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高考英语非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的动词性质表现在三方面1)有时态和语态的变化;2)可被状语所修饰;3)及物动词须有宾语I m sorry to have keptyou waitingfor tenminutes.(完成式)对不起让你等了十分钟We expectedthe workto bedone at once.(被动式)我们希望这工作马上就做To drinkwhile drivingis dangerous.(有状语)开车喝酒是十分危险的Have youany reasonfor sayingsuch athing(带宾语)你有什么理由说这种话吗?Havingdone hiswork,he wentto playfootball.(完成式,带宾语)完成工作后,他去踢足球
二、非谓语动词的非动词性质表现1)相当于名词,作主语、宾语、表语等;2)相当于形容词、副词,在句中作定语、状语等Reading booksis whatI likedoing beforegoing to bed.(作主语)读书是我睡觉前喜欢做的事Have youdecided whereto spendyour holiday(作宾语)你决定了到哪儿去度假吗His taskis tocollect information.(作表语)他的任务是收集信息The planbeing discussedis acceptedby mostof thepeople.(作定语)正在讨论的计划被大多数人所接受Hearing thenews,the boysjumped withjob.(作状语)听到这个消息,那男孩高兴得跳了起来非谓语动词有三种形式,即不定式、过去分词和动词-ing形式L不定式不定式有两种形式;一是带to的不定式,一是不带to的不定式后者即通常所谓的动词原形不定式有时态和语态的变化1)不定式的语法功能
(1)作主语To seeis to believe.眼见为实It simportant forus tolearn howto usethecomputer.学会使用电脑很重要注it为形式主语,真实主语不定式结构放在谓语之后It s+(表扬或批评)adj.+of sbto do sth.
(2)作表语The importantthing isto savetime.重要的是约时间The purposeof theproject isto helpthe poorchildren in the country.这个工程的目的是帮助农村的贫苦孩子
(3)作宾语Black peoplein theUSA wantedto getequal rights.美国的黑人想要得到平等权利The workersdemanded to get betterpay.工人要求更高的工资I foundit necessaryto talkto himagain.我觉得有必要和他再谈谈注当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,须将不定式放在补语后,而在宾补前用形式宾语it.
(4)作定语The nextplane toarrive isfrom NewYork.下次到达的航班来自纽约He isalways the first tocome andlast toleave theoff ice•他总是第一个到办公室,最后一个离开注如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话,不定式动词是不及物动词,则须加适当的介词I needa pento writewith.我需要一支笔There areenough chairsfor theguests tosit on.有足够的椅子给客人坐They have a largehouse tolive in.他们住在一座大房子里
(5)作状语,表目的、结果、原因等表目的在表示目的时,还可以用in order to和so as to(一般不放在句首)I stayedthere to see whatwould happen.我留下来看看会发生什么事The studentsare workinghard inordertopass thecollege entranceexams.学生们在努力学习通过大学的入学考试表结果在表结果时,还可以用so•••as to…,such…asto…,enough•••to…,only to…及too…to…等结构The teais toohot todrink.这茶太热了,不能喝Is yourbrother oldenough tojoin thearmy你的弟弟到参军的年龄了吗?He lifteda rockonly todrop iton hisown feet.他搬起石头结果砸到了自己的脚表原因.msorry to hearthat.很抱歉听到这件事We aredelighted toknow thatyou regoing to visit us next month.彳艮高兴听说你下月要来看我们
