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考研英语语法表语从句详解附译文表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后,在非正式文体中弓导词可以省I that略如That snot what Iwa nt.那不是我要的That swhy I have come.那就是我为什么来了My opinionis thatthings willimprove.我的意见是事情会好起来的One advantageof solarenergy is that itwill neverrunout.太阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭The truthis that he didnt reallytry.实际情况是他没有真正努力The problemis whois topay andwhen wecan start.问题是谁来付帐、我们又何时开始The factis that he didntnotice thecar untiltoo late.事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了What surprisedme was thathespoke Englishso well.使我感至U吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好如:Either/Neither of these storieseither/neitherstory hetold usis as attractiveand instructiveas thatone.例句:Neither kindof sleepis atall wellunderstood,butREMrapid eyemovements sleepis assumedto servesomerestorative functionofthe brain.分析该句是并列句译文人们对这两种睡眠都没有完全了解,但认为快速眼动睡眠有使大脑恢复的功能指两者中的任何一个,仅限两者,而用于两者以上中的每
2.either each一个;和可互换使用,但强调整体either bothboth例句The relationshipbetween LatinAmericanmusic andblackmusic in the UnitedStates isevident in theunaccented beatsthatare common to either/both.分析该句是复合句,定语从句that arecommontoeither/both修饰beatse译文拉丁美洲音乐同美国黑人音乐的关系明显地表现在这两种音乐各自存在着无重音节拍这一共同点上例句:We alsoexpect eachplace to be appropriatetoits use.分析该句是简单句译文我们也希望每个地方都恰如其分和是一对反义词,表示〃三者或三者以上中的任何一个都
3.any none不〃,其后谓语动词的单复数参看例句例句:Although ProfessorGreens lecturesusually runoverthefifty minuteperiod,none ofhis studentsever objectsas theyfindhislectures bothinformative and interesting.分析该句是复合句译文虽然格林教授的课通常超过规定的50分钟,但他的学生从无一人表示反对,因为他们发现格林的课既富有知识性又有趣例句:If anyman heredoes notagree withme,he shouldputforwardhis ownplan ofimproving theliving conditionsof thesepeople.分析该句是复合句译文如果在座的有人不赞成我的观点,那么他就应该提出他自己的改善这些人生活条件的方案和的主要区别在于用于否定句、条件句和疑问
4.any someany句;用于肯定句表示期待对方的肯定答复或以问句形式向对方提some出要求或邀请例句:He hasfailed meso manytimes that I nolongerplace anyrelianceon what he promises.(1997年第23题)分析该句是复合句译文他多次辜负了我的期望,以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承诺例句:The idea that somegroups ofpeople maybemoreintelligent thanothers is one ofthose hypothesesthat darenot speak itsname.(选自2008年Use ofEnglish)分析该句是复合句,主干部分是The ideaisone of thosehypothesesthat somegroups ofpeople maybe moreintelligentothan others是idea的同位语从句,that darenotspeakits name是hypotheses的定语从句译文认为某些群体的智商要高于其他群体是一个无人敢说出来的假想只能用作形容词,指人,而既可以指物
5.every everyoneevery one也可以指人例句Without telephoneit wouldbe impossibleto carryon thefunctions ofpractically everybusiness operationinthewholecountry.(1998年第32题)分析该句是简单句,本句隐含了一个与现在情况相反的虚拟语气,Without telephone相当于if therewere notelephoneo译文如果没有电话,全国几乎所有的商业运作都不可能正常进行例句:There isan incorrectassumption amongscientistsandmedical peoplethat everyoneagrees onwhat constitutesabenefit toanindividual.分析该句是复合句,that everyoneagrees on...作assumption的同位语从句,what constitutesa benefittoan individual作介词on的宾语译文科学家和医务人员普遍持有一种不正确的假设,即人们在什么构成了个人利益问题上意见一致
