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高中英语语法之同位语从句的考点归纳及专项训练同位语从句的结构
(一)由that引导I haveno doubtthat hewill overcomeall thisdifficulties.他会克服一切困难,对此我并不感到怀疑【特别提示】同位语从句引导词thal不可省略
(二)由whether引导The questionwhether weneed moretime todo the work has not beendecided.我们是否需要更多时间来做这项工作,这个问题还未决定
(三)由其他词引导的同位语从句I havenot madeup mymind whatelective subjectsI amto takenextterm.我还没有决定好下学期上哪些选修课When youare abouthalfway throughthe story,try tomake aguesshow theplot willdevelop.当你把故事读到一半时,猜测一下情节将如何发展I haveno ideawhen Iwill beback fromShanghai.我不知道我什么时候从上海回来
(四)同位语从句与被修饰名词的分割有时,为了保持句式的平衡,将同谓语从句与被修饰的名词分割,其间出现其他成分Concerns were raised thatwitnesses mightbe encouragedtoexaggerate theirstories incourt toensure guiltyverdicts.人们日益担心,证人可能会因此而受到鼓励,在法庭上夸大事实以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决(这里先行词concerns与that同位语从句被谓语wereraised隔开)同位语从句的引导词运用
1.that引导同位语从句在下列名词后可用that引导同位语从句answer,belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,knowledge,law,news,opinion,plan,suggestion,thought,truth等1had no idea that you werehere.The storygoes thatWilliam killedhis wife.He alwaysworks hardin spiteof thefact that he isnot ingoodhealth.Suddenly thethought came to methat hewould goblind.注意
①位语从句引导词that无含义,不充当成分,不可省略
②同位语从句与其说明的名词或代词为同一内容,故可以用is把前边的中心词和从句连接成一个句子
③同位语从句前一般没有逗号that引导同位语从句与引导定语从句的区别that引导同位语从句时只起连接作用,不充当任何成分;that引导定语从句时,在从句中要作成分,如主语、宾语等
①He told me the news that our teamwon.(that引导同位语从句)
②The news that/which hetoldmewas veryexciting,(that引导定语从句,在从句中作宾语)
2.在no idea,question,problem等后可用wh-疑问词引导同位语从句,if不引导同位语从句I haveno ideawhere hehas gone.I havenoideawhat hesaid.
3.辨析引导名词性从句时what与whatever,who与whoever的区别what与whatever Whatyou wanthas beensent here.(what=the thing(s)that/allthat/anything that特指)Whatever youwant makesno differenceto me.(whatever=anythingthat泛指)What causedthe accidentwas abroken bottle.(特指)Whatever causedthe accidenthas notyet beenfound.(泛指)who与whoever Whowill goto Beijingon businesshasnotbeen decided.(who表疑问,表示“谁”,哪一个)Whoever breaksthe lawshould bepunished.(whoever二anyone who,表示“无论哪个人)
4.同位语从句注意与定语从句区别,同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明,在从句中无语法位置,而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如The ideathat onecan do theworkwithout thinkingis wrong.(同位idea在从句中无位置,而从句只是具体说明idea的内容)The ideathatyouput forwardat themeeting iswrong.(定语从句,idea做put forward的宾语)同位语从句在句中的位置及语气同位语从句的语气在suggestion,advice,request,order等意为“建议;命令;要求”的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略例如Our teachergave ussome advicehow we(should)use thecomputer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议The suggestioncame fromthe chairmanthat thenew rule(should)be adopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的同位语从句在句中的位置
1.一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news,idea,fact,promise,hope,message等)的后面,用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容例如The newsthat ourwomen volleyballteam hadwon thechampionshipencouraged usall greatly.我们女排赢得冠军的消息大大地鼓舞了我们所有人Ive comefrom MrWang witha messagethat hewont beable toseeyou thisafternoon.我从王先生那边得知一个消息,他说他今天下午不能来看你了