(6)作宾语补足语不定式作宾补时,与宾语构成复合宾语,二者在逻辑上是主谓关系The teachertold usnot to be sonoisy in the class.老师告诉我们不要在班上吵闹I expectyou togive mesome helpin the experiment.我希望你能在实验中给我一些帮助一些动词后作宾补的不定式不带to,这种动词有两类:一类是感觉动词,如see,hear,feel,watch,notice等;另一类是某些使役动词,如make,let,have等What madehim dothat again and again什么原因使他不断地做那件事?I sawhim takeaway yourdictionary.我看到他拿走了你的字典We feltthe houseshake.我们感到房子在动注这种结构在用于被动语态时,要加toHe wasmade to do hiswork again.他被要求又把工作做了一遍The boysare oftenseen toswim inthe river.那男孩经常被看到在河里游泳表示劝告、命令、允许、教导、要求、警告、希望、禁止、意向、起因等的动词+todo:advise,allow,cause,command,encourage,force,leave,get,like,order,persuade,require,send,teach,tell,forbid,want,warn,wish,expect.2)不定式的否定式和被动式不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成Tell himnot toshout at the policeman.告诉他不要冲警察喊叫The teachertold usnever tocheat inthe exam•老师告诫我们永远不要在考试中作弊I expectthat themistake not tobe made again.我希望这个错误永远不要再犯You relucky not tohavebeen caughtintherain.你没有淋雨真是幸运不定式的被动式和主动式一样,可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语To beobeyed wasnatural toher.她生性要别人听命于她(作主语)The problemremains tobe unsolved.问题还没有解决(作宾语)It needsnot tobe saidthat theyare veryhappy together.不消说他们在——起非常幸福(作宾语)There wereplans tobemadeat once.要立即制定计划(作定语)He hasreturned onlytobesent awayagain.他回来之后又被打发走了(作状语)The captainordered theflag tobe hoisted.船长命令升旗(作宾补)3)与不定式搭配的常用动词
(1)需要用不定式作宾语的常用动词有hope,refuse,learn,set out,choose,decide,agree,manage,pretend,plan等He hopesto seeyou soon.他希望能很快见到你I decidedto studymedicine whenI wasyoung.我年轻时就决定学医Don,t pretendnottosee me.不要装着没看到我
(2)接不定式作宾补的常用动词有tell,allow,help,warn,ask,force等如:We warnedthe boynottoswim inthe river.我们告诫那个男孩不要在河里游泳His parentswon tallow herto marrythe youngman.他的父母不允许她和那个年轻人结婚
(3)接不定式作宾语或宾补的常用动词有want,expect,wish,promise等He promisedtovisit usnext month.他答应下月来看我们We expecthim tovisitusnextmonth.我们期望他下月来看望我们
三、过去分词过去分词在句中不可作谓语它相当于形容词和副词,在句中可用作表语、定语、状语、补语等过去分词的逻辑主语一般可在句中找到
(一)过去分词在句中的语法功能1)作表语The windowis broken.窗户碎了He sgone.他走了Don tget soexcited.别这么激动2)作定语,多表示已完成的动作一The woundedsoldiers weresent to the hospitalatonce.受伤的士兵已被立即送往医院了__We mustmake thepolluted riverclear again.我们必须使受到污染的河流变得干净Some of them,born andbrought upin ruralvillages,had neverseen atrain.他们中的一些人,出生和在农村长大,从没见过火车3)作状语,表时间、原因、让步、方式、伴随情况等Asked whyhe didthat,he keptsilent.(表时间)当被问到为什么做这件事时,他没做答复Properly done,theexperimentturned outsuccessful.(表原因)实验做得很正确,结果是成功的Although laughedat byother scientists,he stuckto histheory.(表让步)尽管遭到其他科学家的嘲笑,他坚持他的理论Followed byhis assistant,the professorwent into the lecturehall.(表伴随)教授进了演讲厅,后面跟着他的助手4)作补语He hadhis legbroken whenplaying football.他踢足球时腿骨折了I foundmy walletstolen whengetting onthe bus.上车时我发现钱包被偷了
