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考研外语冲刺试卷8
一、Use ofEnglish
1、There1not onetype ofreading butseveral according to yourreasonsfor reading.To readefficiently,you have to2your readingspeedand technique3your aim4reading.Skimming is a techniquenecessaryfor quickand efficientreading.When skimming,you5the reading6quickly inorder toget the7ofit,to knowhow it is organized,8an idea of thetone or the intentionof the writer.Skimming is9an activitywhich10an overallviewof the text and11a definitereading competence.Skimming doesn,t needreadingall thematerial,but itdoesn,t meanthat it is an12skillfor thelazy,because itneed a high degreeof alertnessandconcentration.When youread,you usuallystart with13understanding andmove towardsdetailedunderstanding ratherthan workingthe otherway round.But14is alsoused afteryou have already carefullystudied andyou needto15the majorideas andconcepts.A.narrow-mindedB.blind to the factC.short-sightedD.able to see onlyone aspectWhich of the following,according tothe author,should playtheleading rolein thesolution of environmental problemsA.Legislation andgovernment intervention.B.The industrysunderstanding andsupport.C.The effortsof environmental health professional.D.The cooperationof ecologists,environmental activistsandconservationists.Which of the followingis trueaccording tothe lastparagraphA.Efforts should be exertedon pollutionprevention insteadof onremedialmeasure.B.More moneyshouldbespent inorder tostop pollution.C.Ordinary citizenshave noaccess totechnical informationonpollution.D.Environmental degradationwill bestopped by the endof thisdecade.
4、Some peoplewould saythat the Englishmans homeis nolongerhis castle;that ithas becomehis workshop.This ispartlybecause the average Englishmanis keenon workingwith hishands andpartlybecause hefeels,for onereason oranother,that hemust doforhimself manyhousehold jobsfor which,some yearsago,he would havehired professionalhelp.The mainreason forthis isa financialone:the highcost oflabor hasmeant thatbuilders anddecorators5costshave reacheda levelwhich makesthem sohigh thathouse-proud Englishpeopleof modestmeans hang back.So,if theywish tokeep theirhouseslooking brightand smart,they have to deal with someof therepairsand decoratingthemselves.As aresult,there hasgrown upin thepost-war yearswhat issometimes referredto asthe Do-It-YourselfMovement’.TheDo-It-Yourself Movementbegan withhome decoratingbut hassincespread into a muchwider field.Nowadays thereseem to be veryfew thingsthatcannot bemade bythe do-it-yourself^method.A numberofmagazines andhandbooks existto showhopeful handymenof allages justhoweasy it is tobuild anythingfrom acoffee table to afifteen-foot
4.5meters sailingboat.All youneed,it seems,isahammer anda fewnails.You follow the simpleinstructions step-by-step and,before youknowwhere youare,the finishedarticle standsbeforeyou,complete inevery detail.Unfortunately,alas,it is not alwaysquite assimple asit sounds!Manya Jdo-it-yourselfer,has foundto hiscost thatone cannotlearn askilledcraftsman^s jobovernight.How quicklyone realizes,when doingit oneself,that ajob whichtakes theskilled manan houror sotocomplete takesthe amateurfive orsix atleast.And thenthere is thequestion oftools.The firstthing theamateur learnsis that he musthavethe righttools for the job.Bui toolscost money.There isalsothe wearand tearon thenerves.It isnot surprisingthen thatmanypeople havecome tothe conclusionthat the expense ofpayingprofessionals todo thework is,in thelong run,more economicalthan doingitoneself’.It canbe seenfrom the passage that the Englishmans.home hasbecomehis workshopNOT because.A.the cost of hiringprofessionals ishighB.theEnglishmanis enthusiasticfor workingwith hishands C.thereare advertisementsindo-it-yourself5magazines D.the Englishmanfeelsthat hemust dosome householdjobs
