwe weregoing.Ishould begoing.用于状语从句4He speaksas if/as thoughhe kneweverything.He speaksas if/as thoughhe hadstudied Englishin America.情态动词类:,,1ought to/should have done;oughtn t/shouldn thave doneneedhave done;neednt have donecould have done;couldnthave done mighthave done;2would like to havedone3would ratherdo/not do...4would rathersb did/had done...表推测肯定5a.must could/may/might do/be doing/havedone否定b can^couldn^may not/might notdo/be doing/havedone疑问c.Can/Could...do/be doing/havedone...动词时态、语态类典型句式及结构:表愿望、打算一类词,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意愿1hope;expect;mean;intend;think;suppose;wante.g I had thoughtthat hewouldbein timefor theinterview,but infact he didnt makeit.I hadmeant to help you,but Iwas toobusy atthat moment固定的句式2时态
①This is/It isthe firsttime thatsb havedone...;This/lt was the secondtime thatsb haddone...时间段
②It has been/is++since+sb did..,时间段
③It will/won tbe/take++before sb do sth...时间段+It wastook/wasnt didnttake+before sb did...
④He was about to go outwhen itbegan torain.
⑤He was on the point ofcallinq herwhen sheturned upat themeeting.
⑥He wasworking on the physicsproblem when the lightwent out.
⑦HardlW Scarcelyhad he got homewhentherain poureddown.
⑧No soonerhad heseated himselfat thedesk thanthe teacher came in.
⑨They hadntwalked fora milewhen they were warnedof dangerahead.⑩They hndjust finished their workwhen hebroke in.语态主动形式表被动意义
①He isthe onlymanto blame.IWho isto blame此类词
②The machineruns well./Class beginsat eightyread;feel;write;wear;wash;open..系动词类
③Your sentencedoesnt soundright./His wordsproved to be right.形容词
④His telephonenumber iseasy toremember,sb/sth+be++to do
⑤The roomwants/needs/requires cleaning/to becleaned.从句类:主语从句1
①It is possible/probable/likely/certain thatsb do...
②It issaid/reported/thought/expected/announced/believed/decided thatsb do...=sb issaid/reported/thought/expected/believed to do...句子§lt seems/happens/appears+that
④It occurredto/hit/stuck/came to me that he was away onbusiness.
⑤It makesno difference/doesnt matter/matter muchwhether he will comeor not.Does itmatter muchwhen he will comehere宾语从句2
①He tookit for granted that she wouldaccept hisflowers.You maydependonit that they willsupport you.We havemade itclear thathe willnot givein.We oweit to you that I havemade suchgreat progressin English.We willsee toit thatevery victimin thisWenchuan Earthquakeshould bewell taken care of.否定前移
②I dontthink/believe/suppose/expect/imagine he is right
③What doyou think/believe/suppose/expect/imaaine/consider/guess he will say4l doubtif/whether hewill win the game.I dontdoubt thathewillwin thegame.Do you doubt thathewillwin thegame状语从句3)
①时间when,as,while,before,after,since,until,——就…・・・hardly...when;no sooner...than;as soon as;the moment;the minute;the instant;instantly;immediately;句子(或directly;soon/shortly/immediately+after doing)介词短语…一想/看/听到.)(on/upon doing,sb…at thethought/sound/sight of・
②原因:because;since;now that;as;
③地点where,wherever
④条件只要;if;unless;so(as)long ason conditionthat;
⑤让步及though;although;while;whereas;no matter+how/when/who...=however/whenever/whoever;whether...orTry as he may,he neverseems able to dothe workwell.Child ashe is,he daresto walkalone in thestreetat night.
⑥结果以致);(如此…以致);,so that(so...that
⑦目的(以免;以防)so that;in orderthat;in case;
⑧方式as if;as though;
⑨比较as...as;not as(so)...as;than;the more...,the more;The harderwe work,the greaterprogress wecan make.定语从句4)@All thatcan bedone has been done.
②In thedark street,there wasnta singleperson to whom shewould turnfor help.
(3)He livesin a house whosewindow/of whichthe window/the windowof whichfaces thesea.
④As has been expected,the Englandteam won the footballmatch.
⑤He camelate again,which annoyedhis teacher.
⑥He paidthe boy$10for washingthe windows,most of which hadnt been cleanedfor atleast ayear.同位语从句5)分辨The factthat shehasnt knownthe resultof theexamination isclear.The fact(that/which)she toldme yesterdayis ofgreat importance.句式部分:倒装1)比较1ln_came agirl he had neverseen before.The door opened andin shecame.2Such arethe facts;no onecan denythem.(§)Lyinq on the floorwas aboy agedabout
17./Seated on the groundare agroup of young people/Gone arethe dayswhen we sufferedfrom hunger.
(4)Only whenthe warwaa overin1918was heableto get happilyback to work,.5Little doeshe realizehow importantthis meetingis.6Not untilI readyour letterdid Iunderstand thetrue stateof affairs.7So movedwas shethat she could notsay aword.8Should itrain tomorrow,we wouldput offthe sportsmeet.9Child though/ashe is,he knowsa lot.强调2)1Who was itthatbroke the window2I dontunderstand whyit is that smokingis notallowed here.
(3)It was not untilhe toldme thetruth thatI knewwhat had happened.感叹句3)1What funit isto gohiking insummer!2How difficultthe taskis!3How hehated thehis bosswho treatshis employeesunfairly!祈使句41Make amove,and rilshoot.=If youmake amove,Til shoot.2Go away,or I will call the police=If youdont goaway,Iwillcall thepolice.句型5there be1There areplenty ofinteresting placesto visit2There mustbe notime wasted.3There will be morethan threehundred scientistsattending themeeting.情态动词
④There++be...e.g Theremust/cant/should/used to be manyfires inthat factory.系动词+
⑤There+to be…e.g Therehappen/seem/appear to be nobodyin the room.主语6There standslived,lies,exists+e.g Therestands abig treeonthetop of the mountain.There liesa lakein thewest of the park.主语7There goescomes,enters,appears,follows+e.g Therecame manyvisitors atour schoollast Sunday.There goesthe bell.8There is+no need/time/chancefor sb to do...e.g There is nochance for me to talk withhim.9There is no doubtthat...“做某事没用或没有意义,10There is no use/point/sense in doing…不可能……;无法……;没有办法……”⑪There isno doing…“e.g There isnoknowing howlong hemight beaway.There isno jokingabout suchmatters.形容词三级常见句型6原级
①as adj as.../not soasadjas...e.g Somestones in the Pyramidweigh asmuch as15tons.This testis not so/as difficultas that one.
①the samenas...e.g Chinaisnolonger the same countryasitused to be.§...times as+adj.ase.g The new bridgebeing builtwill bethree timesas longasthe old one.