2.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后,而被别的词语隔开,在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句例如The thoughtcametoher thatmaybe shehad leftthe dooropen whensheleft home.她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上The storygoes that he failedin theCollege EntranceExaminationsagain.据说他高考又落榜了同位语和同位语从句的区分当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,其中一个句子成分可用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,此时前者(起说明或解释作用的句子成分)就叫做后者(被说明或解释的句子成分)的同位语如We havetwo children,a boyand agirl.我们有两个孩子,一个男孩和一个女孩(句中的a boyand agirl为two children的同位语)Laura Myers,a BBCreporter,asked foran interview.劳拉•迈尔,BBC的记者,要求采访(句中的a BBCreporter为Laura Myers为同位语)如果起说明或解释作用的句子成分为一个从句,那么这个从句就是同位语从句如The hopethathemay recoveris faint.他复原的希望是渺茫的(句中的thathemay recover为hope的同位语)We heardthe newsthat ourteam hadwon.我们听到消息说我们队赢了(句中的thatourteam hadwon为news的同位语)语法辨析同位语从句与定语从句的比较同位语从句是名词性从句的一种,通常与主句中名词性成分并列,补充说明该名词的情况,定语从句也是名词性从句的一种,同样用来修饰补充主句的内容,所以这两者很容易让人混淆
一、从句法功能上来看同位语从句中连接词that在从句中不作句子成分,也没有词汇含义,只起连接作用,其作用大致相当于一个冒号;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,且在句中充当句子的成分(主语或宾语)如I holdthe beliefthat wherethere isa will,there isa way.(that引导的是同位语从句,它在从句中不充当句子成分)The letterthat Ireceived yesterdaywas frommy sister.(that引导的是定语从句,它在从句中充当宾语)
二、从意义上来看同位语从句所表达的内容与作为中心词的名词所表达的内容是一样的,两者之间可以划等号;而定语从句则是限制或修饰中心词的,中心词所表达的内容不等于定语从句所表达的内容如He toldme thenewsthathis unclewould comehome from abroad onNationalDay.(that引导的是同位语从句,其中thenews=his unclewouldcome homefromabroadon NationalDay)This isthe factorythat we visited last month,(that弓I导的是定语从句,其中the factory^wevisitedlastmonth.)
三、从中心名词上来看同位语从句中的中心名词常是一些表示概括意义的抽象名词,这类名词有fact,idea,view,thought,order,suggestion,news,truth,hope,promise,answer,belief,condition,doubt,fear,problem,proof,question等而定语从句中的中心名词是没有限定的如
四、从that是否可以省略来看引导同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略,而在定语从句中,that作宾语时,可以省略另外,引导定语从句的that若指事物,它可以用which来代替,而在同位语从句中,that永远不能用which替代专项训练:
1.It wastrue Alicedid surprisedher mother.A.that B.what C.that,what D.what,that
2.Does mattermuch hecant cometo themeeting.A.it,if B.that,if C.it,whether D.this,whether
3.What areyou anxiousabout一一一A.How canwe succeedB.Whether wecan succeedC.When canwe succeedD.That wecan succeed
4.The reasonthe littleactress hasbeen sucha successisshe isboth cleverand hard-working.A.why,why B.why,that C.that,because D.for,because
5.___leaves theroom lastought toturn offthe lights.A.Who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.The person
6.I reallydon*t knowI hadthis phototaken.A.where it was that B.it wasthat C.where itwas D.itwaswhy
7.Dr.Black comesfrom eitherOxford orCambridge.I cantremember.A.where B.there C.which D.that
8.What doyou thinkof China――different lifeis todayfrom一it usedto be.A.How,what B.What,what C.How,that D.What,that
9.Give thisto youthink candothework well.A.who B.whom C.whoever D.whomever
10.troubles meis Ican*t learnall theseEnglish idiomsbyheart.A.That,thatB.What,what C.That,what D.What,that答案1—5CABBB6—10ACACD。