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考研外语考试题目及答案12
一、Use ofEnglish1Here Iwant totry togive youan answerto thequestion:whatpersonal qualitiesare1in a teacher Probablyno twopeople would2exactly similarlists,but Ithink the following wouldbe generally
3.First,the teacherspersonality should be pleasantly4andattractive.This does not ruleout peoplewho arephysically5,oreven ugly,because manysuch havegreat personal
6.But it does ruleoutsuch typesas the7,melancholy,frigid,sarcastic,frustrated,and overbearing:I wouldsay too,that it8all ofdull orpurely negativepersonality.Secondly,it is not merelydesirable9essential for ateacher to haveagenuine10for sympathy一a capacityto tune11to theminds andfeelingsof other people,especially,to theminds andfeelings ofchildren.12related withthis is the capacityto be13一not,indeed,of whatis wrong,but of the frailtyand immaturityof humannaturewhich14people,and againespecially children,to makeC.makes peoplealways restlessD.deprives peopleof a good sleep6^According topsychologists,an emotionis arousedwhen aman oranimalviews somethingas eitherbad orgood.When a person feelslikerunning awayfrom somethinghe thinkswill hurthim,we callthisemotion fear.If the person wants to remove thedanger by attackingit,we call the emotion anger.The emotionsof joyand loveare arousedwhenwe thinksome thingcan helpus.An emotiondoesnot have to becreated by something in the outsideworld.It canbe createdbya persons thoughts.Everyone hasemotions.Many psychologistsbelieve thatinfantsare born without emotions.They believechildren learnemotionsjust asthey learnto readand write.A growingchild not only learnshisemotions butlearns how to actin certainsituations because ofan emotion.Psychologists think that thereare twotypes ofemotions:positive andnegative.Positive emotions include love,liking,joy,delight,andhope.They arearoused bysomething that appeals toa person.Negativeemotions makea personunhappy ordissatisfied.They includeanger,fear,despair,sadness,and disgust.In growingup,a personlearnsto cope with the negative emotionsin orderto behappy.Emotions may be weakor strong.Some strongemotions areso unpleasantthatapersonwill tryany meansto escapefrom them.In orderto feelhappy,the personmay chooseunusual ways to avoidtheemotion.Strong emotionscan makeit hardto thinkand tosolve problems.They mayprevent aperson fromlearning orpaying attention to whathe is doing.For example,a studenttaking an examination may be soworriedabout failingthat he cannot thinkproperly.The worrydrains valuablemental energyhe needsfor theexamination.We learn from thepassage thatan emotionis createdbysomething.A.one thinksbad orgoodB.one feelsin dangerC.one facesin theoutside worldD.one triesto escapefrom reallife
7、Which of the following is NOT trueA.Children learnemotions asthey growup.B.Babies arebornwithemotions.C.Emotions fallinto twotypes ingeneral.D.People cancopewith the negativeemotionsinlife.
8、The authorspurpose ofwriting thispassage is to.A.explain whypeople haveemotionsB.show howpeople avoidthenegativeemotionsC.explain whatpeople shoulddo beforeemotionsD.define anticlassify peoplesemotions
9、We cansafely concludethatastudent mayfail in anexamifA.he cannot thinkproperlyB.he cant payattentiontoitC.he cantfinish itD.heisnot fullof energy
10、As used in the last sentence,the worddrains meansA.stopsB.tiesC.weakensD.flows gradually11People do not analyzeevery problemthey meet.Sometimes theytryto remembera solutionfrom thelast timethey hada similarproblem.They oftenaccept theopinions orideas ofotherpeople.Other timesthey beginto actwithout thinking;they tryto find a solution by trialand error.However,when allthesemethods fail,the personwith a problem hasto startanalyzing.Thereare sixstages in analyzing a problem.First theperson mustrecognize that there is a problem.For example,Sams bicycleis broken,and hecannot rideit toclass ashe usuallydoes.Sam mustsee that there is aproblemwith his bicycle.Next thethinker mustdefine the problem.Before Samcan repair hisbicycle,he mustfind thereason whyitdoesnot work.For instance,he mustdetermine ifthe problemis withthe gears,the brakes,or