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现在完成时(I〕第八单元语法知识定义〔1〕表示过去发生或已经发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,这个影响和结果对现在还必须存在.常与al ready(已经),yet(已经,还),just(刚刚),ever(曾经),never等词连用.常用于肯定句或疑问句〔均表示:已经).already]:常用于否认句(表示:还、尚),疑问句末尾〔表示:已经〕.现在完成时的构成及句型结构〔注过去分词的变化分规那么变化与不规那么变化,规那么变化与动词原形变过去式一样,不规那么变化见教材137页〕1,肯定句主语+have/has+过去分词+•其他+时间.eg:I have already lost the key.我已经弄丢了钥匙.(我现在没有钥匙)Hehas everread that book.他曾经看过这本书.(了解书的内容)Theyhave justcleanedtheir hands.他们刚刚洗过手了.(手是干净的)
2.否认句主语+haveiTt/hasnt+过去分诩■其他+时间.eg:I haven^lostthe key yet.Hehasnt ever readthatbook.Theyhaven^just cleanedtheir hands.
3.一般疑问句Have/Has+主语+过W分班其他+时间?肯定答复Yes,主语+have/has.否认答复No,主语+haveiTt/hasnt.eg:Have youalready lostthekeyYes,I have.No,I havent.Has he everread the bookYes,he has.No,he hasnt.Have they just cleanedtheirhandsYes,they have.No,they havent.
4.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+迂去分得*■其他+时间?eg:What haveyou alreadydone〔done是do/does的过去分词〕What hasheeverdoneWhat have theyjustdone定义
(2)现在完成时表示从过去开始一直持续到现在还有可能继续持续下去的动作或状态常与for,since引导的时间短语或从句连用.\for+表示一段时间的词组;since+过去某一时间点的词组或一般过去式的句手.eg:She haslearned Englishfor5years.〔她已经学习五年英语了〕解释一直在学,持续了五年,并且还可能持续学下去.He haslived inBeijingsince hewas born,〔自从他出生以后就居住在北京〕解释从出生后就一直住在北京,持续到现在,还有可能一直住下去〕Have youstayed heresince3oclock〔自从3点后你就一直呆在这儿吗?〕例题选用for和since填空l.We haventseen eachother along time.
2.His fatherhas been in thefactory10years ago.
3.The filmhas beenon_.Green hasworked herehe cameto China.
5.His grandparentshave been dead severalyears.
6.Its fiveyearswe metlast time.〔否认〕
1.1have alreadyhad dinner.I dinner.
8.Mum hascooked thedinner.Muni thedinner.
9.Susan haslearned Englishat school.Susan Englishat school.[提问]_____________________________________
1..1havealreadyhad dinner.
11.He hasjust finishedhis homework._____________________________________________
12.Susan haslearned Englishat school.____________________________________________
13.Mum hascooked thedinner___________________________________________________生现在完成时与一般过去时的区别工现在完成对•属于现在时态的范围,不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,last night.three weeksago.inl990等.一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系一般过去时就可以和与表示过去的时间状语连用.eg:I havealready seenthe film.〔现在完成时,已经看了这部电影,并且知道电影的内容〕I sawthe filmlast week.〔一般过去式,因为后面有表示过去的时间状语last weekHe haslived heresince
1993.现在完成时,后面有since引导的时间状语从句He lived here in
1993.〔一般过去时,1993年住在这儿,现在没住在这儿了〕例题
1.youclean theroomYes,wedo thatalready.
2.When youdoitWedo itan hourago.
3.hesee thisfilm yetYes.
4.When heseeitHe itlast week.
5.1readthenovel twice.Its interesting.
6.Mr.Chengiveup smokinglast year.
7.Shego toPai”,hasnt sheYes.How shegothereShego thereby air.现在完成时〔II〕第九单元语法知识
1.构成含有成动词的现在完成时的谓语局部由“have/has+been+to+地点〃构成,表示曾经去这某地…been是be的过去分词,不规那么变化
2.根本句型1肯定句主语+have/has+been+to+地点.eg:I have been toAustralia.They havebeen toBeijing.He has been toSouthAfrica.2否认句主语+havent/hasnt+been+to+地点.eg:I haventbeen toAustralia.They haventbeen toBeijing.He hasntbeen toSouthAfrica.3一般疑问句Have/Has+主语+been+to+地点?肯定答复Yes,主语+have/has.否认答复主语+havent/hasnt.eg:Have youbeen toAustraliaYes,I have.No.I havent.Have theybeen toBeijingYes,they have.No,they havent.Has he been toSouthAfrica Yes,he has.No,he hasnt.〔4〕特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+beeneg:Where haveyou beenWherehavetheybeenWhere hashebeen
3.用法用来表示之前已经发生和完成度的动作与状态,其结果却和现在有联系.动作和结果发生在过去,但它的影响现在还在.可以和never,ever,once,twice,three/four•••t imes等副词连用.eg:They havebeen toChongqingtwice.I havenever beento Sichuan.Has sheever beento Hainan
3.区别
1.have/has beento+地点表示:曾经去过某地,已经回来了
2.have/has goneto+地点表示:去亍某地,还没有回来eg:She has been toShanghai.〔她去过上海,已经回来了〕She hasgone toShanghai.〔她去了上海,还没有回来〕Mhave beenhi装示—在菜地睡了多少时间““常与时间段状语连用eg:I havebeen inShanghai forthree years.我到上海已有三年了He hasbeen inLondon for halfa month.他来伦敦已有半个月了
4.havebeenon芨声”已经开始了多久表示持续性〃eg:The filmhasbeenonforten minutes.电影已经开始了10分钟了例题
1.一Where isyourbrother一He theshop.Hell beback soon.