(二)和one,the otheranother两者中一个用表示,另一个用表示,不定数目中的另
1.one the other一个用表示another例句However,when twomonkeys wereplaced inseparatebutadjoining chambers,so thateach couldobserve what the otherwasgettingin returnfor itsrock,their behaviorbecame markedlydifferent.(选自2005年Text1)分析该句是复合句,主句部分为their behaviorbecamemarkedlydifferent when引导的时间状语从句中又插入了sothat引导o的目的状语从句,从句中whatthe other...作observe的宾语译文但是当两只猴子被放在隔开但相邻的两个房间中,而且每只猴子还能看到对方用岩石交换了什么物品之后,他们的行为就发生了巨大变化例句We had a partylast month,and it was alot offun,so letshaveanother onethis month.分析该句是并列句译文上个月我们举行了一场晚会,很有意思因此,我们这个月再举行一场类似的晚会吧表示三者并对三者加以说明
2.表达方法如下one…another…and the otherone...a second...and the third例句:I havethree sisters,one isa nurse,another asecondis ateacher,and theother andthethirdisa doctor.注表示四者并对四者都加以说明的表达方式是one...another...athird...andthe fourththeother...o作代词时前用形容词或
3.One the,this,that,which anysome,1等来修饰,另有复数名词+单数动词each,every oneof the+例句That meansa higherproportion of what isin theseais beingcaught,so thereal differencebetween presentand pastislikelyto beworse thanthe onerecorded bychanges incatchsizes.选自2006年Text3分析该句是复合句,means后的宾语从句省略了连接代词that,what isinthe sea作介词of的宾语,so引导的另一个分句中的the one代替前面的名词difference,分词短语recorded by…作后置定语修饰theoneo译文这意味着更高比例的海洋物种正在被捕捞,因此现在和过去的真正差异可能比根据渔获量的变化所记录的更糟糕例句:One of the responsibilitiesof theCoast Guardisto makesurethat allships dutifullyfollow trafficrules inbusy harbors.(2001年第13题)分析该句是复合句,从句that allships...harbors作make sure的宾语译文海岸警卫队的责任之一就是确保所有船只在繁忙的港口严格遵守航运规则注意that和one都可用来代表句子前面部分中的名词以避免重复one,,指代可数名词为不确定指代其复数形式为ones;that指代可数和不可数名词,为确定指代,其复数形式为those0例句:No breadeaten byman isso sweetasthatearnedby hisown labor.分析该句是简单句,其中that代替前面的bread,分词短语earned byhisownlabor作定语修饰that译文什么面包也不如自己劳动挣得的面包香例句:Julia triedto finda goodbook onphysics,butthebookstore she went to yesterday didnot haveone.分析该句是并列句,其中第二个分句是一个复合句,shewenttoyesterday是修饰thebookstore的定语从句译文朱丽亚想找一本物理学方面的好书,但昨天她去的那家书店没有后接单数名词表示的意思是〃另一个,又一个
4.another onemore;另外的,别的不同的讦some other;adferent”例句Her motherwill beback inanother moment,and wehavetowait forher.分析本句是以and连接的并列句译文她妈妈再过一会儿就回来,我们还是等等她吧例句:We willvisit theHistory Museumanother day.译文我们改天参观历史博物馆例句:He isplanning anothertour abroad,yet hispassportwillexpire atthe endof thismonth.1998年第34题分析该句是由yet连接的并列句译文他正计划再到国外去旅游,但是他的护照这个月底就到期了,通常接复数名词在
5.other anyother,every other,no other,后,名词也可用单数形式some other,theother,one other例句:As faras I am concerned,his politicsare ratherconservativecomparedwith other politicians.(1997年第19题)分析该句是简单句其中As faras I am concerned为插入语,otherpoliticians,相当于otherpoliticians*politics,分词短语comparedwith otherpolitician/在句中作状语表示时间或条件,相当于when/if hispoliticsare comparedwith otherpoliticianso译文依我看,与其他政治家的政治观点相比,他的观点更加保守例句No other book hashad agreater influenceon mylife.译文任何书对我一生的影响都没有这本书大例句Wilson foundthere wasonly oneother guestbesideshimself.译文威尔逊发现除了他自己外只有一个客人注意0ther与数目连用时其位置如下基数词+other+复数名词;theother基数词+复数名词或the+基数词+other+复数名词