4...times the size of...e.g Your bag is three timesthesizeof mine.尽可能怎样地
⑤as+adj/adv.as possible=as+adj/adv.sb can/coulde.g111tell youthe resultsas soonas possible.比较级
①be...times+adjer than...Yourbagisthreetimes larger than mine.单数
②be+adjer than any other+nJapan has a largerpopulation thanany country in Africa.China hasa lagerpopulation thanany othercountryin the world.复数
③be+adjer thanany of the other+nTom istaller thanany of the studentsin his class.
④be+adj erthan anybodyanythingelse inof...Tom istaller thananybody elsein hisclass.
⑤the+adjer of the twonMrWang isthe moreexperienced ofthe twoengineers in the company.
⑥be get;turn;become+adjer andadjerBeijing isbecoming moreand morebeautiful andprosperous.
⑦The+adjer....,the adier...The higherone aims,the fasterhe developshis talentsand the more hecontributes to society.最高级1Canada isthe secondlargest countryin the world.2Of all the novelsthat Pveever read,I enjoythis onethe most.的几个易混句型7it时间段+1It is/has been+since+sb did...时间段+2It willwont betake+before+sbdo...时间段+3It waswasnl/took didn^take+before+sbdid...时间点+时间状语从句4ltwas+when+sbdid…e.g It was five oclock when I saw him.]§/\^§+时间状语+如句子强调句型
(一)动词不定式
1.---Can youride ahorse--No,I neverhad thechance・A.for learningit B.for learninghow C.how to learn it D.to learnhowH
2.Paul said,Give me a chairA.to sitB.sit C.sit on D.to siton3・I rantoo fastwhere Iwasgoing.C.to noticefor meD.and noticeA.to noticeB.for meto notice
4.-Have youenjoyed yourvisit here-™Yes,Ill bevery sorry・A.for leavingB.of leavingC.to leave D.with leaving
5.--1,11help youwhenever youneed me.■™Good.Id like me tomorrow.A.you helpingB.that youwill helpC.you tohelp D.that youhelp-一-一
6.-I didnthear youcome inlast night.-Thafs good.We triednoisy.A.not be B.not to be C.to be not D.to notbe
7.Because of air pollutionbeing greatlyreduced,this city is still・A.a good place whichto belived in B.lived asa goodplaceC.a goodplaceto live inD.living in asa goodplace
8.--Why wasthe officialmeeting called--new officers.A.Select B.Selecting C.To selectD.For selecting
9.--Where didhego-…He went to anotherstore.A.to buy pencils B.for buying pencils C.buypencilsD.buyingpencils-一
10.-My babyhasaheart trouble.-Did thedoctor findit difficultA.in treatingB.treating C.for treatingD.to treat
11.-™Did thejudge askyou manyquestions-™Yes,and・A.they weredifficult to be answeredB.to answerthem was to bedifficultC.theyweredifficult toanswer D.they haddifficulty inanswering
12.That beggarseems anythingyesterday.A.not to have eatenB.not to eat C.didnt eatD.to nothave eaten
13.The lostchild desirednothing buthome.A.go B.to go C.going D.wentA.too heavyfor meto carryB.too heavyfor meto carryitD.C.so heavyfor meto carryvery heavyformeto carry
14.That boxis.
15.Would yoube to do mea favour,pleaseA.so kindas B.too kindC.as kindas D.enough kind
16.To learnto speak English well,.A.much practiceis neededB.one needsmuch practiceC.much practiceis neededby oneD.one isneeded muchpractice
17.Tom keptquiet aboutthe accidentlose hisjob.A.so not as to B.so asnot toC.so as to not D.notso asto
18.Last summerI tooka courseon.A.how to make dressesB.how dressesbe madeC.how to be madedresses D.how dressesto bemade
19.The houseisnotlarge enough.A.to live inB.to belived inC.to liveD.for living
20.Nobody likes.A.to speakill ofB.to be spoken illof C.speaking illof D.spoken illof
20.1know him a goodfootball playerwhile incollege.A.to havebeen B.to be C.was D.had been
22.1was surprised・A.watching him to eat so quicklyB.watch him eat so quicklyC.watching himeatso quickly D.to watchhimeatsoquickly
23.Mr.White was seen thePalace Museum.A.enter B.to enter C.entered D.to entering
24.1saw Marythe house.B.to open the door and to go intoA.open the door and go intoD.open the door andwent intoC.openthe doorand to gointo
25.Paul doesnothing butall daylong.C.playing D.playedA.play B.to play
26.Now we could notdo anythingbut forhim here.A.waited B.waiting C.to waitD.wait
27.1don*t knowher and I dont.D.to wantA.want B.want toC.want it-一--一,but I dont have time.
28.-Go to the theatrewith me,will youI shouldlikeA.to B.too C.to doD.to go to
29.To playfair isas importantas・C.we play well D.playing wellA.to playwell B.playwell
30.It isthe greatesthappiness onearth.B.to love and beinglovedA.loving andto be lovedD.loveandbe lovedC.to loveandto be loved
31.is betterto lovethanA.That,to be loved B.That,belovedC.It,belovedD.It,to beloved
32.It*s veryfoolish itD.in yoursayingA.for you to sayB.of you to sayC.with yousaying
33.It metwo hoursto findyour newhouse.D.usedA.cost B.took C.spent
34.We didnot expectour offersoquickly.D.rejectingA.rejected B.to rejectC.to berejected
35.He toldher thereat once.D.to getA.get B.gets C.should get
36.We allthink itmost foolishthis mistake.A.foryoumaking B.ofyou to make C.youto make
37.1really dontknow.A.to swimB.how to swim C.to swimhow D.how swim
38.--What doyou thinkabout English--Ifs adifficult language.A.speaking B.to bespoken C.to speakD.spoken非谓语动词专练
(二)一一动词形式・ing
1.Alien saidthat histrip was.A.interested B.interest C.interesting
2.We cantunderstand adecision untilit istoo late.A.him topostpone tomakeC.B.his postponingtomakeD.himtopostpone makinghis postponingmaking
3.1couldnt understandat thepoor child.D.you laughingA.youto laugh B.you laughC.why laugh4・Its no use withhim.You mightas well.with astone wall.A.arguing,argue B.to argue,arguing D.to argue,argueC・arguing,arguing
5.It isno goodtodays workfor tomorrow.C.that youleaveD.leaveA.to leaveB.leavingpity onthe snakeled to his owndeath.
6.The oldman*sB.taking C.being takenD.haveA.takeyou sayso.
7.Its verykind.C.to,to D.of,/B.for,to
8.SomAe.poef,otpoles greatestpleasure isA.fishing B.to fishC.to befish D.being fishingthebook,when youhave finishedit.