theframe.He mustmake his problem morespecific.Now theperson mustlookfor informationthat willmake the problem clearerand leadto possiblesolutions.For instance,suppose Samdecided thathis bikedoes notworkbecause there is somethingwrong withthe gear wheels.At thistime,hecanlook inhis bicyclerepair bookand readabout gears.Hecan talkto hisfriends at the bikeshop.He canlook athis gearscarefully.After studying theproblem,thepersonshould haveseveral suggestionsfor a possiblesolution.Take Samas anillustration.His suggestionsmight be:put oilon the gear wheels;buy newgear wheelsand replacethe oldones;tighten orloosen thegear wheels.Eventually onesuggestion seemsto bethe solution to theproblem.Sometimes thefinal ideacomes verysuddenly becausethe thinkersuddenly sees somethingnew orsees somethinginanew way.Sam,forexample,suddenlyseesthatthere is apiece ofchewing gumbetweenthe gearwheels.He immediatelyrealizes thesolutiontohisproblem:he mustclean thegearwheels.Finally thesolution istested.Samcleans thegearwheelsand findsthat afterwardshisbicycleworksperfectly.In short,he has solved theproblem.What is the besttitle forthis passageA.Six Stagesfor RepairingSam sBicycle.B.Possible Waysto Problem-solving.C.Necessities ofProblem Analysis.D.Suggestions forAnalyzing aProblem.In analyzingaproblemwe shoulddo allthe followingexceptA.recognize anddefine theproblemB.look forinformation to make theproblem clearerC.have suggestionsfor apossible solutionD.findasolutionbytrial ormistakeBy referringto Sams brokenbicycle,the authorintends toA.illustrate thewaystorepairhisbicycleB.discuss theproblems of his bicycleC.tell ushow tosolve aproblemD.show ushowtoanalyse aproblemWhich of the followingis NOTtrueA.People do not analyzetheproblemthey meet.B.People oftenaccept theopinions orideas ofotherpeople.C.People maylearnfrom their pastexperience.D.People cannot solvesome problemsthey meet.As usedin thelast sentence,the phrase〃in short〃meansA.in thelong runB.in detailC.inawordD.in the end
16、Admittedly,minor accidentsand slipups continueto shakepublicconfidence in nuclear power.Given theunquantifiable risksthat nuclear power carries,it isonlyright thatthe industrybe subjectedto thetest ofpublic opinionanddue politicalprocess.However,this arguesfor exceptionalvigilance,regulatory scrutinyand accountabi1ity-and notfor bansor shutdowns.Those nuclearoperators withagoodsafety recorddeserve tohave theirlicensesrenewed,so thatexisting plantsmay runto theend of theiruseful lives.The Bush administrations enthusiasticsupport goesa lotfurther thanthis,however.It alsowantstosee newplants.Proponents of newnuclear powerstations makethree argumentsin theirfavor.They willenhance energysecurity bylessening dependenceon fossilfuels;Far frombeing environmentallyharmful,they willbe beneficialbecausethey willreduce theoutput of greenhouse gases;And,mostcrucially,the economicsof nuclear power hasimproved fromthe dayswhenit waswholly dependenton bailout andsubsidy.Yet thesearguments donot standup toscrutiny.The claimthatgovernments shouldsupport nuclear power to reduce theirvulnerabilityto theOPEC oilcartel isdoubly absurd.Littleoil isusedinpower generation:what nuclear power displacesis mostlynaturalgas andcoal,which arenot onlymore plentifulthan oilbutalso geographicallybetter distributed.Security isenhanced notbyseeking energyself-sufficiency butthrough diversificationofsupplies.Creating lotsof fissilematerial thatmight bepinched byterroristsis anodd way to lookfor securityanyway.What abouttheargument thatclimate changemight bethe greatsavior of nuclear powerGlobal warming isindeed arisk that should betaken moreseriouslythan theBosh administrationhassofar done.Nuclear plantsdonotproduce anycarbon dioxide,which isthe principalgreenhousegas.However,rushing inresponse tobuild dozensofnewnuclear plantswouldbe bothneedlessly expensiveand environmentally unsound.It wouldmakefar moresense toadopt acarbon tax,which wouldput clean energysources suchas solarand windonanequal footingwith nuclear,whosewaste posesan undeniableif remoteenvironmental threatof itsownfor aeonsto come.Governments shouldalso dismantleall