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第三章冠词冠词是一种虚词,本身不能单独使用,通常放在一个名词的前面,帮助说明该名词的词义冠词有两种定冠词和不定冠词高考试题中对冠词的考查主要从以下几个方面
一、a/an与the的区别于定冠词主要用在单数可数名词前表示泛指,包括a、an两种形式,a用于辅音音素开头的名词前面,an用于元音音素开头的名词前面例如:atelephone,adrawer,anadvertisement,anaeroplane the多用于特指的单数0名词、复数名词或不可数名词之前教你巧学巧记初学英语的同学,往往把不定冠词a和an混用,你可用这样一句话记住他们的用法:不见原因(元音),别施“恩(n)”o如:一位老师ateacher一位英语老师anEnglishteacher一个男人aman一位老人anoldman如果你再能再记住下面这句话,你就能顺利闯过这个难关MrLihasonefox.(李先生有一只狐狸)这句话囊括了字母表里前面用不定冠词an的所有字母一假若这些字母作为一个独立的单词使用的话这些字母是:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x除这些字母外,其余的字母前面就用不定冠词a
二、a/an的使用特例⑴一些表示情感的不可数名词,如feeling,honour,joy,pity,pleasure,surprise等,在表示一种心理情感时(前面多有一个描绘性的形容词),需加不定冠词⑵不可数名词danger,difficulty,disappointment,failure,help,success,wonder等,在表示―*种……人或物”时,前面加不定冠词例如
①Heisasuccess.他取得了成功(他是一个成功者)
②Themeetingisasuccess.会议取得了成功(这是一次成功的会议)
(3)不可数名词education,history,knowledge,population,time,world等,在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时,前面常加不定冠词(haveahistory/knowledge/population...可视为固定搭配)⑷物质名词coffee,food,tea,fog,rain,snow,wind等,在表示一种或一场的意义(常有形容词修饰)时,前面要加不定冠词例如:ablacktea(一种红茶)aheavyrain(一场大雨)⑸具有动作意义的抽象名词在与动词have,take,make,give,letout等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,此抽象名词前的冠词一般不可缺少常见的这类短语有
①havea1ook/walk/rest/test/try/bath/breaktakealook/walk/swim/rest/bathgivealaugh/smile/shout/talk/whistle⑹在同源宾语中,与动词“同源”的名词前一般要加不定冠词例如diea...death;dreama...dream;fighta...battle;havea...sleep;have/lead/livea...life;smilea…smile⑺含有不定冠词的习语或结构1)与时间和方式有关的amomentago;afterawhile/momcnt/minute:foratimejhalfanhour;inawhile/moment/minute;inaninstant:justaminute/momcnt;onceinawhilcjonceuponatime;threemealsaday;twiceaweekall ofsudden;as aresult:as a rule;as amatter of;in a...way;in ahurry;in aloud/low voice;in a word;with a...hand;withasmile2)与一些常用动词构成的搭配catch(a)cold;do agood deed;get acold;get inaword;give aconcert/lessomgo outfor awalk;have acold/cough/fever/headache/pain;have agood time:have amatch/meeting;make aface:make aneffort;make aliving;make aliving:make ami stake:make anoise;make aspeech;make astart:make anapology;make itarule;pay avisit;takeaseat takeamessagefor;takeaninterestin;keepaneyeon:lendsb.ahand[注意]由于makeaface/mistake等词组中的名词是可数的,因而它们也有其复数形式makefaces/mistakes等,但也有结构习惯上只仅以复数形式出现
三、不定冠词a(n)的特殊位置不定冠词a(an)用于单数可数名词之前,如果名词之前有形容词则位于形容词之前,如aroom,abigroom,但有时它的位置特殊,其常见情况如下
1.当名词被many,h被f,such,whai等词修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后例如:Manyamanhastried.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.Ihavewaitedforhalfanhour.Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!
2.当名词前面的形容词有how,however,so,as,too等副词修饰时,不定冠词置于形容词之后例如:Heisasgoodateacherasyou.Socleveramanasheis,hecantbecheated.Thisistoosmallahatforhim.Howbeautifulagirlsheis!