(三)few,a few;little a littlerfew和a few修饰可数名词;little和alittle修饰不可数名词;a few和alittle具有肯定含义;few和little具有否定含义;thefew和the little表示肯定含义例句:A fewpremiers aresuspicious of any federal-provincialdeal-making.(选自2005年Part B)分析该句是简单句译文一些省督们对由联邦政府联合各省进行谈判的做法心存怀疑例句:The rolesexpected ofold peoplein such asetting givetoofew psychologicalsatisfactions for normal happiness.(2000年第7题)分析该句是简单句,其中分词短语expected ofold people在句中作定语修饰the roleso译文在此情况下,对老年人角色的期望使得他们几乎无法得到心理上的满足,也就无法享受正常的幸福生活例句:Living inthe centralAustralian deserthas itsproblems,ofwhich obtainingwater is not theleast.All I can sayis thatI havenothing todo withit.我能说的就是我与此事没有关系What I want toknow iswhere weshall goand whethershe willjoin us.我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们The factis thathe didntnotice thecar untiltoo late.事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了What surprisedme wasthathespoke Englishso well.使我感至U吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好All I can sayis thatIhavenothing todo withit.我能说的就是我与此事没有关系What I want toknow iswhere weshall goand whethershe willjoin us.我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们此外,表语从句还可由(好像)引导如as ifItlooked asif it was/were goingto rain.(虚拟语气)看起来好像要下雨了翻译练习这就是她昨天请一天假的原因分析该句是复合句,of whichobtainingwater is…是一个非限制性定语从句修饰problems thezleast是thelittle的最高级表示肯定意义译文居住在澳大利亚沙漠中心有其自身的问题,其中,获取水是很严峻的问题例句:They mayteach verywell,and morethan earntheirsalaries,but most of themmake littleornoindependent reflectionsonhumanproblems which involve moral judgment.(2006年第50题)分析该句是并列复合句,定语从句whichinvolvemoraljudgment修饰problems,but前后是两个并列句译文他们可以教得很好,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的关于人的问题讲行独立思考
(四)mostmost表示大多数、大部分或最大数量、最大程度等,作代词、名词、形容词和副词例句:Its hardto imaginethat manypeople aredumbenough towantchildren justbecause Reeseand Angelinamake itlooksoglamorous:most adultsunderstand thata babyis nota haircut.(选自2011年Text4)分析该句是复合句在主句中jt是形式主语真正的主语是toimagine thatmanypeople aredumb enoughto wantchildren;在原因状语从句中,it代表前面提到的to wantchildren;冒号后的内容是对前面内容的解释译文很难想象,仅仅因为里斯和安吉丽娜使〃生孩子〃看起来颇具魅力,很多人就愚蠢地跟风效仿大多数成年人都明白抚养孩子并不像理发那样简单例句Most newspapers,while devotingthe majorpart oftheirspaceto recentevents,usually manageto findroom ontheinside pagesforarticles onsome interestingtopics.(2000年第17题)分析该句是复合句其中主句为Most newspapersusually managetofindroom onthe insidepages...topics从句while后的完整形式o应为while theyare devotingthe majorpart of their spacetorecenteventSo译文大多数报纸将主要版面用来报道近期发生的事件,但通常也会在内页留出空间刊登一些趣闻例句Most oftenthe reasonfor thisis that the motherisinsensitive to thesignals ofthe infant,whose brainisprogrammed tolearnlanguage rapidly.分析该句是复合句,that themother isinsensitiveto thesignals oftheinfant在句中充当表语从句,定语从句whose brainis...rapidly修饰the infante译文其原因往往是母亲对大脑已做好快速学习语言准备的婴儿所发出的信号不敏感单独使用时,前无冠词
1.most例句Some ofthe peoplestayed behind,but mostwent.分析most=most people,动词用复数后带有限制性定语从句时,前加
2.most theo例句:The mostthis hallcan seatis1,
000.分析这是一个复合句,this hallcan seat这个定语从句修饰the mosteseat是动词,意为〃为……提供座位〃译文这个大厅最多能容纳一千人;