9.RememberD.will putbackB.having putback C.to putbackA.putting back
10.You didnthear uscome backlast night.Thafs good.We triednoisy.A.to notbeB.not to be C.being notD.not beingitagain andagain.
11.Though hefailed,he triedD.done.B.doing C.doA.to do
12.Youll regretthose words.You mayhurt herfeelings.B.to sayC.having saidD.to havesaidA.say
13.You cankeep thebook untilyou A.B.finish to readhave finishedreading C.will finishD.have finishedto readitreadinganother chanceagain.
14.We are looking forwardtoA.be given,to tryB.give,to tryD.having,to try・C・giving,trying
15.Most ofthe studentsenjoy stamps.A.collect B.to collectC.collecting D.collected
16.Excuse mefor inwithoutA.coming,asking B.coming,being askedC.to come,asking D.to come,being asked
17.People couldnt help thefoolish girl.B.toC.laughing atD.laughingA.laugh atlaugh atn
18.What doyou thinkofthebook”a secondtime.**nOh.excellent,its worthA.to read B.to beread C.readingD.being readn
119.I usuallygo thereby train.*“Why notby boat fora change**C.A.to try going
20.1was B.trying to go D.try goingto try andgotoo excitedB.to speakC.not to speak theD.speakingA.speak一
21.Charles Babbageis generallyconsideredfirst computer.D.having inventedA.to inventB.inventingC.to haveinvented
22.It isno useto comenow.He isbusy.C.that youask himD.asking himA.ask himB.to askhimbehind his back.
23.The murderwas broughtin,with his handsA.being tiedB.having tiedC.to betied D.tied
24.Mrs Smithwarned herdaughterA.never todrive B.to never drive C.never drivingD・neverdrive.last year is verypopular amongthe studentsin thisschool.
25.The computercentre,B.opening C.having openedD.opened.A.openunder thebig tree
26.Do you know the boy C.layingB.lainto the party werefrom SouthAfrica.A.layB.to inviteC.being invitedD.had beeninvited
27.Most ofthe artistsinmany countries.A.invitedC.bespoken D.to speakB.speakingafter drinking.
29.“Can youread”Mary saidto thenotice.A.angrily,pointing B.and pointangrily C.angrily,pointed D.and angrilypointing
30.There wasa terriblenoise thesudden burstof Tight.A.followed B.following C.to befollowed D.being followedA.Given B.To giveC.Giving D.Having given
31.more attention,the treescould havegrown better.
32.A.Followed B.Followed byC.Being followedD.Having beenfollowed・Would youlikemeit foryou
33.Your flatneedsB.cleaning,doing C.cleaning,to doshort D.to becleaned,doingA.to clean,to do
34.Does yournew secretaryhandD.know howtakingA.know to takeB.know howto takeC.know howtake
35.Tommy had his bigbrother hisshoes forhim.A.to tieD.tyingB.tie C.tiedwrite onthe textbooks
36.Would youpleaseB.not toC・notD.to notA.dont
37.Td theoperation unlessit isabsolutely necessary.A.rather nothave B.rather not to haveC.not ratherhad D.rather nothaving
38.Your motherandIarelooking forward you.A.of seeingB.for seeingD.to seeingC.to see
39.The girlcouldnt A.how redhis facewas.B.be helpingto noticeC.be helpingnoticing D.help noticinghelpto noticetheirstudents,the famousteachercameinto thehall.A.taking B.to takeC.take D.taken
40.Excuse me,but it is timeto haveyour temperature非谓语动词专练
(三)——过去分词
1.There isno questionof ableto finishit himself.A.Tom was B.Tom*s beingC.Tom*sbeD.Tom is
2.The newshopping centernow will be putinto useby theend ofthis year.A.built B.be builtC.being builtD.to be builtn n
3.“Have youhad supperNot yet.The meal・A.are beingcooked B.is beingcooked
4.Tm gladyou herein thehotel.”A.meeting,toB.to have met,with
5.Im afraidI cantmake myselfin English.C.is cookedD.are cookedH“Its mygreat pleasureto haveyou us.C.having met,among D.to meet,ofA.understanding B.understand C.to beunderstood D.understood
6.Although ina hurry,Wilson.A.couldnt stopwalking B.couldnl help the strangerC.stopped tohelpthe stranger D.didnt answerthestranger
7.Janet iseasy・A.for gettingalong with B.by gettingalong with C.to getalong withD.got alongwith
8.Dont forget the lightwhen youleave.A.turn offB.to turn off C.turning offD.turned offA.understanding what she meansB.to understandthatshemeantC.to understandwhat she means D.noticing whatshemeans,
10.1think thisstory is.C.worth toread D.worth of readingA.worth beingreadB.worth reading
9.The motheris veryglad;her babyis beginning____
11.This scientistisa man praise.A.worth toC.worthy ofD.worthB.worthy to beany moretrouble,you see
12.1don*t wantD.there to beB.it to beC.it beingA.there beingA.stealing B.missed C.stolen D.to steal
13.When shereturned home,she foundthe windowopen and something
14.Strictly,it isn*t worththe priceyou areasking.D.spokenA.to speakB.speaking C.speak
15.Time,theyll comehere to watch usfootball.D.permitting,to playA.permitted,playing B.permitted,to play C.permitting,play
16.The manwasseeninto thecourtyard.D.had stolenA,stealing B.stolen C.be stealing
17.Bob shouldlove to thepartytomorrow evening.D.being takenA.taking B.to betaken C.to take
18.Tom hadnochoicebut the classroom withhis classmates.D.cleansA.to cleanB.clean C.cleaning
19.Mr.Brown saidthat hiscar neededA.to berepaired B.being repairedC.be repairing
20.The oldman didntknow whetherto sellthe caror.A.being kept for later use B.keptfor later useC.to keepit forlateruseD.tobekept itforlateruse
21.The noiseofthedesks couldbe heardin thenext classroom.A.being opened and closedB.opened andclosedC.having beenopened andclosed D.tobe openedandclosed
22.1remember someonethe umbrellaaway.A.to see,take B.having seen,to takeC.to see,to takeD.having seen,take
23.She wasnoticed theshop.A.to enterB.enterC.having enteredD.entered
24.1couldnt help whenI heard thejoke.A.being laughedB.laughing C.tobelaughing D.tolaugh作状语动词不定式可以作下列的状语
①目的状语
(7)Every morninghe getsup veryearly toread English.为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加或(以便或为了),但应注意in ordertoso astoin orderto位于句首或句中均可,而不能位于句首如so asto,She readsChina Dailyevery dayin orderto(so asto)improve将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如her English.To mastera foreignlanguage,one mustwork
②结果状语.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放hard atit They lived to see theliberation oftheir hometown形容词或副词+动词不定式,表示“足能…”的结果,如
③too+You areold enough totakecare ofyourself now.、复合结构不定式由名词(或代词宾格)+动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式其中本3for+for身无意义后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状for语,如当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主It is very importantfor usto geteverything readyfor theharvest.语的性质或特征时,就用介词而不用引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有of forgood,nice,kind,wise,silly,等,如stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite It isverykind ofyoutohelp himevery day.、疑问词+动词不定式疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表4语或宾语,如How toprevent themfrom swimmingin thisriver isa problem.、动词不定式的否定式动词不定式的否定式是由动词不定式构成,如5not+It,s wrongofyounottoattendthe meeting.、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系一般式动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语6
(1)动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如We decidedto plant(其后),.(同时);完成式动词不定式完成more treesthis spring.They oftenwatch usplaytabletennis
(2)式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如进行式动词不I amsoiryto havekept you waiting.