7、In paragraphone,the phrase〃hangbackstands for〃〃.A.cling toB.suspendC.frustrateD.hesitateAs anamateur,you11have tofirst.A.followtheinstructions inmagazinesB.get theright toolsC.prepare fullypsychologicallyD.ask askilled craftsmansadviceThe Do-It-Yourself Movementmay nothave abright future;all of thefollowing reasonsare trueexcept.A.the highcostoflaborB.theexpenseof toolsC.too muchtime spenton itD.the wearand tearon thenervesThe passageis mainlyabout.A.how to be ado-it-yourselferB.the Do-It-Yourself MovementC.the futureof theDo-It-Yourself MovementD.the originof theDo-It-Yourself Movement11After watchingmy motherdealwithour familyof five,I cantunderstandwhy heranswer tothe question,〃What doyou do〃is always,〃0h,Im justa housewife./z JUSTa housewifeAnyone whospends mostofher timein mealpreparation andclean-up,washing anddrying clothes,keeping the house clean,leading ascout troop,playing taxidriver touskids whenits time for school,music lessonsorthe dentist,doingvolunteer work for herfavorite charity,and makingsure thatall ourfamilyneeds aremet isnot JUSTa housewife,Shes thereal Wonder Woman.Why isit thatso manymothers likemine thinkof themselvesassecond-class or something similarWhere hasthis notioncome fromHavewe malesmade themfeel thisway Hasour societymade going to work〃outside thehome seemmore importantthan whata housewife mustfaceeach dayIwould bevery curioustoseewhat wouldhappen ifa housewife wenton strike.Dishes wou1d pileup.Food inthe house would runout.Nomeals would appear on the table.There would be noclean clotheswhenneeded.High bootswould berequired justto makeit throughthe housescatteredwith garbage.Walking andbus ridingwould increase.Thosescout troops wouldhaveto breakup.Charities wouldsuffer.°14I doubtif the man of thehousewould be able to take over.Oh,he mightstartout with the attitudethathecan dojust asgood ajob,but howlongwould thatlast Notlong,once hehad tocome homeeach nightafterwork tomore householdduties.There wouldbe nomore cominghome toaprepared meal;he dhavetofix ithimself.The kidswould allbescreaming forsomething to eat,clean clothesand morebus faremoney.Once hequieted thekids,hedhavetoclean thehouse,go shopping,make surethat kidsgot abath,and fixlunches for the nextday.Oncethe kidswere downfor the night,he mightbe able to crawlinto anunmadebed and,try to read themorning newspaper.No,I dontthink many males are going to volunteer for the job.I knowIdont wantit.So,thanks,mom!『11do whatI canto createa nationalholiday for housewives.It couldbe appropriatelycalled WonderWomanDay.By whatmeans dothe childrenof the authors familygo to schoolA.They takeschool bus.B.They takea taxi.C.Their motherdrives forthem.D.Scout troopsends them toschool.If ahousewifewenton strike,which one of thefollowing statementsisNOT trueA.Children wouldscream forsomething-toeat.
8.No mealswouldappearon thetable.C.The scouttroopswouldhave awonderful time.D.The manof thehouse wouldntbe ableto takeover.In the authors opinion,.A.manymalesaregoingtovolunteerfor housewives workB.housewives deservea nationalholiday namedWonderWomanDayC.themanof thehousewouldbe abletotakeover thehousewivesworkD.housewives aresecond-class citizensorsomethingsimilarThe authorsattitude towardhousewivesworkis.A.criticalB.indifferentC.ironicalD.appreciativeThe mainideaof the passageis about.A.housewives,the wonderwomenB.what wouldhappen ifhousewives wenton strikeC.the replacementof womenby menas housewivesD.the settingup ofa nationalholidayforhousewives
16、Last summer,some twenty-eight thousandhomeless peoplewereafforded shelterbythecity ofNew York.Of thisnumber,twelve thousand were childrenand sixthousandwereparents livingtogether infamilies.The averagechild wassix years old,theaverageparent twentyseven.A typicalhomeless familyincluded amother with two orthreechildren,but in about one-fifth of these familiestwo parentswerepresent.Roughly tenthousand singlepersons,then,made uptheremainder ofthe populationofthecitys shelter.These proportionsvary somewhatfrom onearea ofthe nationto another.In allareas,however,families arethe fastest-growing sectorof thehomelesspopulation,and inthe