3.most ofthe+复数名词表示大多数……mostof+形容词性物主代词+单数名词表示〃大部分……〃例句:Mr.Pollard hasvisited most ofthecountries inEurope.译文波勒德先生已经访问了欧洲大多数国家例句Most ofherbookdeals withproblems inpoliticaleconomy.译文她的书大部分都是论述政治经济方面的问题的彳列句:Moreover,mostofthe changesthat companiesmakeareintended tokeep themprofitable,and thisneed notalways meanincreasingproductivity:switching tonew marketsor improvingqualitycan matterjust asmuch.(选自1998年Text2)分析该句是并列复合句,and前一分句中thatcompanies make是一定语从句修饰the changes,后一分句中this指代前面句子的所有内容,冒号后的内容作解释译文此外,公司改革的目的大部分是为了盈利,这种需求并不一定总是能够提高生产率转入新的市场或改善产品质量也能获得同样的效果作副词时构成形容词或副词的最高级;在通俗英语中
4.most,修饰形容词或副词,与的区别在于后者作〃most=very mostmostly大部分“讲()=for the most part例句:The Eskimois perhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderate ofall Indiansbut seems to beindifferent tothewelfare ofhis animals.(2001年第14题)分析该句是简单句,is与seemsto是两个并列谓语译文爰斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任别人也最体贴他人的人,然而他们对自己的动物的福利却好像漠不关氏例句What Mr.Jelly saidis mostly(=for themostpart)correct.译文杰勒先生说的话大部分是正确的,名词表示泛指;名词,表示特指
5.most+mostofthe+例句Most Chineselike fastfood.(泛指)Most ofthe peoplein thisdistrict arefondofCCTV
5.(特才旨)译文这一个区里的大部分人都喜欢看中央五台
九、连接代词连接代词包括who,whom,whose,what,which,thato其中除what外,其他连接代词也可作关系代词,其区别在于连接代词引导的是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句,而关系代词引导的是定语从句
(一)引导主语从句例句:That thesun andnot theearth isthe centerofour planetarysystemwas adifficult conceptto graspintheMiddle Ages.分析该句是复合句,that thesun andnot theearth isthecenter ofourplanetary system在句中充当主语译文太阳是我们行星系的中心(而不是地球)这一概念在中世纪是很难让人明白的例句It maybe saidthat themeasure ofthe worthof anysocialinstitution isits effectin enlargingand improvingexperience;butthis effectis nota partof itsoriginal motive.(2009年第46题)分析该句是由转折连词but连接的并列句,其中第一个分句中it作形式主语,真正的主语是that themeasure oftheworth...ofanysocialzinstitution是worth的后置定语,in enlargingandimprovingexperience是its effect的后置定语译文或许可以说,要衡量任何一种社会制度的价值就要看它在丰富和提升人们经验方面的影响,但是这种影响并不是其最初动机的一部分
(二)引导宾语从句例句He addshumbly thatperhaps he was superiorto thecommonrun ofmen in noticing thingswhich easilyescapeattention,andinobserving themcarefully”.(2008年第49题)分析该句是复合句,that引导的宾语从句结构是hewas superiorto...,其中包含了由which引导的定语从句,innoticingthings与inobserving themcarefully是并列结构译文他又自谦地说,或许自己〃在注意到容易被忽略的事物,并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人〃例句:I apologizeif Ihad offendedyou,but Iassureyou itwasunintentional.(1998年第3题)分析该句是并列复合句,其中短语assure sb.that…意为〃向某人保证某事〃译文如果我冒犯了你,我向你道歉,但我保证那不是故意的
(三)引导表语从句例句:One ofthe reasonswhy theappointment cameassuch asurprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively littleknown.(选自2011年Text1)分析该句是复合句其中,why theappointment cameas such,asurprise是一个定语从句,修饰reasons,however作插入语介词短语as sucha surprise作状语,修饰came;主句的主干部分是One ofthereasons is thatGilbertiscomparativelylittle knowno译文然而,该任命显得如此突然的原因之一就是吉尔伯特比较不为人知例句:The notionisthat people have failed todetectthe massivechangeswhich havehappened inthe oceanbecause theyhavebeenlooking backonly arelatively short time intothe past(选自2006年Text3)分析该句是复合句,thatpeoplehavefailedto...changes是一个表,语从句which havehappened inthe ocean作changes的定语,because后引导一个原因状语从句译文这个概念是说人们没有注意到发生在海洋里的巨大变化,因为人们只是回顾了过去很短一段时间