3.当单数可数名词前的形容词被quite修饰时,不定冠词放在quite之后例如Todayisquiteahotday!注意rather修饰形容词时,a/an可放在rather前,也可放在rather之后例如Swimmingbecameratherapopularexercise.Hecameafteraratherlongtime.
四、the的使用场合⑴特指双方都清楚的内容时,名词(无论何种名词)前面常加Ihe(如前面的考题
1、2)⑵一些与天文、地理有关的名词前习惯上常加theo比较intheuniverse/sky,fl inspace/heaven等⑶表示类属的单数名词前加LhCo⑷有普通名词构成的专有名词前常加theo⑸乐器名词前要加theo⑹序数词和形容词最高级前常加theo[注意]表达分数的序数词前不加the另外,序数词前也可加不定冠词,表达在原基础上“又一”的内涵试比较thethird第三athird又一个/次(原已有两个/次)⑺姓氏复数名词前加the表示夫妻两人或一家人
(8)在强调(或暗含)“两者中较……”意义的句型中,比较级前加the⑼themore...themore...句型中的the不可省略(注实际上,此句型中the是副词)0©在ubeat/hit/knock/pat/strikesb.+in/onthe+部位”及ucatch/grasp/pull/take/seizesb.+bythe+部位”的句型中或在“beblind/wounded/hurt…inthe+部位”的句型中,the•股不删不换
①Abullethitthesoldierandhewaswoundedinleg.A.aB.one©.讣2D.hisKeys:C
②HehitBobonthenose.
③Thepolicemancaughtthethiefbythearm.
④Thecamelwaslameintheleftfoot.QD年代名词前常加theointhe1990s;intheyear1998,但:in1998⑫“the+adj.”结构表达一类人或物时,the一般不可缺少这类形容词常见的有dead,old,living,poor,rich,sick,wounded等例如在某些表示山脉、群岛、河流、海洋、报纸、杂志、大建筑物、朝代、时代、政党等专有名词前,要⑬用定冠词如theChangjiangRiver长江iheAtlantic大西洋theTimes时代周刊theGreatWall长城theGreatHal1ofpeople人民大会堂theCommunistPartyofChina中国共产党theWarringStatesPeriod战国时代含有Ihc的习语或结构1)与时间、地点有关的Thesickaretakengoodcareofinthishospital.allthetimcjalltheyeararound;attheageof;atthesame thebeginningof;attheendof;bytheendof;intheend;inthebeginningjintheday;inthedaytime;intheafternoon/cvcning/morning;thedaybeforeyesterday;thedayaftertomorrow;theotherdayatthebottomof;attheedgeof;atthefootof:at/in/onthecornerof;bythesideof;inthecinema;inthedirectionof;inthedistance;inthemiddleof:inthesky;inthesun;intheworld;in/undertheshade;in/onthestreet;in/on/totheeastof;ontheleft/right;ontheground;onthewayto;ontheothersideof2)其他较固定的搭配at thelop of one,s voice;by theway;in thedarkness;in thehabi tof;in theform of;on/over the radio:under theleadershipof;withthehelpof...break thelaw;form thehabit ofdoing sth.;join thearmy/league;keep thebalance ofnature:listen totheradio;makethebed;makethebestuseof;putsb.tothetroubleofdoingsth.;takethesideof;tellthetruth...What*sthedifferencebetween...Whatsthematterwith...Whatsthepopu1ation/height/1ength/weightof...[注意]定冠词的倒置
1.当定冠词与all,half,both,double等词连用,修饰名词时,定冠词要放在这些词之后例如Lendmeallthebooksyouhave.Boththewindowsarenotopen.Wewalkedhalfthejourney.Thecarrunsatdoublethespeed.
2.当定冠词与表示倍数、分数的词连用时,需要放在这些词之后例如Theroomisthreetimesthesizeofthatone.Thisstickistwo-thirdsthelengthofthatone.