Northeastthey areby farthe largestsectoralready.In Massachusetts,three-fourths ofthe homelessnow arefamilieswith children;in certainparts ofMassachusetts一Attleboroand Northampton,for example一the proportionreaches90percent.Twothirds ofthe homelesschildren studiedrecently in Boston werelessthan fiveyearsold.Of theestimated twoto threemillion homeless people nationwide,about500,000are dependentchildren,accordingtoRobert Hayes,counsel totheNational Coalitionforthe homeless.Including theirparents,atleast750,000homeless peoplein Americaare familymembers.What isto bemade,then,ofthe supposition that thehomeless areprimarily the former residents of mental hospitals,persons whowerecarelessly releasedduring the1970s Manyof themare,to besure.Amongthe oldermen andwomen inthe streetsand shelters,as manyas one-thirdsome believeas manyas one-half maybe chronicallydisturbed,anda numberofthesepeople leftmentalhospitalsduring the1970s.Butin acity likeNew York,where nearlyhalf thehomelessaresmallchildren with an averageof six,to operateonthebasis ofsuch asuppositionmakes nosense.Their parents,withanaverage ageoftwenty-seven,are notlikely tohave beenhospitalized inthe1970s,either.According tothe statistics,among thehomeless inNew Yorktherewere.A.more peopleinafamilies thansingle personsB.about sixthousand familiesC.3children ina familyD.more familieswithtwoparents than one
17、Whichofthefollowingstatements istrueA.Robert Hayesthought morehomeless people are familymembers.B.There isa trendthat more and morehomelesspeoplelive infamilies.C.The proportionof homelessfamilies remainsthe samein thecountry.D.Most ofthe childrenhad theopportunity,to studyinBoston.
18、In America,how manypeoplearehomeless parentsA.6,
000.B.250,
000.C.500,
000.D.750,
000.
19、What istheauthorsopinion onthesuppositionthat thehomelessare primarilytheformerresidentsofmental hospitalsA.Denial.B.Affirmative.C.Partial affirmative.In orderto beableto skim quicklyand16through a text,you shouldknowwhere toto6kforwhat youwant.In previewskimming youread theintroductoryinformation,the headings and subheadings,and thesummary,if oneis provided.17this skimming,decide whetherto readthematerial morethoroughly,and selectthe appropriatespeed18toread.The sameprocedure19for previewskimming couldalso be usedto getan overview.Another methodwouldbe toreadonly keywords.This isdone byomitting theunnecessary words,phrases,and sentences.In ordertoskimefficiently andfulfill yourpurpose,20practiceis necessary.A.isB.areC.wasD.were
2、⑵A.adaptB.adoptC.changeD.adept
3、3D.No opinion.
20、According tothepassage,theauthorwants totell usaboutA.oneofthe serioussocial problemsB.the presentsituation ofthe homelessC.the make-up ofthe homelessD.the lifeofthehomeless
21、Part B10pointsYou aregoingtoread alist ofheadingsandatextabout human dailycycle of activity.Choose themost suitableheading from the listforeach numberedparagraph.The firstand lastparagraphs ofthetextarenot numbered.There isone extraheading whichyou do not needto use.A.1We allknow that normal humandaily cycleofactivityis ofsome7-8hours sleepalternating withsome16-17hours wakefulnessandthat,broadly speaking,the sleepnormally coincideswiththehoursof darkness.Our presentconcern iswith howeasily andto whatextent thisnormalitycan be modified.B.2The questionisnomoreanacademic one.The case,for example,with whichpeople canchange fromworking inthe daytoworking at night isa questionof growingimportance inindustrywhere automationcalls insistentlyfor round-the-clock workingofmachine.It normallytakes fromfive daysto one week fora persontoadapt toa reversedroutine ofsleep andwakefulness sleepingduringthe day and workingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoften thecase inindustrythat shiftsare changedevery week,a personmay workfrom12midnight to8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.the next,and4p.m.to12midnight thethird andso on.This meansthatnosoonerhas hegot usedto oneroutine thanhe wasto changeto another,sothat