(四)同位语从句(通常由引导,也可由that whether,what,when,引导,进一步说明其前名词的具体内容和含义)where,why,how例句:Allens contribution was to take anassumption weallshare—that becausewe arenot robotswe thereforecontrolourthoughts-and revealits erroneousnature.(2011年第46题)分析该句是复合句,主干部分是Allen,contributionwastotakeanassumption andreveal itserroneousnature其中we allshare是一o个定语从句,修饰assumption;that becausewe arenot robotswethereforecontrol ourthoughts是一个同位语从句,与assumption为同位语关系译文爱伦的贡献在于他提出了一个公认的假设并揭示了其错误本质,即〃我们不是机器人,因此我们能控制自己的思想〃例句:But the ideathatthe journalist must understandthelawmore profoundlythan an ordinary citizenrests onanunderstanding oftheestablished conventionsand specialresponsibilitiesofthenew media.(2007年第48题),分析该句是复合句其中主干结构为the idea...rests onanunderstanding...,thatthejournalistmust...anordinarycitizen是theidea的同位语从句译文新闻记者应该比普通公民更加透彻地了解法律,但这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解Hwhatever,whomever,whichever连接代词what+ever指不定数目中无论什么,用于物;whom+ever指不定数目中无沦是谁,用于人;which+ever指确定数目中无论哪一个,用于人或物例句:Now that you havedeveloped atopic intoatentative thesis,you canassemble yournotes andbegin toflesh outwhateveroutlineyou havemade.选自2008年PartB分析该句是复合句,主干部分是you canassemble yournotes andbegintoflesh out...whatever outlineyou havemade作fleshzout使充实、具体化的宾语从句中develop.Jnto意思是〃发展成;变成〃前半部分是now that引导的让步状语从句译文既然你已经将一个主题拓展成了一个初步的论题,那么你就可以整合笔记内容,丰富自己拟定的提纲例句Donovan believedin usingwhatever toolscame tohandinthe greatgame//ofespionage一spying asa profession.选自2003年Text1That iswhy she hadaday offyesterday.我的想法是,个人的权利应该得到充分尊重My ideaisthatindividual rightsshould befullyrespected.问题在于上帝是否真的存在The questionis whetherthe Godreally exists.我想知道的是,他是如何在这么短的时间内完成这个项目的What Iwant toknow ishow hemanaged tocomplete theprojectinsuchashorttime.形容词后的从句thatthat引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面这种句型一般都用人作主语,所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词,如certain,sure,positive,afraid,convinced,anxious,disappointed,worried,glad,happy,sorry,amazed,surprised,aware,doubtful,confident等等如:I amsure/certain thathe sathome now.我肯定他现在在家He becameangry thatyou madethe samemistake.你3□了同样的错误,他生气了分析该句是复合句,whatever toolscame to...作using的宾语,破折号后的内容是对espionage的解释说明译文多诺万认为在职业间谍活动这一〃伟大事业〃中可以利用任何有用的工具He remainsconfident thathe willwin.他仍然自信他会赢She isaware thatI canthelp her.她知道我帮不了她的忙I amglad thatyou vecome.你来了我很高兴He appeared/seemed surprisedthatIsaid no,我说不,他似乎很吃惊Iam afraid thatI cantpromise youanything,恐怕我不能向你保证什么We wererather disappointedthatyouwere notable tocomeyesterday.昨天你没能来我们有点失望Iama bitworried thatshewillnot be able tomakeit.我有点担她做不成这件事情从句的小结what意思是所的事/物”,相当于