subsidies onfossil fuels一especially forcoal,the dirtiestof all.They shouldadoptreforms thatsend properprice signalsto thosewho usepower,and soreduce emissions.Globalwarmingcertainlyprovides oneargument infavor ofnuclear power.But it is notsufficienton itsown tojustify anuclear renaissance.Whats thepublics opinionabout nuclearindustryA.People havelittle confidenceinnuclearpower for the potentialdisasterofnuclearaccidents.B.People thinkit importantto exercisestrict monitoringandeffective managementof the existing plants.C.People believethe bestway toavoid nucleardisaster isto shutdownallthenuclearpowerstations.D.People agreeto prohibittheexistingnuclear plantsfrom runningto theendof theiruseful lives.The mostimportant reasonwily the Bushadministrationsupport morenewnuclearpowerplants isthat.A.they willincrease energysecurityB.they helplessen dependenceon fossilfuelsC.they areenvironmentally friendlyD.they needlittle governmentfinancial supportAccording to theauthor energysecurity canonly beachieved by.A.using lessoil inpower generationB.replacing fossilfuels withmore nuclearpowerC.seeking energyself-sufficiencyD.expanding thesources ofpower supplyAccordingto thepassage,which ofthefollowingmeasures isthe leasthelpfulin protectingthe environmentA.Encouraging theuseofcleanenergysources.B.Cutting offsubsidiesonall fossilfuels.C.Adopting pricereform,toreduceemission.D.Promoting theresurgence ofnuclearpower.Its impliedthat.A.nuclearpowerstations may become thetargets ofterrorist attackB.theBushadministration doesnJt givedue weightto environmentprotectionC.carbon dioxideistheprincipal sourceofgreenhousegasD.nuclear wastewill turnto bean environmentalthreat in thelong-run term21Part B10pointsThe followingparagraphs aregiven ina wrongorder.For Questions41-45,you arerequired toreorganize thesemistakes.Thirdly,I15it essentialforateachertobe bothintellectuallyand morallyhonest.This doesnot meanbeing asaint.It meansthathe willbe awareofhisintellectual strengthand16,and willhavethought aboutand decidedupon themoral principlesby whichhis lifeshallbe
17.There isno contradictionin mygoing onto saythata teachershouldbea18of an actor.That ispart ofthe techniqueofteaching,which demandsthat everynow and then ateacher shouldbeable to19anact一to enlivena lesson,correct afault,or20praise.Children,especially youngchildren,live ina worldthat isratherlarger thanlife.A.substantialB.adorableC.desirableD.valuable
2、2A.draw upB.put downC.make outD.hand in
3、3paragraphs intoa coherentarticle bychoosing fromthe listA-G.Some ofthe paragraphshave beenplaced foryou.10points A.These issuescut rightacross traditionalreligious dogma.Many peopleclingto thebelief thatthe originof liferequired aunique divineact.But fflife onEarth isnot unique,the caseforamiraculous originwouldbe undermined.The discoveryof evena humblebacterium onMars,if itcould beshown tohave arisenindependently fromEarth lifewouldsupport the view that life emergesnaturally.B.Contrary topopular belief,speculation thatwe arenot alonein theuniverse is asold asphilosophy itself.The essentialsteps inthereasoning werebased onthe atomictheory ofthe ancientGreekphilosopher Democritus.First,the lawsof natureare universal.Second,thereisnothing specialor privilegedabout Earth.Finally,ifsomething ispossible,nature tendstomakeit happen.Philosophy isonething,filling inthe physicaldetails is another.Althoughastronomers increasinglysuspect thatbio-friendly planetsmay beabundantintheuniverse,the chemicalsteps leadingto liferemainlargely mysterious.C.There is,however,a contraryview-one thatis gainingstrength anddirectlychallenges orthodoxbiology.It isthatcomplexity canemerge spontaneouslythrough aprocess ofself-organization,ff matterand energyhave aninbuilt tendencytoamplify andchannel organizedcomplexity,the oddsagainst theformationof lifeandthesubsequent evolutionof intelligencecouldbe drasticallyshortened.The relevanceof self-organization tobiologyremains hotlydebated.It suggests,however,that althoughtheuniverse as a wholemaybedying,an opposite,progressive trendmayalso existasafundamental propertyof nature.The emergenceofextraterrestrial