3.当much,exactly等词修饰same时,the放在这些词之后例如:Youtalkedmuchthesameasshedid.Bothofthemhaveexactlythesamesuitcase.教你巧学巧记:定冠词“the”在英语中使用率很高,然而它的用法却较难掌握有些词前要加定冠词,有些却不要用,其基本用法就是特指某(些))人或某(些)事物除此而外,还有许多地方都必须要用“the”为了便于记忆,可以利用下面的两段顺口溜
一、使用定冠词口诀沙漠、河流与群山,列岛、海峡与海湾,阶级、党派、国家名,组织团体和机关,方位、朝代、独一词,会议、文件及报刊,木器、建筑、海洋群,定冠词来不能删注以上情况需使用定冠词
二、冠词省略口诀泛指复数日三餐球类运动季节前@星期月份节假日,抽象物质或习惯注
1.以上情况省略冠词
2.农历的节假日需用定冠词
3.泛指单数可数名词前用不定冠词
五、零冠词的使用⑴具有单纯意义的专有名词前不用冠词例如China Beijing;NewYork;MrSmith⑵泛指意义的复数名词前不用冠词⑶单纯表示三餐、四季、球类或棋类方面的名词前不用冠词例如
①Weoftenhavelunchat12:
00.
(2)1dontlikeplayingfootball,butIlikeplayingchess.比较aquickbreakfast;al1throughthewinter duringthesummer;inthewinterof1999⑷学科名词前一般不加冠词比较He1ikesEnglish.TheEnglish1anguageisnotsoeasytomaster.WhatstheEnglishfor电脑?⑸以基数词形式表达序数时,不加冠词,即“名词+基数词”=ihe+序数词+名词”例如Heisastudentof.A.ClassFirstB.theClassOneC.ClassOneD.FirstClass比较ClassOnc=thcFirstClass;WorldWarII=thcSecondWorldWar⑹含day的节日名词前不用冠词⑺具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前一般不用冠词容易错的这类零冠词名词有fun,music,nature,poverty,progress,society,weather...另外,还需注意有些名词不能与a/an一起使用,但在特指时可以根据情况与the一起使用,最具代表性的这类词有advice,beauty,experience,homework,housework,work,information,news,practice,room,research...⑻在一些单数名词前,有时习惯上也不加冠词需要同学们特别留意的有以下五种情况
①单数名词前已有指示代词、物主代词修饰时,不再加冠词例如(误)Vyafriendcametoseemelastweek.(iE)Myfriend/Afriendofminecametoseemelastweek.
②表示独一无的职位、官衔的名词,如captain,chairman,head,president等,在句中作表语、同位语或补足语时,多不加冠词例如HeisheadoftheEnglishDepartment.(系主任只有一个)HeisateacheroftheEnglishDepartment.(教师不只是一位)
③但man,mankind表示“人类”:word表示“消息或‘‘通知时,习惯上不加冠词例如:(误)Themanwillconquernature.(jE)Manwillconquernature.(误)ThewordcamethatIwaswantedonthephone.(IE)WordcamethatIwaswantedonthephone.
④系动词turn后通常接零冠词单数名词例如(误)0neoftheboysturnedathief.(IE)Oneoftheboysturnedthief/becameathief.
⑤由as/though引导的倒装结构中,习惯上使用零冠词单数名词例如(误)Achildas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.(lE)ChiIdas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.(IE)Though/AlthoughheisachiId,heknowsalot.⑼含有零冠词的一些习语或结构
①by后接交通工具类名词,表示方式或手段时bybus/bike/boat/plane/spaceship,etc.但onfoot/horseback
②by后接由海、陆、空的交通、旅行等方式或手段时byair/sea/land/road/raiIway/waler,etc.
③by后接其他名词表示方式时byelectricity/hand/1eIler/machine/posl/radio,etc.
④by构成某些习语时byaccidcnt/chancc:bymeansof;bywayof;bymistake,etc.
⑤表示“用某种材料”时inink/pcn;pcnci1,etc.比较withapen/pcncil
⑥在以in或with结构表示某种情感或状态时in danger/excitement/health/hunger/fear/safety/silence/sorrow/surprise/thought/trouble,etc.withanger/co1d/envy/fear/p1easure/pride/satisfaction,etc.
⑦在介词或连词连接的两个相同、相对或关系密切的一些固定词组中allday andallnight;dayand night;daybyday;arm inarm;east andwest;face toface:father andson:husbandandwife:hand inhand;heart andsoul;man andwoman;one byone;little bylittle:shoulder toshoulder;side byside;step bystep;timeandtime,etc.