(3)定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如She happenedtobewritinga letterin the room whenI camein.、动词不定式的被动语态用法如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不7定式一般就用被动语态形式,如What istobedone nexthasnt beendecided yet.非谓语动词
(二)一一动词形式-ing
(二)形式动词的形式也是一种非谓语动词形式仍保留有动词的特征,可以带有其所・ing・ing・ing需要的宾语或状语而构成短语・ing的形式有一般式和完成式及物动词的还有主动语态和被动语态,而不及物动词的1-ing・ing・ing・则没有被动语态现在以及物动词和不及物动词为例,将其各种形式列表如下ing make go・ing及物动词不及物动词makego动词语态形式主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式making beingmade going完成式having made having beenmadehavinggone、形式的基本用法2・ing作主语.百闻不如一见作主语时,如果其结构较长,1Seeing isbelieving Talkingis easierthan doing,-ing可用作形式主语,而将作主语的后置如飞it・ing It isn muchgood writingto themagain.It no use waitinghere.作表语2Her jobis washing and cooking.My hobbyis collectingstamps.作宾语:3
①作及物动词的宾语She likesdrawing verymuch.;
②作某些短语动词的宾语Mary isthinking ofgoing backto NewYork.;限定词等表示“做…事”之意,如
③do+my,some,any,the+-ing,We oftendo ourcleaning onSaturdayafternoon.Will youdo anyshopping onSaturday thisafternoon
④作介词的宾语Her sisterisgoodat learningphysics.;
25.,she burstinto tears.A.Deeply movedB.Deeply movingC.As shedeeply movedD.As she was deeplymoving
26.The problemrequires•A.studying withgreat careB.to studycarefullyC.tobestudied withoutcarelessness D.taking greatcare ofstudying it
27.carelessly,the boymade mistakeshere andthere..A.being writtenB.Wrote C.Write D.Writing
28.He wouldrather hisparents withtheir houseworkthan out to playgames.A.tohelp,to goB.help,goC.help,to go D.tohelp,go
29.The boyhadhisleg whilefootball.A.broken,playing B.break,playC.broken,played D.broke,was playing
30.Having finishedthe work,.A.it wasalmost sixoclock B.a postmancame anddelivered theevening paperandsomelettersC.supper hadbeen alreadyprepared D.we hada restand thenhad supper
31.He isill.He haskept.A.coughing allalong B.to coughat nightC.cough sinceyesterday D.being coughedday andnight
32.It isnousewithout・D.being talked,being to don
33.I usuallygo therebyboat.”Why notby trainforachange**A.trygoingB.to trygoing C.trying togoD.totryandgo
34.1,she feltquite shyat theparty.B.Being a strangerA.As shea strangerD.She likea strangerC.According toa strangerandthen toschool.
35.Every morninghe getsup earlyand practisesB.reading English,goingA.toreadEnglish,goD.ofreading English,goesA.totalk,doing B.taking,being doneC.talking,doing
36.WhileA.playing,lost,B.play,losing C.played,being lostD.having played,lostfootball ontin playground,I foundmy keysA.His havingmade B.He hasmade C.He hadmaking D.Him making
37.thesamemistakes againmade hisparents veryangry.
38.Dick made it toall hisfriends.C.know D.knowingA.to knowB・known
39.Anna spendsone houra dayspoken English.A.practise B.to practiseC.on practising D.in practising
40.No onewas surprisedat theexamination.C.him passD.his passingA.he passingB.his pass
41.Although swimmingis hisfavourite sport,yet hedoesn*t liketoday.A.toswimB.swimming C.swim D.to haveswim
42.She satat thedesk andset abouta letterto herfriend.D.writtenA.to writeB.writing C.write
43.This soupis cold;it needs・A.to heatB.tobeheated C.being hotD.heated
44.1went aballoon but I didntsee anyoneballoons.A.to buy,to sellB.to buy,selling C.buying,selling D.buying,to sell
45.Anna is often heardsongs in her room.A.sung B.singing C.singD.to sing
46.The moreyou practiseEnglish,the betteryour Englishwillbe.A.tospeak,speaking B.speaking,spoken C.spoken,spokenD.spoken,speaking结构专练With
1.John receivedan invitation to dinner,and withhis work,he gladlyaccepted it.A.finished B.finishing C.having finishedD.was flnished
2.-…Come on,please giveme someideas aboutthe project.--一Sorry.With somuch workmy mind,I almostbreak down.A.filled B.filling C.to fillD.being filled,
3.1couldn tdo myhomework with all thatnoise.A.going onB.goes onC.went onD.togo on
4.two examsto worry about,I havetoworkreally hardthis weekend.A.With B.Besides C.As for D/Because of
5.1twasa pitythat thegreat writerdied hisworks unfinished.A.for B.with C.from D.of
6.The youngwoman ababy sleepinginherarms waswandering in thestreet.A.withB.because C.onD.like
7.Everyone shouldgo tosleep withthe lightturned off.A.asB.withC.forD.on
8.so manyhomework to do,Mary wonthavetimeto playwith herfriends thismorning.A.Without B.With C.By D.Because
9.thedooropen,the noiseofthemachines isalmost deafening.A.Because B.As C.With D.Because of
10.his motherout,hehadto stayat homealone.A.As B.For C.Because D.With
11.all thingsconsidered,her proposalisofgreater thanhisA.Like B.With C.On D.Without
12.time permitting,we willvisit theSummer Palace.A.By B.On C.With D.As完成句子所涉及的语法及常见句式综合操练(还不得而知)1)whether it will dous goodor harm,(it;remain)有益处)2)Do you consider(cut downtrees justfor wood,(benefit)(被相信已任命为)3)He ambassadorto theFrance.(believe)th年在北京举办)4)We arelookingforwardto the29Olympic Games(2008(hold)(他向这家公司申请这份工作).5)At the very beginning,he wasnot awareofthedifficulty(什么使之成为可能)(apply)6)that nobodyin thisvillage diedin theterrible earthquake(it)(让你等这么长的时间7I amterribly sorryfor).