life,particularly-intelligent life,isakey testforthese rivalparadigms.D.Similar reasoningapplies toevolution.Accordingtothe orthodoxview,Darwinian selectionis utterlyblind.Any impressionthat thetransitionfrom microbesto manrepresents progressis purechauvinismof ourpart.The pathof evolutionis merelya randomwalk throughtherealm ofpossibilities.If this is right,there canbe nodirectionality,no innatedrive forward;in particular,no pushtoward consciousnessandintelligence.Should Earthbe struckby anasteroid,destroyingall higherlife-forms,intelligent beings,still lesshumanoids,wouldalmost certainlynot arisenext timearound.E.Traditionally,biologists believedthatlife isafreak-theresult ofa zillion-to-on accidentalconcatenation ofmolecules.Itfollows thatthe likelihoodof itshappening againelsewhere inthecosmos isinfinitesimal.This viewpointde-rives fromthe secondlawof thermodynamics,which predictsthattheuniverseisdying-slowlyand inexorablydegenerating towarda stateof totalchaos.Lifestumbles acrossthis trendonly because it isa purestatistical luck.F.Historically,the RomanCatholic churchregarded anydiscussion ofalienlife asheresy.Speculating aboutother inhabitedworlds wasonereason philosopherGiordano Brunowas burnedatthestake in
1600.Belief thatmankind has-a specialrelationship withGod iscentral tothemonotheistic religions.The existenceof alienbeings,especiallyif theywere furtheradvanced thanhumans intellectuallyandspiritually,would disruptthis cozyview.G.The discoveryof lifebeyond earthwould transform,notonlyourscience butalso ourreligions,our beliefsystems andour entireworldview.For ina sense,the searchfor extraterrestriallifeis reallya searchfor ourselves-who weare andwhat ourplace isinthegrandsweep ofthe cosmos.Order:F isthe firstparagraph andG isthelast.
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4425、4526Part CDirections:Read thefollowing textcarefully andthen translatetheunderlined segmentsinto Chinese.10pointsDo animalshave rightsThis ishow thequestion isusually put.Itsounds likea useful,ground clearingwaytostart.46Actually,itisnt,becauseitassumes thatthereisan agreedaccount ofhumanrights,which issomething theworld doesnothave.On oneview ofrights,tobesure,it necessarilyfollows thatanimalshave none.47Some philosophersargue thatrights existonly withinasocial contract,as part of anexchange ofduties andentitlements.Therefore,animals cannothave rights.The ideaof punishinga tigerthatkills somebodyis absurd,for exactlythe samereason,so istheidea thattigers haverights.However,thisisonly oneaccount,andby nomeans anuncontested one.It deniesrights notonly toanimalsbut alsoto somepeople一for instance一to infants,the mentallyincapableand futuregenerations.In addition,it isunclear whatforce acontract canhave forpeoplewho neverconsented toit,how doyou replyto somebodywho says〃I dontlike thiscontract”The pointis this:without agreementontherights ofpeople,arguingabout therights ofanimals isfruitless.48It leadsthe discussiontoextremes atthe outset:it invitesyou tothinkthatanimals shouldbetreated eitherwiththeconsideration humansextend toother humans,or withno considerationat all.This isa falsechoice.Better tostartwith another,more fundamental,question:istheway wetreat animalsamoral issueat allManydeny it.49Arguing fromtheviewthat humansare differentfromanimals inevery relevantrespect,extremists ofthis kindthink thatanimalslie outsidethe areaof moralchoice.Any regardforthesuffering ofanimals isseen asa mistake一asentimental displacementof feelingthat shouldproperly bedirectedto otherhumans.This viewwhich holdsthat torturinga monkeyis morallyequivalentto choppingwood,may seembravely logical”.In factit issimplyshallow:the confusedcenter isright toreject it.The mostelementaryform,of moral reasoning一the ethicalequivalent oflearning tocrawl一istoweigh othersinterestsagainst onesown.This inturn requiressympathy andimagination:without thereisnocapacity formoral thought.To seean animalin painis enough,for most,to engagesympathy.50When thathappens,it isnot amistake:itismankinds instinctformoralreasoningin action,an instinctthatshouldbe encouragedratherthan laughedat.