muchof histime isspent neitherworking orsleeping efficiently.C.3One answerwould seemtobelonger periodson eachshift,a month,or eventhree months.Recent research,however,has shownthat peopleonsuch systemswill getback intotheir normalhabits ofsleep andwakefulnessduring the weekend andthat thisis quiteenough toharmany adaptation to night work builtup during theweek.D.4The onlyreal solutionappears tobetohand overthenightshiftto agang ofpermanent nightworkers whoseadaptationtonight workmaypersist throughall weekendsand holidays.An interestingstudyof thedomestic lifeand healthof nightshiftworkers wascarried outby Brownin
1967.She foundahighincidenceof disturbedsleep,digestive disorderand domesticdisruption amongthoseon alternatingdayand night shifts,but noabnormal occurrenceofthese symptomsamong thoseon permanentnightwork.E.5This lattersystem thenappears tobe thebest longterm policy,but,forthetime being,something maybe doneto relievethe strainsofalternate dayandnightwork byselecting thosepeople whocan adaptmostquickly,tothechanges ofroutine.F.Normality isdifficult tobemodifiedespecially inindustryG.The onlyreal solutionH.The normalhumandailycycleI.Weekends addthe difficultyto adaptationto sleepand wakefulnessJ.The presentwork tobe doneK.To workon weekendscan helpthe adaptation
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4526、Part CDirections:Read thefollowing textcarefully and then translatetheunderlined segmentsinto Chinese.10points Ah,blissful sleep,whenwe leaveour dailytoils behindand slipinto mindlessrepose.Or dowe46Two reportsin Science,one involvingrats andthe otherhumans,suggest thatduring sleepour brainsremain quitebusy,furiouslyconsolidating importantmemories thathave accumulatedduringtheday.In therat experiments,Matthew A.Wilson ofthe MassachusettsInstituteof Technologyand BruceL.McNaughton ofthe UniversityofArizona insertedelectrodes intothe hippocampus,a regionofthe brainthought tobe involvedin spatialmemory.As the rats learnedtonavigate amaze,their neuronsfired incertain patternscorrespondingto specificparts ofthe maze.47For severalnights afterthe ratsmazeexercises,their hippocampalneurons displayedsimilar firingpatterns;theratswere apparentlyplaying backtheir memoriesofrunning themaze.The majordifference wasthat thefiring wasmorerapid,as ifthe memorieswere beingrun fast-forward.48The firingoccurredduring slow-wave sleep,a phaseof deepbut notdreamlesssleep marked by low-frequency pulsesof electricalactivity incertainregions ofthebrain.The studiesof humanswere undertakenattheWeizmann InstituteofScience inIsrael.A teamled byAvi Kamiand DovSagi trainedvolunteersto recognizerapidly theorientation ofsymbols hiddeninimages flashedattheperiphery oftheir vision.The workershadpreviously notedimprovements inperformance overa10-hour periodfollowinga training session.To determinewhether sleepplayed arolein thisphenomenon,Karni andSagi disruptedthe sleepof volunteersafterthey hadhad theirtrainingsession.Interfering withthesubjects slow-wave sleephad nosignificant effect.49But anequivalentdisruption ofREM sleepywhich ismarkedbyrapid eyemovementshence itsname andvivid dreaming,kept thesubjects fromimprovingovernight.“These resultsindicate thata processof humanmemory consolidation,active duringsleep,is stronglydependent onREM sleep,〃the groupstates.The experimentslend supporttoatheory advancedby Jonathan〃practice sessionsin whichanimals honesurvival skills.Why didKarni andSagi detectmemory consolidationduring REMsleepand Wilsonand McNaughtononly duringslow-wave sleep50The answerseemstobethat eachgroup studieda differenttype ofmemory,oneinvolving ahighly repetitioustask andthe otherthe recollectionofa place.Of course,hucksters havelong assertedthat peoplecan learnnewlanguages andother skillsby listeningto tapeswhile asleep.Wilsonsays hehas beeninundated withqueries frompeople wantingto knowifthese claimsare true.He respondsthat hisresearch appliesonlyto memoriesoriginally laiddown duringwaking hours.