(keep)被当场抓住偷一位妇女的钱包8The manwas taken to thepolice station.catch经常看见在一起踢足球9Here arethe boyssee写封信10PIease lendmeapen.write为了让别人看见他.llHe roseand stoodonthebench as;himself问到他一个星期不抽烟是否能行,12When henodded hishead.go被他的一席话打动了,13Deeply weaccepted hisdonation.move没有承认打破了玻璃,14he feltguilty,break没旅馆15There bwe hadto leave the town.hotel有这么多人捐助,16a newWenchuan Countywill standwhere it was.with要不是救援队,17the littlegirl wouldiftbeen rescuedwithout delay,for忙于拆房子.18I wouldhavemethim thatday,but Iengaged万一下雨19tomorrow,we wouldput offthe sportsmeet,rain要是你早点来20J woulddo betternow.come被武汉大学录取21It isdesired thathe.admit我们该和主人道别了22He remindedus thatit washightimethat say本不必要这么紧张23You nearlyfailed tosay asingle wordin hispresence,but actuallyyou nervous肯定通过考试了24Noticing thesmile onhis face,I daresay thathe pass原计划去郊游,251butIwas asked tohave an extraclass onSunday,plan正要去喊人来帮忙突然26She shespotted herhusband comingrunning towardsher.point他刚刚坐下27the bosscamein.no sooner;seat过了九年他们才28It gotmarried.take该受责备29We allagree thathe isthe onlyperson forthe fault.to为什么这鞋子耐穿.301wonder wear做31I foundthe experimenthard.carry会有什么区别32Idonknow ifwe setout tomake astudy plantomorrow ratherthan rightnow.it很重要33whether hewill cometo ourhelp ornot matter我突然想起34he wentwithout breakfast,occur想当然的认为35They heis welloff.grant认为他不会361pay avisit toour schoolneat week.think你认为什么37matters muchin theface ofsuch adisaster think他们一听至38They rushedout!!the alarm.minute农民过去种蔬菜的地方39A newschool willbebuiltwhere无任我们多么拼命跑,40they couldn,t escapebeing captured.crazy无任谁进来411will givea giftto to see theexhibits.come趁你还没忘记.42Please putit downforget除非她也被邀请.431won go totheparty invite门需要修.441doif tliketo liveinthe roomfix大多数人是下岗工人45In front ofthebuilding stooda greatmany people,most.他们的注意力都集中在46There gathereda crowdof people,the dancingboy.focus我们求助于他47He istheveryman wheneverwe arein trouble,turn他们成功地又救出一名受灾者48Word came.manage地上躺着49wasaboy whoseeyes werewide open.lie他工作努力50So hewill probablyfinish thetask intime,work我能同意51Under nocircumstances sucha principle,agree在山顶上有52He suddenlyfound himselfstanding at the footofahill,a temple.stand虽然他被看作是英雄,
53.he alwaysthought hehad justdone hisduty.as他们到底去哪里了?54Can youtell meit直到他们告诉我此事55I gotto knowwhat hadhappen tohim.inform多么有趣56togoskating inwinter,fun足够的票剩下看571am afraidthere arentthe footballmatch.leave以前曾有个小河的地方58Thenewcar factoryis locatedused碰巧没人59When Iwenttothe classroom,.happen不和以前一样艰巨60The workis once比多五倍61The populationof JingzhoucityisChicago than是旧的宽度的两倍62The newly-built freewayis.width比其他同学63He istaller inhisclass,other我们行动越迅速,64themorepeople couldbe saved,action很有可能65they willbeat theiropponents,chance他们还没来得及弄明白发生了什么66They werethrown ontothe truck.realize建议我们进行进一步调查67He thecase.suggest需要勇气和毅力68Weallknow facethese challenges,it他不相信我69The reasonis belief他们带来了70Not onlysnacks anddrinks,but theyalso prepareda tentin case,bring所有能做的71hasbeendone.all已经被反复试过了72Every possiblemeans sofar.try对我们来说关系不大73When andwhere hewill go.matter我们曾一起生活741will neverforgetthe days inthe village,live我彳门曾一起度过75Do youstill rememberthedaysinthevillage,spend6不能761ve neverbeen sopoor toafford ameal,as被发现躺在地上77,the manwas rushedin tohospital withoutdelay,find参考答案非谓语动词一一一动词不定式1~5DDACC6〜10BCCAD11〜15CABAA16-20BBAAB21~25ADBAA26~30DBAAC31~35DBBCD36〜38BBC非谓语动词二一一动词形式-ing1~5CDDAB6〜10BAACB11〜15BCADC16〜20BCCDB21-25CDDAD26-30DAAAB31~35ABCBB36-40CADDD非谓语动词三——过去分词1〜5BCBBD6〜10CCBCB11〜15CDCBC16〜20ABAAC21〜25ADABA26〜30ADBAD31-35ACABC36〜40AABDD41〜46ABBBDB结构专练With1-5ABAAB6-12ABBCDBC完成句子所涉及的语法及常见句式答案
2.it tobeof benefitto
19.Should itrain
3.is believedtohavebeen appointedas
20.Had youcome earlier/If youhad comeearlier
4.being heldin Beijingin
200821.should beadmitted into/to WuhanUniversity
5.he hadinapplying tothe companyfor thisjob
22.we shouldsay good-bye tothe host/we saidgood-bye
6.What madeit possibletothehostJ
7.having keptyouwaiting for solong
23.needn thavebeenso nervous
8.who wascaught stealinga ladyspurse
24.must havepassed theexam
9.who areoftenseen to play footballtogether
25.had plannedtogoouting
10.to writea letterwith/with whichto writea letter
26.wasonthepointof askingsomeone forhelpwhen
11.soastomakehimself seen
27.No soonerhad hebeen seated/seated himselfthan12asked whetherhecouldgo withouta cigarette/
28.took nineyears before theysmoking fora week
29.to blame/who/that istoblame
13.moved bywhat hehad said/his words
30.why theshoes wearlong
14.Not havingadmitted breakingthe glass
31.to carryout
15.beingnohotels
32.what differentitwill make/whether itwillmakeany
16.With somany peopledonatingdifference
17.Had itnot beenforthe rescue team/lf ithadntbeenfor
33.Does itmatter muchtherescue team/But fortherescueteam
34.lt occurredto methat
18.was engagedin pulling/tearing downthe house
35.take itforgrantedthat
36.dontthinkhewill
41..whoever comesin
37.What doyou think
42.before youforget it
38.the minutethey heard
43.unless sheis alsoinvited
39.where thefarmers usedto growvegetables
44.whose door/of whichthedoor/thedoorofwhich
40.No matterhow theyran likecrazyneeds/requires/wants fixing/tobefixed
45.most ofwhom werelaid-off workers
46.Whose attentionwas focusedon
47.towhomwe turn
48.that theyhad managedto saveanother victim
49.lying onthe ground
50.hard doeshe workthat/hard ishe workingthat
51.can/will/do Iagreeto
52.onthetop ofwhich stood
53.Hero ashe wasconsidered/regarded as
54.where itisthatthey havegone
55.Itwasnot untilthey informedme ofthis thingthat
56.What funitis
57.tickets lefttowatch
58.where/intheplace wherethere usedtobea smallriver
59.there happenedtobenobody
60.notastough asit oncewas
61.fives timeslargerthanthat ofChicago
62.twice thewidth oftheoldone
63.thananyother student
64.The quickeraction wetook
65.Chances arethat/Thechanceisthat/Thereisachancethat
66.beforetheycould realizewhat werehappening/hadhappened
67.suggested thatwe shouldlook furtherinto/suggested ourlooking furtherinto
68.it takes/will takecourage andperseverance to
69.thathehas nobelief inme
70.did theybring
71.All thatcan bedone
72.hasbeentried overand overagain
73.doesnt mattermuch to us
74.whenweonce livedtogether
75.that/whichwe oncespent
76.asnot
77.Found lyingonthe ground