⑧与时间、地点、方式或状态有关的一些词组中after graduation/1iberationjall nightlong;at dinner;at first;at last;at night;at noon;at once;at present;at waratwork;from timeto time;for sale;in lifejin need;inneedof;in time;in timeofonduty;on saleon show;on strike:ontime;onwatchat hand;in bed;in campin public;in space;in town:on topof;at/in peacewith;beyond reachof;out ofreachjwithinreach incolour incharacter;in debt;in fact;in half/into halves;in honourof;in1ine;in order;in price;inrags;in operation;in return;in searchof;in use;for example;out ofbreath;ou lof danger;oul oforder;out oTsightjonguard;onfire;withoutpride;underconstruction/repair,etc.
⑨在由常用动词构成的一些词组或搭配中常用动词搭配词组ask foradvicc/hclp;catch fire;catch/get/take holdof;come backto life;come to/intopower;catch sightof;dogood/harm/wrong to;have sports;have difficulty/trouble indoingsth.;kecp...inmindikccp intouchwith;learn...by heart;lose weight;make funof;make roomfor;make useof;put...intopractice;put onweight;payattention to;sct fireto;sentence sb.to death;take careof;take pridein;take office;take partin但take anactive partin;watchTVetc.巧记妙喻冠词虽然只有两个,但用好却不容易现将中学英语课本中不用冠词的一些情况以顺口溜的形式归纳如下,希望能对同学们有所帮助独一职位在某地,1用作表、补、同位语独立主格作状语,2短语表方式3By字一词意“人类”,4Man对比含义两名词5系词接表语,6turn新闻语体及标题7具体意义变抽象,8含有的倒装句9as/though人名、地名、国一词,10抽象、物质不特指11月份、星期、节假日,12学科、语言、称呼语13颜色、病名、五感觉,14棋类、球类、三餐词15复数形式表类别,16固定词组、惯用语17请对照下列各例句I.WcelectedMarychairmanofourclass.
2.Bookinhand.hewenttothelibrarj.
3.Wegotoschoolbvbike.,bvbuseveryday.
4.Manmustfightagainstpollution.
5.Fatherandsonattendedthemeetingtogether.
6.HehasW.rn.edIcuchcrwhileIamstillastudent.
7.Firebrokeoutatmidnight.
8.Hekeepshouse他当家.Heisatschool.♦HeroasHhouchheis.hedaredothat.
10.Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.Il.Nonewsisgoodnews.
11.Sept.1isTeachers,Dav.
13.Mrl,i.canyouspeakEnglish
14.Redisakindofcolour./Hediedofcancer癌症./Doyouhavegoodsight
15.1likebasketball.hutJohnisfondofplayingchess.AVontyoustayforlunch
16.Studentsmustobeyschoolrules.
17.Shelikes toreadin bed./Hecame herein acarinstead ofonfoot.
5.“有无冠词,含义有别”的结构或搭配
1.albirth刚出生时atabirth一胎
2.attable吃饭atthe/atable在桌子旁
3.atschool求学,上学attheschool在学校
4.byday白天bytheday按日计算
5.gotobed上床睡觉gotothebed朝床边走去
6.gotochurch/collcgc/hopital/prison/school做礼拜/上大学/住院/坐牢/上学gotothechurch/college/hopital/prison/school到(那个)教堂/大学/医院/监狱/学校去
7.gotosea当水手,出航gotothesea到海边去
8.inhospital/prison,etc.在住院/坐牢,等inthehospital/prison,etc.在(那个)医院/监狱,等
9.inchargeof负责inthechargeof由负责
10.infuture今后inthefuture将来
11.infrontof在前面inthefrontof在的前部
12.inplaceof代替intheplaceof在的位置上
13.inoffice执政,掌权intheoffice在办公室
14.onearth到底,究竟,在世界上ontheearth在地球上
15.ofage成年ofanage同龄
16.outofquestion亳无疑问outofthequestion不可能
17.takeplace发生taketheplaceof取代
18.withchild怀孕withachiId带着孩子,和孩子一道
19.haveawordwith与交谈havewordswith与吵架
20.anumberof大量的,很多thenumberof的数量,的数字。