(二)动词-ing形式动词-ing形式有时态和语态的变化1)动词-ing形式功能1)作主语Saving ishaving.节约即是收入It sno usecrying.哭是没用的It sgreat funsailing aboat.扬帆驾舟是十分有趣的注在一些句子中,常用it作形式主语,将真正的主语动词-ing结构放在后面可后接no use,no good,fun等2)作表语The mainthing isgetting therein time.主要的问题是要按时到那儿3)作宾语Have youfinished readingthe book你读完这本书了吗?I suggestdoing itinadifferent way.我建议用另一种方法做这件事Are youinterested inbuying second-hand books你对买旧书有兴趣吗?4)作定语We builtanother swimmingpool lastyear.我们去年又建了一座游泳池He maybe inthe readingroom,for allI know.他说不定在阅读室里He is an attackingplayer.他是个进攻型的运动员He askedan embarrassingquestion.他提了一个令人尴尬的问题5)作状语Entering theroom,he sensedsomething unusual.一进门,他就感觉到有些不一样的情况Being busy,I can t go tothe film with you today.我今天很忙,不能和你去看电影了It rainedfor twoweeks onend,completely ruiningour holiday.连着下了两个星期的雨,把我们的假期全毁了He stoodthere,not knowingwhat to say.他站在那儿,不知说什么好6)作补语动词-ing形式作补语多和表示感觉的动词或使役动词连用,作宾语或主语的补足语,如find,hear,see,look at,listen to,feel,notice,observe,watch,get,have,set,catch,keep,leave等I feltthe houseshaking.我觉得房子在动I sawthe boysrunning afterthe dog.我看见孩子们在追狗Can youget theclock goingagain你能使这钟再走吗?Don,t have the lightsburning inthe daytime.白天另开着灯He wasseen goingupstairs.有人看见他上楼She washeard singingall thetime.人们听到她一直在唱
(三)独立结构动词-ing形式可有其独立的逻辑主语这种主语常常是名词或代词主格,置于动词-ing形式之前,二者构成一种独立结构,常作状语,多用于书面语Weather permitting,we11havethematch tomorrow.天气允许的话,我们将于明天进行比赛Other thingsbeing equal,I wouldbuy theblack dressnot thewhite one.其他方面相同,我将买那件黑的衣服,不买那件白的The monitorbeing ill,we d better putthe meetingoff.班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧The questionbeing settled,we wenthome.问题解决了,我们回家了
(四)几种非谓语动词用法比较1)动词-ing形式与过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的区别动词-ing形式与过去分词在意义上不同一般来说,现在分词表示主动,表示进行;而过去分词表示被动,表示完成试比较它们作定语、状语、宾语补足语的区别
(1)作定语The workersworking inthe companyare mostlyyoung people.这个公司的大部分雇员是年轻人The companybuilt lastyear developedvery fast.去年建的那个公司发展得很快
(2)作状语Seeing the city fromthe topof thehill,you11find thecity verybeautiful.你站在山顶上看城市,会发现它很美Seen fromthe topofthehill,thecitylooks evenmore beautiful.从山顶上看去,城市显得更漂亮_The professorcame in,followed bythe students.教授进来了,后面跟着他的学生The professorcame in,following thestudents.教授在学生后面进来了
(3)作宾补Did younotice theplan carefullymade你注意到计划作得很周密吗Did younotice themmaking theplan carefully你注意到他们在很周密地制定计划吗2)不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语的区别不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语可以有四种情况
(1)只能跟动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词有finish,enjoy,mind,suggest,stop,giveup,think of,avoid,deny,practise,miss,consider,admit,escape,fancy,imagine,keep,resist,risk等Would youmind answeringsome questions你介意回答几个问题吗?You,dbettergive upsmoking.It sbad foryour health.你最好戒烟抽烟对健康不利
(2)只能跟不定式作宾语的常用动词有:afford,agree,aim,ask,choose,decide,decline,demand,order,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等We expectto meetyou soon.期待能很快见到你He managedto finishthe workwithout anyhelp.他设法在没有任何帮助的情况下完成了工作They promisedto helpus wheneverwe havedifficulties.他们答应无论何时我们有困难都给与帮助