⑤作形容词等的宾语作宾语带有宾语补足语时要用作为worth,busy Thisbook iswell worthreading,-ing,it形式宾语,而将作宾语的后置,如・ing Wefound itno goodtalking likethat.Do youthink itnecessary tryingagain作定语形式作4The sleepingchild isonly fiveyears old.Do youknow the man standing atthegate注:・ing定语用时,如果只是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后,・ing-ing・作定语时,被所修饰的名词就是该的逻辑主语另外,作定语用时,其动作和句子谓语动词所ing-ing-ing-ing表示的动作是同时进行的,如果不是同时进行的,就不能用作定语,要使用定语从句如・ing,The girlwhowrote a letter thereyesterday canspeak Englishvery well.作宾语补足语注当在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用5We cansee steamrising from the wetclothes.・ing时,句中宾语就是这个的逻辑主语,可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有・ing see,watch,hear,observe,feel,find,have,等keep作状语6
①时间状语9分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可力口Seeing Tom,I couldnthelpthinking ofhis brother.或如when while,When crossingstreet,you mustbe careful.
②原因状语Being ill,hedidnt gotoschool yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语Mary stoodattheschool gatewaitingforBetty.、主动语态完成式的基本用法主动语态完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的3・ing・ing动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语用句中的主语是它的逻辑主语,并且是它所表示的动作的执行者,如Having answeredthe letter,she wentontoread anEnglish novel.、被动语态一般式的基本用法被动语态一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作,4-ing-ing而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的它一般在句中作定语或状语用如The truckbeingrepaired thereis ours.、被动语态完成式的基本用法被动语态完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作5・ing・ing之前,在句中一般作状语用如Having beenshown thelab,we weretakentosee thelibrary.、形式的复合结构在前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成的复合结构其中的物主代词或6-ing・ing-ing名词所有格为的逻辑主语这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语,如:・ing Yoursmoking anddrinking toomuch will但在口语中,这种结构如作宾语用,其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格,名词的所有do harmto yourhealth.格常用名词的普通格代替,如She insistedon Petersor Petergoingthere first.形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别一般说来,表示一个比较抽象或泛指的
7.-ing动作时多用形式表示一个具体某一次的动作时,多用动词不定式,如・ing Ourjobismaking steel.She likesplayingthe piano,but shedoesnt wantto playit today.形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别形式作定语用时,其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示8-ing-ing的动词同时发生,而动词不定式作定语时,其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后如:The girlwritingaletterthere canspeakEnglishvery well./I havethree lettersto write.形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别不定式作宾补时,其动作一般发生在谓语动词所9-ing1表示的动作之后,如在等之后,如果用I havetold themto comeagain tomorrow.2see,watch,hear,feel-ing形式作宾补,表示其动作正在进行中,而用不带的不定式作宾补时,不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过to程,如.我听见她正在屋里唱歌.我听见她在屋里唱过Ihear her singingintheroom Ihearhersing intheroom歌、形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情10-ing・ing况,而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时,一般是作目的或结果状语,如Not receivinghis letter,I wroteto himagain./1looked into the windowtoseewhat wasgoing oninside.非谓语动词三一一过去分词三过去分词、过去分词的基本用法过去分词只有一种形式,也没有主动语态,它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是1已完成的动作过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分过去分词在句中作某种成分时,其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者,如作定语过去分词作定语时,如果这个分词是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短语,1就位于其修饰的名词之后被过去分词所修饰的名词,就是该分词的逻辑主语,$nThe stolencar wasfound bythepolice last week.作表语过去分词作表语时,表示其逻辑主语所处的状态,其逻辑主语就是句中的主语,如2The glass这个玻璃杯是破的注过去分词作表语时,和动词的被动语态结构相似,但两者表达的意义不同,is broken.如这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的作表语用的过去分词在许多词典The glasswas brokenby mylittle brother.中已列为形容词,如crowded,devoted,discouraged,done,dressed,drunk,experienced,frightened,gone,hurt,interested,killed,known,learned,lost,pleased,satisfied,shut,surprised,tired,undressed,worried,astonished,broken,等completed,covered作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语,如3When Iopened thedoor,I found注动词后的复合宾语中,宾语补足语如为过去分词,常表示该分词所thegroundcovered byfallen leaves.have表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的,如昨天我找别Ihadmy bikerepaired yesterday.人把我的自行车给修了作状语过去分词作状语时,相当于一个状语从句,该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语,是过去4分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确,常在分词前加等when,if,while,though,as连词,如Seen fromthe hill/When seenfromthehill,our townlooks beautiful.;Given more time/If givenmoretime,we是该结构的逻辑主语,是的逻辑宾语could havedoneitbetter,we give上述和过去分词的用法中,和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语,但有时它们也能有自己独立主格:・iiig・ing的独立的主语,这种独立的主语,一般为名词或代词,位于其前之前,和或过去分词构成独立主格独・ing立主格在句中一般只作状语用,而和过去分词作用的形式,则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词・ing所表示的时间关系而定至于独立主格中是使用或是过去分词,则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作・ing的主动被动关系而定,如注The bellringing,we allstopped talking.The workhavingbeenfinished,she satdown to
①独立结构中的或常可省去,如
②作伴havearest.being havingbeen Themeeting beingover,all lefttheroom.随状语的独立结构常可用短语来代替,如with She read theletter,tears rollingdown hercheeks./Shereadthe letterwithtears rollingdown hercheeks.、形式与过去分词的区别2・ing语态不同形式表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念鼓舞人1・inganinspiring speech心的演说;受鼓舞的听众the inspiredaudience时间关系不同现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往是2已经完成的动作,如正在发生的世界;已经起了变化的世界The changingworld thechanged world【一】分词作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别1现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系1He wentout,shutting thedoor behindhim.他出去后将门随手关上Not knowingwhatto do,he wenttohisparents forhelp.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系2Given moreattention,the treescould havegrown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好Faced withdifficulties,we musttry toovercome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服Caught ina heavyrain,hewasall wet.Given moreencouragement,the boycould havebehaved better分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以2)外,还表示结果或原因由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间Reading attentively,he forgotthe timefor lunch.(原因)他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西(时Reading carefully,he foundsomething hehad notknown before.间)1只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西(条件)Reading carefully,you1!learn somethingnew.作宾补时,如果动词和宾语之间是主动关系,用现在分词;如果是被动关系或者表示状态,用过去分词we lefthim cryingoutside thegate.we foundhis handstied behindhisback.状态we foundthe worldoutside changed.用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键名词与该动作的关系【二】分词作定语的区别现在分词做定语
