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专题阅读理解主旨大意题14备考年高考英语二轮复习讲练测一一讲练2023命题解读主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解,它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨考点分类主旨大意题段落大意题㊀标题归纳题文章大意题主旨大意题易错点特征
1.主旨大意题干扰选项特征无中生有可能局度具有总结性,但与文章内容互不相干或相悖偷梁换柱与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动若不留神,极易选错答案过于笼统虽覆盖文章意思,但过于笼统选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容,以偏概全或文章的一个细枝末节
2.止确项特征涵盖性强覆盖全文或全段What canwe learnfrom JennifersstoryA.Time ismoney.B・Love breaksdown barriers.C・Hard workpays off.D.Education is the keyto success.【导语】这是一篇记叙文主要讲述了詹妮弗通过自己的不懈努力最终获得学士学位的故事【答案】C【详解】主旨大意题根据第一段“That willpowerbore fruitwhen Jennifergraduated fromUniversity ofWisconsin-EauClaire andbecame the first inher largefamily toearn abachelors degree.(当珍妮佛毕业于威斯康星大学的欧克莱尔分校,并成为她的大家庭中第一个获得学士学位的人时,她的意志力产生了结果)”可知,詹妮弗通过自己的不懈努力最终获得学士学位,从她的故事中我们可以学到辛勤工作是有回报的故选C项
6.(2021年北京卷)Early fifth-century philosopherSt.Augustine famouslywrote thathe knewwhat timewas unlesssomeone askedhim.Albert Einsteinadded anotherwrinkle whenhe theorizedthat timevaries dependingon whereyou measure it.Todaysstate-of-the-art atomic(原子的)clocks haveproven Einsteinright.Even advancedphysics cantdecisively tell us whattime is,because theanswer depends on the question youre asking.31What is the main idea ofParagraph1A.Timekeeping isincreasingly relatedto nature.B.Everyone candefine timeon theirown terms.C.The qualitiesof timevary withhow youmeasureit.D.Time is a majorconcern ofphilosophers andscientists.【导语】本文是议论文文章通过讨论时间的定义,讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处,保护环境【答案】
31.B【解析】主旨大意题根据第一段最后一句Even advancedphysics cantdecisively tellus whattimeis,because theanswerdependsonthequestionyoureasking.(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么,因为答案取决于你要问的问题广以及上文列举的哲学家St.Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断,第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间故选B项范围恰当涵盖文章内容既不太大,也不太小精确性强不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩一文章大意题读文章标题读首尾段落/遍卖包■田段落首尾句[留意表句段关系的关联词之后的内容墨新闻报道、议论文和说明文主题句在首段21H文体法元叙文、议论文:主题句一般在至右曝[词语法|在文中出现频率较高的主题词卜概括法]无主题句的文章,需读者自己概括大意常见设问方式Whats the main idea/point of the passage❖The passage is mainly about.❖The passage is mainlyconcerned about.❖Which of the followingbest statesthemain idea of the passage❖Which of the followingstatements bestexpresses themainidea/theme of the passage❖In thispassage the author discussesprimarily.❖The subjectdiscussed inthis textis.❖The general/mainidea of the passageisabout.解题技能解答主旨大意题,找准文章的主题句是关键下面介绍三种快速找出主题句的方法❖根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句
1.记叙文一般没有明显的主题句,需要根据文中叙述的内容来概括文章大意,如果文章末段出现说理性的句子,则这个句子为主题句
2.新闻报道和说明文则是报道一则新闻或说明一个事物的用途或制作过程,主题句一般在首段
3.议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点,往往采用“总一分”或“总一分一总”的模式,所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段二根据文章关键词定位主题句
1.在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词,如but,however,in fact,actually,instead等时,其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点
2.在文中出现表示总结的词,如therefore,thus,in short,conclude等,其后的内容往往是文章的主题
31.What isthe textmainly aboutA.A childhooddream.B.An unforgettableexperience.C.Sailing aroundthe world.D.Meeting animalsin Antarctica.【导语】文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱,渴望探险,不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后,她开始周游世界,并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题通读全文可知,文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历,再根据第一段“These gentlelovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-started whatwas tobe atrip Ginniwould neverforget.(这些温柔可爱的接待员们迎接了Ginni并开启了她终身难忘的一次旅行厂和倒数第二段Ginni Balinton对南极之旅的评价可知,文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘由此可知,An unforgettableexperience.(一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨故选B-段落大意题段首主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)段首-段尾主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)段尾主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为」首尾兼顾法I段中引出主题)[寻找主题句)有时没有主题句,需根据段落内容自己概括无主题句常见设问方式❖What doestheauthortellusin Paragraph...❖The mainideaofthe secondparagraph probablyis.❖The firstparagraph ismainlyabout.❖Which ofthe followingcan bestsummarize Para.1❖What isthe firstparagraph mainlyabout解题技能解答段落大意题跟文章大意题一样,要先找出主题句,对于没有明确主题句的段落,要结合全段的意思归纳大意以下两种方法有助于确定段落大意
1.总一分主题句在段首一段落组织结构找主题句
3.分一总一分主题句在段中
2.分一总主题句在段尾
4.总—分一总首句和末句,内容几乎完全一致
5.平铺型无明确主题句二根据文章关键词定位主题句
1.段落中出现表示转折的词语如however,but,in fact,actually等时,该句引出的很可能是主题句
2.首段出现疑问句时,对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨
3.作者有意识地重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词
4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,in short,conclude,conclusion等词,通常是主旨典例剖析Terrafugia Inc.said Mondaythat itsnew flyingcar hascompleted itsfirst flight,bringing thecompany closerto itsgoal ofsellingthe flyingcar within the next year.The vehicle—named the Transition-has two seats,four wheelsand wingsthatfold upso itcan bedriven like a car.The Transition,which flewat1,400feet foreight minuteslast month,can reacharound70miles perhour onthe roadand115in the air.It fliesusing a23-gallon tankof gasand bums5gallons perhourin theair.On theground,it gets35miles pergallon.