(3)有些动词后既可跟不定式也可跟动词-ing形式,在意义上区别不大如动词like,love,hate,continue,start,begin等I likeplaying(to play)computer games.我喜欢玩电子游戏Let scontinue todiscuss(discussing)the problem•我们接着讨论问题吧
(4)有些动词后既可跟不定式也可跟动词-ing形式,在意义上有明显区别如仃y,regret,remember,forget,mean,go on,stop等试比较forget:I msorrytoforget tobring yourbook.对不起忘了给你带书了(没有做的事情)I11never forgetseeing theSwiss Alpsfor thefirst time,我永远忘不了第一次见到瑞士阿尔卑斯山的情景(已做过的事情)remember:I remembermeeting yousomewhere before.我记得在哪儿见过你(已做过的事情)Remember tomeet meat theairport ateight.记住八点在机场接我(没有做的事情)regret:The boyregretted wastingmuch timeon uselessthings,那个男孩很后悔在无用的事上浪费了很多时间I regretto informyou thatyou failedinthejob interview.我遗憾地通知你没有通过工作面试mean:Do youmean tohave aholiday你打算去度假吗?Being successfulmeans workinghard.成功意味着努力try:Don,t tryto persuademe toagree withyou.不要试图说服我同意你的观点Try knockingattheback doorif noone hearsyou atthe frontdoor.前门如没人答应,就敲后门试试看stop:Let sstop tohavearest.我们停下来休息一下There goesthe bell.Stop talkingand laughing.铃响了,别再说笑了go on:They wenton talking.他们继续谈着They wenton totalk aboutanother matter.他们接着又谈别的事情can,t helpdoing sth.禁不住或不得不做can,t help(to)dosth不能帮助做want:I want to tellhim aboutit.The patientswant lookingafter.The patientswanttobe lookedafter,(need,require)4)不定式和动词-ing形式作状语的区别不定式多用于表目的、结果、原因等动词ing多用于表时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、让步、方式等To catchthefirstbus,I hadtogetup atfive.为了赶上早班车,我得五点钟起床He stoo excitedtosaya word,他太激动了,说不出话来了I hurriedtothestation onlyto findthe trainhad left.I amvery gladtoseeyou.Entering theroom,the teacherfound thestudents talkinghappily.进了房间,老师发现学生们在愉快地交谈着(表时间)Being busy,I mafraid Icantgotothefilmwithyou.我太忙了,恐怕不能和你一起去看电影了He stayedup untilmidnight,preparing hisspeech.他睡得很晚,准备他的演讲Not knowingwhether hehas passedthe exam,he feelsanxious.不知道是否能通过考试,他感到很焦虑The childfell,striking hishead againstthe doorand cuttingit.(结果)孩子摔倒了,头碰到门上碰破了5)不定式和动词-ing形式作定语的区别不定式作定语多表示未来动作,而动词-ing形式作定语多表示正在进行的动作不定式的被动式、动词-ing形式和过去分词都可以表示被动动作,但动作发生的时间不同I dont havemuch tosay atthe meeting.我没有什么可说的The manliving upstairsisanartist.住在楼上的是位艺术家The booktobepublished nextmonth issupposed tobe interesting.下月出版的那本书会很有意思Can youtell mesomething aboutthe meetingheld yesterday你能告诉我关于昨天会议的情况吗?The roombeing paintedis oursound lab.正在粉刷的是我们的语音室6)不定式和动词-ing形式作补语的区别不定式作补语多表示经常性或已完成的动作;动词-ing形式作补语表示动作的正在进行的状态I sawhim fightingwith anotherboy inthe street.我看到他在街上和另一个男孩打架I havenever heardyou singthis song•我从没听你唱过这首歌His fatherwon thave himstaying toolong outside.他父亲不允许他在外面呆太长时间Who willyou havedo thework你让谁来做这个工作?The teachergot usto recitesome poems.老师让我们背一些诗Don,t keepus waitingfor long.别让我们等太久。