1.从功能上看,现在分词做定语表示主动(及物);进行(不及物)1)2)做定语相当于一个定语从句(主动)Do youknow theboy standingatthedoord Doyouknow theboywho isstandingatthe doorAdeveloping countryneeds aids.aA countrythat/which isdeveloping needsaids.Theylived inahouse facingthe southdTheylivedinahousethat facedthe south.The manwearing a red tie is our head.(戴红领带)dThe manwho wearsaredtieisour head.The workersworking inthe factory are well-paid.aThe workerswho areworking inthe factoryare well-paid.在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好过去分词做定语
2.从功能上看,过去分词做定语表示被动(及物);完成(不及物)1)2)做定语相当于一个定语从句(被动),有时侯也表示完成的The brokenwindow wasrepaired thismorning.The windowbroken yesterdaywas....•.昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了dThe windowthat/which wasbroken yesterdaywas…The soldhamburgers are nottomy taste.••这家连锁店卖的汉堡不适合我的口味The hamburgerssold inthis chainare notto…The hamburgersthat/which aresold inthis chainarenotto....(此过去分词表示完成)The arrivedguests willbe ledin.•刚到的客人将会被带进来The guestsarrived just now will…The guestswho arrivedjustnowwillbe....The bookthat waswritten byWang sellswell.dThe bookwritten byWang sellswell.The tiethat isworn byour headis made in Shanghai.dThe tieworn byourheadis madein SH小厂产的鞋子质量差The shoesthat weremadeinasmallfactoryareof badquality.反之,一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构The manI introduced toyouyesterday had just returnedfrom Japan.…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来The manintroducedtoyou byme yesterdayhadjust他是个大家所热爱的人He isa manwho isloved by all.d He isaman lovedbyall.The leavesthat havefallen arecollected bythe cleaners.aThe fallenleaves arecollected...That letterI receivedlast weekwas fromLi.a Theletter receivedlastweekwas fromLi.【三】状语从句的省略一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中由等引导的when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once时间状语从句;由等引导的条件状语从句;由等引导的让whether Jf,unless though,although,even if,whatever步状语从句;由等引导的比较状语从句;由等引导的方式状语从句上述状语从句as,than as,as if,as though在省略时,并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原则当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时且从句中含有动词的某种形式时,可以省略状语从句的主1BE语和系动词这时从句中可出现如下结构be,
①连词名词as,as if,once+如庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著Once hewasa worker,Pang Longnow becomesa famoussinger.名的歌手
②连词+形容词though,whether,when如f.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的Work hardwhen you are young,oryoull regret
③连词+介词短语whether,as if,while如.他到处看似乎在找什么东西He lookedeverywhere as if hewasin searchof something
④连词现在分词when,while,though+如While hewas holdingtalks withPresident HuJintao,US PresidentGeorge W.Bush thankedChina forits.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用important roleintheSix-Party Talks5连词when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as+过去分词如.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多The exhibitionis moreinteresting thanitwasexpected6连词asif,as though+不定式如.奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运Olympic goldmedallist hurdlerLiu Xiangopened hislips asif hewere tospeak动员刘翔张开嘴好象要说什么当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,但从句主语是从句中又含有系动词的某种形式时,可以把2it,be it和系动词一起省略如f.如果没有必要,你最beoUnless itis necessary,youdbetter notrefer tothe dictionary好不要查字典各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下
一、时间状语从句中的省略她很小时,就开始学习弹钢琴When shewas veryyoung,she begantolearntoplay the piano.我在上大学时就开始认识他,一个奇While Iwas atcollege,I beganto knowhim,astrangebut ablestudent.怪但有能力的学生到达之后,来个电报When arriving,send mea telegram.When youarrive,send mea telegram.走之前,请关闭所有的灯Before leaving,turn offallthe lights.Before youleave,turnoffallthe lights.不叫你请你不要进来Don,t comein untilyou are askedto.不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙Whenever itis possible,you shouldcome andhelp.你应尽快让我们知道结果You shouldlet usknowtheresult assoon asitis possible.注在引导时间状语从句时,没有这种省略现象我们不可说as Aswalking,she founda niceshining thingonthe ground.
二、地点状语从句中的省略地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构wherever possible,wherever necessary,把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方Lay thesebooks wherepossible youcan find them easily.在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词Put inarticles wherevernecessary inthe followingpassages.
三、条件状语从句中的省略常用的句型是等如if necessary,if possible,if true,if anyone货物如果准备好了,请送过来Send thegoods nowif theyare ready.如果叫他来,他就来He willcome ifheisasked.如果有可能,朝我家里打电话If itisnecessary,ring meat home.如果有可能和我一起去吧Come alongwith meif itispossible.如果是真的,这会给我们带来很多麻烦If itis true,this willcasue usa lotof trouble.很少有人能记起他There arefew peoplenowadays,if thereare any,who rememberhim.你应呆在你现在的地方不动,除非叫你动You shouldstay whereyouare,unless youareaskedto leave.
四、让步状语从句中的省略他真是个好人,尽管有时有点无聊He isa goodman,though sometimesheisrather dull.即使邀我去,我都不想听如此坏的报告Even ifI aminvited to,I won,tgoto sucha badlecture.