1.・・・•the thingsthat...,that which...,或可以用于以下情况those which...引导主语从句如1What shesaw frightenedher.她看到的事情吓了她一跳What wasonce regardedas impossiblehas nowbecome areality.曾经被认为不可能的事情,现在已经变成了事实What rmafraidof istheir takinghim tothat place.我怕的是他们带他到那地方去What weare worryingabout isjust herinnocence.我们担的是她的幼稚But whathurt ourfeelings mostwas thepersonalcomment ofthejudge.最伤我们感情的是法官的私下评论What will be,willbe.要发生的事总是要发生的谚语What isgone isgone.过去的事就过去了引导表语从句如:2That s whatIhope.那就是我希望的I shouldlike to beateacher.That*swhatIwanttobe.我想当老师,那是我想干的事Times arenot whatthey usedtobe.时代不同了He snot what he wasa fewyearsago是前的他了Your healthisnotwhat itought tobe.你的身体应该更好,引导宾语从句包括介词宾语如3He couldnot expresswhat hefelt.他不能表达他的感受Well,T IIdo whatIcan.好吧,我尽力Icant dowhat youve justasked ofme.我不能做你刚才要求我的事And havinggot what he wanted,he tookhis hatandwent away.得到了他要的东西,他拿上帽子就走了As afriend ofyours,Iwantto tellyou whatI hear.作为你的朋友,我想告诉你我所听到的The fatherbegan tocriticize whatthe boyhad done.父亲开始批评男孩所做的事注意时态She wasnot h叩py at whathehad said.她对他说的话不高兴Don tpoke yournose intowhatdoesn7t concernyou.不要多管闲事The cityis differentfrom what itwasten yearsago.这座城市和十年前不同了It wasa smallplace thencompared towhat itis now.和现在比起来,它那时候是个小地方The fatherbegan tocriticize whatthe boyhad done.父亲开始批评男孩所做的事(注意时态)She wasnot happyatwhathehadsaid.她对他说的话不高兴Don tpoke yournose intowhatdoesn7t concernyou.不要多管闲事The cityis differentfrom whatitwasten yearsago.这座城市和十年前不同了It wasa smallplace thencompared towhatitis now.和现在比起来,它那时候是个小地方I dont careabout moneyorwhat peoplecall position.我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位Philip wasdepressed bywhathehad gonethrough.Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉They paidfifty percentofwhatthey wereable toearnto thestate.他们能挣来的东西,百分之五十交给了国家,.用作插入语,指代后面的成分这和非限定性定语从句正好相反非2限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分如Then Idiscovered,what wasnews tome,that hiswifewas Marysniece.后来我发现,他妻子原来是Mary的侄女,这对我是个新闻He neverjoined inthe usualsports ofthe boys,and,what isremarkable,never wentout ina boatontheriver.他从来不参力口男孩子通常做的体育活动,更奇怪的是,他从来不坐船出去到河上面去He san interestingspeaker,and,what ismore important,heknows hissubject thoroughly•他讲话生动有趣,更重要的是,他对课题了如指掌He wenttothemeeting and,what wasworse,insistedonspeaking•他去参加了会议,而且更糟糕的是,他坚持要发言It isa usefulbook,and,what ismore,not anexpensiveone.这是本很有用的书,再说也不贵You IIhave nobodybutyourself toblame,and,whats more,youII getno sympathyfrom anybody.你怪不着别人,只能怪你自己;还有,你得不到任何人的同情We inviteda newspeaker and,what smore,hewashappy tocome.我们请到了一位新的发言人,而且他很乐意来.引导让步状语从句,等于“不管什么…〃注意状语从句的语序如3Do whatshe would,she couldnot inventa reasonfornot going.不管她会做什么,她都编不出不去的理由状语从句把实义动词放在句首,句子倒装=Nomatter whatshe woulddo,...Come what may youII alwayskeepit secret.无论怎样,你都要保守z秘密=No matterwhatmaycome,....Jack hasmade uphis mindthat,come whatmight,hewould staythere.Jack已经拿定主意,无论如何他也要呆在那里=...no matterwhatmight come,...Say whathewill,in hisheart heknows thathe iswrong.不管他怎么说,内心里他知道自己错了=No matterwhathewill say.—either neither,any,each,none,every,somef和是一对反义词,表示“两者中任何一个都不〃,作
1.either neither名词或形容词用法为either neitherofthe+复数名词+动词单数either neither+单数名词+动词单数。