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4930、50参考答案【
一、Use ofEnglish]15AADBD610DCBCA〜〜1120点击下载查看答案〜【
二、Reading Comprehension]「5BDDDA610CDBAB〜1「30点击下载查看答案A.onB.aboutC.forD.to
4、⑷A.onB.whileC.asD.at
5、⑸A.run throughB.run overC.go onD.go through
6、
(6)A.substanceB.resourceC.sourceD.material
7、⑺A.fistB.histC.gistD.list
8、8A.gettingB.to getC.gotD.have got
9、⑼A.howeverB.neverthelessC.thereforeD.thus
10、10A.requiresB.requestsC.requitesD.requisite
11、11A.impliesB.appliesC.hintsD.points
12、12A.awfulB.unsuitableC.idealD.wrong
13、13A.globalB.universalC.unilateralD.partial
14、14A.readingB.understandingC.workingD.skimming
15、15A.reverseB.reviewC.reviseD.revert
16、16A.efficientlyB.effectivelyC.affectivelyD.effectually
17、17A.WhenB.AsC.AfterD.Before
18、18A.whichB.thatC.at whichD.at that
19、19A.usingB.usedC.useD.beused
20、20A.a numberofB.an amountofC.manyD.a few
二、Reading Comprehension
1、Part ADirections:Read thefollowing fourtexts.Answer thequestions beloweachtext bychoosing A,B,C orD.40pointsThe destructionof ournatural resourcesand contaminationof ourfoodsupply continue to occurlargely becauseoftheextreme difficultyinaffixing legalresponsibility onthose whocontinuetotreat ourenvironmentwith recklessabandon.Attempts to prevent pollution bylegislation,economic incentivesand friendlypersuasion havebeen metbylaw-suits,personal andindustrial denialand longdelays notonlyin acceptingresponsibility,but moreimportantly,in doingsomethingabout it.It seemsthat onlywhen,government decidesit canafford taxincentivesor productionsacrifices isthere anyinitiative forchange.Where isindustrys andour recognitionthat protectingmankindsgreat treasureisthesingle mostimportant responsibilityIf evertherewill betimeforenvironmentalhealthprofessionals tocome tothefrontlines andprovide leadershipto solveenvironmental problems,that timeis now.We arebeing asked,in fact,the publicis demandingthatwetake positiveaction.It isour responsibilityas professionalsinenviron mentalhealth to make thedifference.Yes,the ecologists,theenvironmental activistsandtheconservationists serveto communicate,stimulate thinkingand promotebehavioral change.However,itisthoseof uswho arepaid tomake thedecisions todevelop,improve andenforceenvironmental standards,I submit,who mustlead thecharge.We mustrecognizethat environmentalhealth issuesdonotstop atcity limits,county lines,state oreven federalboundaries.We canno longeraffordto thetunnel-visioned inour approach.We mustvisualize issuesfromevery perspectivetomakethe objectivedecisions.We mustexpress ourviewsclearly toprevent mediadistortion andpublic confusion.Ibelieve wehaveathree-part missionforthepresent.First,we mustcontinueto pressfor improvementsmthe quality of life thatpeoplecan makefor themselves.Second,we mustinvestigate andunderstandthe linkbetween environmentand health.Third,we mustbeabletocommunicate technicalinformation ina form,that citizenscanunderstand.If wecan accomplishthese threegoals inthis decade,maybe wecan finallystop environmentaldegradation,and notmerelyhold itback.We willthen beabletospend pollutiondollars trulyonprevention ratherthanonbandages.We caninfer fromthe firsttwo paragraphsthat theindustrialistsdisregard environmentalprotection chieflybecause.A.they areunaware ofthe consequencesof whatthey aredoingB.they arereluctant tosacrifice theirown economicinterestsC.time hasnot yetcome forthem toput dueemphasis onitD.itisdifficult forthemtotake effectivemeasuresThe maintask nowfacing ecologists,environmental activistsandconservationists is.A.topreventpollutionbylegislation,economic incentivesandpersuasionB toarouse publicawareness ofthe importanceofenvironmental・protectionC totake radicalmeasures tocontrol environmentalpollution・D.to improvethequalityoflifeby enforcingenvironmentalstandardsThe word〃tunnel—visioned mostprobably means。