五、比较状语从句中的省略她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好She canplaythepiano justas wonderfullyas you(do).She hasfinishedthework earlierthan(it hasbeen)expected.【四】复合结构with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名with词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识
一、结构的构成with它是由介词或复合结构构成,复合结构作介词或的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分with without+with without宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词With结构构成方式如下或■名词/代词+形容词;
1.with without或■名词/代词+副词;
2.with without或•名词/代词+介词短语;
3.with without或名词/代词+动词不定式;
4.with without-或•名词/代词+分词
5.with without下面分别举例、名词+形容词,作伴随状语)1She cameintotheroom,with hernose redbecause ofcold.(with+、名词+副词,作时间状语)2With themeal over,we allwent home.(with+、名词+介词短语,作伴随状语)3The masterwas walkingup anddown withthe rulerunder hisarm(with+The teacherenteredtheclassroomwith abook inhishand.(名词+不定式,作4^He layinthedark emptyhouse,with notaman,woman orchild tosay hewas kindtome・with+伴随状语)代词+不定式,作条件状语)He could not finishit without metohelp him.(without+、名词+现在分词,作伴随状语)5She fellasleep withthelightburning.(with+Without anythingleft inthe cupboard,代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)shewent outtoget something toeat.(without+
二、结构的用法with在句子中结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)with结构在句中也可以作定语例如With
1.1like eatingthe mooncakeswith eggs.
2.From spacethe earthlooks likea hugewater-covered globewithafew patchesof landsticking outabove thewater.
3.A littleboy withtwo ofhis frontteeth missingran intothe house.
三、结构的特点with结构由介词或复合结构构成复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语
1.with with without+关系,而在逻辑上,却具有主谓关系,也就是说,可以用第一部分作主语,第二部分作谓语,构成一个句子例如(欣慰)一With himtakencare of,we feltquite relieved.(He wastaken goodcareof.)She fellasleep withthelight一burning,f(The lightwas burning.)With herhair gone,there couldbenouse forthem.(Her hairwas gone.)在结构中,第一部分为人称代词时,则该用宾格代词例如
2.with HecouldnotHnish itwithoutmetohelphim.
四、几点说明结构在句子中的位置结构在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面,并用逗
1.with with号与句子分开;表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面,不用逗号分开若结构作定语,则放在所修with饰的名词之后,一般不用逗号隔开结构作状语时,不定式、现在分词、和过去分词的区别在结构中,不定式、现在分词作宾补,表
2.with with示主动,但是不定式表示将要发生的动作,而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作;过去分词表示被动或完成例如(小男孩已领过路)With theboy leadingthe way,we foundhe house easily.」小男孩明天将领路)With theboy tolead theway,we willfindthehouseeasilytomorrow寝室被关着)He layonthebed withthe bedroomdoor shut.(结构与一般的短语的区别结构具有上述功能和特点,而”介词名词或代词(组广组成
3.with with with with+的一般的短语在句子中可以作定语和状语作状语时,它能表示动作的方式、原因,但不能表示时间、伴with随和条件在一般的短语中,后面所跟的不是复合结构,也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系with with结构与独立主格结构的关系结构属于独立主格结构,但在结构上,结构由介词或
4.withwithwithwithWithout引导,名词前有冠词、形容词、所有格代词或其它词类所修饰,结构较松散;而独立主格结构没有或with without引导,结构严密,名词前可用可不用修饰语在句法功能上,结构可以作定语,独立主格结构则不能;独立with主格结构通常在句中作状语,但也可以作主语,而结构则不能with独立主格在口语中不常用,往往由一个从句代替,而结构较口语化,较常用例如with复合宾语”结构,在句中作定语)There wererows ofwhite houseswith treesin frontof them.(“with+(名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构,作主语)A strongman workinga wholeday couldnot jumpthis high.The boy」独立主格结构,表示伴随状况或行为方式,作said,turning totheman,his eyesopened wideand hishand raised状语)(名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构,作状语,Then lastnightj followedhim here,and climbedin,sword inhand.表示伴随情况)代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)完成句子board,she wentouttogetsomethingtoeat.(without+所涉及的语法及常见句式呈现与演练语法部分非谓语动词类:作主语、宾语
1.1sb/sth besaid/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought/anounced/expected to do/havedone=lt is acknowledged/said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought/announced/expected thate.gEnglish isacknowledgedtobewidely usedall overtheworld.=Itisacknowledged thatEnglishiswidely usedall overtheworld.2Itisnouse/good/not anyuse/useless doing...e.g Doyouconsiderit anygood repairinqthe truckagain3Itisof greatlittleuse/value/importance/help/benefit/interest...to do,,9谓语=其他4ones doing/onesbeing done+e.g Hiscoming lateagain annoyedhis teacher.5admit/appreciate/avoid/consider/delay/dislike/enjoy/feel like/finish/imagine/keep/mind/practice/resist/risk/suggest/miss...分辨与的区别6try/remember/forget/mean/regret/stop/goon+doing+todo与+的区另7allow/advise/forbid/permit/recommended+doing sb+todoU8sth require/want/need+doing=tobedone9sb havedifficulty/trouble/fun/a hardtime/a goodtime/+indoing或therebesome difficulty/trouble/fun/a hardtime/agoodtime+indoing10How/What about+doing...11lt iskind/clever/careless/wise/polite/foolish+of sbtodo...12lt isnecessary/possible/impossible/important/convenient/difficult for sbtodo sth....形容词或名词+或+句子13sb find/feel/think/consider/make+it+forsbtodothate.g This madeit possible thatwecouldspend our holidays in Paris.=Thismadeitpossiblefor usto spendourholidaysinParis.*注意非谓语动词部分的语态及时态e.g1He apologizedtousfor hishaving brokenthewindow.2He isproud ofhis teambeing awardedthe firstprize..作宾语补足语2使役动词1make sbdo;make oneself/sb done;leave sbtodo/done/doing..have sbdo/done/doing..get sbtodo/done/doing..keep sbdoing/done..感官动词;2see/notice/watch/observe/find/hear sbdo/doing/done被动结构be seen/noticed/watched/observed/found/heard todo/doing/done..其他形容词./介词短语等catch/send/get...sbdoing;leave/keep/find/make sb/sth+e.gkeep/leavethedooropen;find himselfinthehospital;make Chinawhatsheis today....作定语31The bridgetobebuilt nextyear is in frontof my house.;The bridgebeing builtnow isin frontof myhouseThe bridgebuilt lastyearisin frontof myhouseThe bridgegoing acrossthe riverisinfrontofmyhouse2
①Please givehimaknife tocut wHh2Thereisnothing toworryabout,3He needsa roomtolivein.4There areonly fiverooms lefttolivein..作状语4动词不定式表目的、结果等1
①I camehere to/in orderto/soastoseehim.
②He hurriedback,only tofind hishouse brokeninto.
③He isnot oldenoughtogotoschool.
④Heistoo oldtodothat.。