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4930、50参考答案【
一、Use ofEnglish]15CADDB610CBDCA〜〜1120点击下载查看答案〜【
二、Reading Comprehension]「5CDDCA610ABDBC〜1「30点击下载查看答案A.agreedB.approvedC.recognizedD.accepted
4、4A.liveB.livingC.lifelikeD.lively
5、⑸A.strongB.plainC.simpleD.sound
6、6A.appreciationB.enjoymentC.charmD.identity
7、⑺A.over-excitingB.over-excitableC.over-irritableD.over-sensitive
8、8A.includesB.erasesC.involvesD.excludes
9、9A.yetB.neverthelessC.butD.or
10、10A.capacityB.strengthC.powerD.abilityIK11A.outB.aboutC.inD.up
12、12A.SignificantlyB.CloselyC.ConsequentlyD.Particularly
13、13A.tolerable
8.patientC.popularD.tolerant
14、14A.helpB.induceC.arouseD.agitate
15、15A.regardB.estimateC.holdD.perceive
16、16A.shortcomingsB.limitationsC.defectsD.drawbacks
17、17A.presidedB.managedC.orientedD.guided
18、18A.bitB.littleC.lotD.couple
19、19A.put acrossB.put onC.put upD.put infor
20、20A.allotB.assignC.awardD.reward
二、Reading Comprehension
1、Part ADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweachtext bychoosing A,B,C orD.40points Dream isastory thataperson〃watches〃or eventakes partin〃during sleep.Dream eventsareimaginary,but they are related to realexperiences andneeds inthe dreamers life.They seemreal whiletheyaretaking place.Somedreams arepleasant,others areannoying,and stillothers arefrightening.Everyone dreams,but somepersons neverrecall dreaming.Others rememberonly alittle abouta dreamthey hadjust beforeawakeningand nothingabout earlierdreams.No onerecalls allhisdreams.Dreams involvelittle logicalthought.In mostdreams,the dreamercannotcontrol whathappens tohim.The storymaybeconfusing,andthings happenthat wouldnot happenin reallife.People seein mostdreams,but theymay alsohear,smell,touch,and tastein theirdreams.Most dreamsoccur incolor.But personswho havebeen blindsince birthdonot seeat allin dreams.Dreams area productofthe sleepers mind.They includeevents andfeelings that hehas experienced.Most dreamsare relatedto eventsofthe daybefore thedream andstrong wishesofthedreamer.Many minorincidentsofthehours beforesleep appearin dreams.Few eventsmorethan twodays oldturn up.Deep wishesor fears-especially thoseheldsince childhood-often appearin dreams,and manydreams fulfillsuchwishes.Events inthesleeper^s surrounding-a loudnoise,for example,maybecomepartofa dream,but theydonotcause dreams.Some dreamsinvolve deepfeelingsthatapersonmay notrealize hehas.Psychiatrists oftenuse materialfrom apatients dreamsto help theperson understandhimself better.Dreaming mayhelp maintaingood learningability,memory,and emotionaladjustment.People whoget plentyof sleep一but areawakened eachtimethey beginto dream一become anxiousand restless.This passageis mainlyabout.A.why wedream duringsleepB.how wedream duringsleepC.what dreamsareD.What benefitsdreams bringto peopleAccordingtothepassage,dreams resultfrom.A.the sleeperswishesB.the sleepersimaginationC.the sleepersfeelingD.the sleepersown mindWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueA.Dream isa confusingstory whichinvolves littlelogic thought.B.Dream isrelatedtohedreamersreallife.C.Dreamisan imaginary,story whichseems realwhile takingplace.D.Dream involvesevents thatalways happenin reallife.This passagesuggests thatpsychiatrists are.A.trying tohelpthedreamer recallhis earlierdreamsB.trying tomake thesleeper dreamlogicallyC.studyingthebenefits ofdreamsD.helping thesleeper fulfillhis dreamsWemay inferfromthepassage thatdreaming.A.is beneficialto peopleB.disturbs peopleslife。