2.一you everto America一Yes,I NewYork twice.
3.一David Australia.—Im surehe hasalready arrived.
4.—Is Bennyhere—No,he theschool library.He leftfive minutes ago.
5.Mike andhis parentsthe southfor halfa year.
6.Mum isnot athome now.she theshop.
7.You cantfind him.He Xian.
8.Mr.Zhang thisschool forten years.He knowseveryone here.
9.Miss.Brown Chinathree times.
9.11the Westlake.Look,I havetaken manyphotos ofit.
11.Tom Jimshome,but hehasnt comeback.
12.We thebookshop andbought manybooks.
13.My parentsShandong forten years.现在完成时〔III〕第十单元语法知识动词按其动作发生的方式,发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词
1.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,也可以表示经验与经历.eg:learn,work,stand,lie,walk,sleep,keep,wait,watch,sing,read,stay,live...延续性动词可以与向和since;引导的时间状语连用eg:He haslivedherefor6years.〔他在这儿住了六年了,一直住在这儿,是延续性动词,并且很有可能继续居住下去〕liveI haveknown hersince then.〔自从那时起我就认识她了,一直都认识,是延续性动词〕know
2.非延续性动词也成终止性动词或陡间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这科动作发生后立即结束.eg:open,close,begin,finish,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy,die...非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的时间状语连用,常用的时间状语有two yearsam at5oclock,vesterday,the daybefore vesterdav,this morning等表示过去的时间.eg:His grandmotherdied10years ago.She finishedthe workat6oclock.2,非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换(常用)(1〕・转化为相应的延续性动词,用于现在完成时态eg:borrow-keep buyT haveput onT wearget to knowT knowgettosleep Tsleep catcha coldT havea coldeg:begin/start T be ongo outT beout getto/arrive dieT be deadopen T be openleave Tin[at]/reach T be in+地点be awayfromget upT finishTbeover fallill Tbe illbeup fallasleep Tbe asleepjoin Tbein+活动/组织go to school Tbe inbecome Tbe makefriends Tbe friendscloseTbeclosed goto bedTbein bedcome/go—be+相应的介词短〔2〕.转化为“be+形容词/副词/介词/名词例下面是句子的同义句转换将原句一般过去时改成现在完成时eg:
1.The oldman diedfour years ago.〔一般过去时〕The oldman hasbeen dead®four years.〔现在完成时,将die变为bedead〕The oldman hasbeendead|since^four years ago.(现在完成时,since跟过去的时间点)
2.1borrowed thebook five days ago.
3.He boughtthe bikethree yearsago.HeI havekept thebook five days.has had the bikethree years.I havekept thebook[since fivedays ago.He hashadthebike|since|three yearsago.
4.She wenttoschooltwo days ago.
5.My sisterbecame a nurse oneyear ago.MyShe hasbeen inschool^^two days.sister hasbeen anurse|for|oneyear.She hasbeeninschoolfsince|two daysago.My sisterhasbeenanursesince oneyear.例题l.Li Leijoined the Party three yearsago.(同义句)Li Leithe Partythree years.Li LeithePartythree yearsago.
2.My fatherleft Guizhou last week.(同义句)My fatherGuizhou aweek.My fatherGuizhoulastweek.
3.The factoryopened in
1996.(同义句)The factoryten years.The factorysince
1996.
4.Mr.Wang reachedBeijing fivedaysago.Mr.Wang Beijingfivedaysago.Mr.Wang Beijingfivedays.
5.The filmbegan tenminutesago.The Himfor.The filmsince
6.She boughtthe new car three yearsago.She thenew carthreeyears.She thenewcarthreeyearsago.
7.They cameto Chinaten yearsago.They Chinaten years.They Chinaten yearsago.。