28.What isthefirstparagraph mainlyaboutA.The basicdata ofthe Transition.B.The advantagesof flying cars.C.The potentialmarket fbrflyingcars.D.The designersofthe Transition.【导语】文章主要介绍了71岁的GinniBalinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱,渴望探险,不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后,她开始周游世界,并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程【答案】B【解析】段落大意题该段没有主题句,但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车theTransition的相关情况制造商Terrafiigia Inc.;首飞成功completed itsfirst flight;上市时间within thenextyear;飞车名字theTransition;飞车构成twoseats,four wheelsand wings;飞行时速around70miles perhour onthe roadand115intheair;耗油:5gallons perhour intheair;On theground,35miles pergallon等以上信息可以看出这一段主要描述了一些基本数据三标题归纳题内涵相符,范围一致针对性四大概括性概括全文,体现主旨特性新颖性新颖奇特,吸引眼球简短性一名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句析章取义仅为文中一细十文章标题以儡概全、离题太远主题词法根据主题句,提炼主题词以此作标题,我应怎么写一写作法方法常见设问方式❖The best title ofthepassageis.❖Which ofthe followingisthe best titleofthepassage❖What would be the best title fbr thepassage❖The mostappropriate titleofthepassageis.解题技能❖标题的3大特点
1.概括性一准确而又简短;
2.针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符;
3.醒目性一激发读者的阅读欲望二巧用3大方法确定文章标题
1.概括度所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容,可以是对文章关键词语的概括,也可以是对论点或各段意的综合概括
2.新颖度观察选项是否严谨、新颖标题是文章的眼睛,既要严谨,也要新颖典例剖析(2022年北京卷)Quantum(量子)computers havebeen onmy minda lotlately.A friendhas beensending mearticles onhowquantum computersmight helpsolve someofthebiggest challengeswe faceas humans.Tve alsohad exchangeswith twoquantum-computing experts.One iscomputer scientistChris Johnsonwho Isee assomeone whohelps keepthe fieldhonest.The otheris physicistPhilip Taylor.For decades,quantum computinghas beenlittle more than alaboratory curiosity.Now,big techcompanies haveinvestedin quantum computing,as havemany smallerones....Could PyQuantumreally beleading allthe competition“by awide margin”,as Taylorclaims Idont know.Imcertainly notgoing toadvise myfriend oranyone elseto investin quantumcomputers.But Itrust Taylor,just asI trustJohnson.
14.Which would be thebesttitlefbr thepassageA.Is JohnsonMore CompetentThan TaylorB,Is QuantumComputing RedefiningTechnologyC.Will QuantumComputers EverCome intoBeingD.Will QuantumComputing EverLive Upto ItsHype【导语】本文是一篇议论文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗?”,计算机科学家克里斯•约翰逊和物理学家菲利普•泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题根据第二自然段“Now,big techcompanies haveinvested in quantumcomputing,as havemanysmaller ones.According toBusiness Weekly,quantum machinescould helpus“cure cancer,and eventake stepsto turnclimatechange inthe oppositedirection.This isthe sortof hype(炒作)that annoysJohnson.(现在,大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资据《商业周刊》报道,量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症,甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火“)”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantumreally beleading allthe competition“by awide margin”,as Taylorclaims Idont know.Imcertainly notgoing toadvise myfriend oranyone elseto investinquantumcomputers.(PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗?我不知道我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机但我信任泰勒,就像我信任约翰逊一样)”可知,本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗?”,计算机科学家克里斯•约翰逊和物理学家菲利普•泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗?:故选D四真题练一练
1.(2022年全国乙卷)Can asmall group of drones(无人机)guarantee thesafety andreliability of railways and,at the same time,helprailway operators save billions of euros each year That isthe very likely future of applyingtodays eyes in thesky“technology tomake surethat themillions ofkilometres ofrail tracksand infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide aresafe for trains on a24/7basis.Drones arealready beingused toexamine high-tension electricallines.They coulddo preciselythesamething toinspectrailway linesand othervital aspectsofrailinfrastructure suchas thecorrect positionof railwaytracks andswitchingpoints.The moreregularly theycan beinspected,the morerailway safety,reliability andon-time performancewillbe improved.Costs wouldbe cutand operationswouldbemore efficient(高效)across theboard.That includeshuge savingsin maintenancecosts andbetter protectionof railwaypersonnel safety.It iscalculatedthat Europeanrailways alonespend approximately20billion eurosa yearon maintenance,including sendingmaintenancestaff,often atnight,to inspectand repairthe railinfrastructure.That can be dangerouswork thatcould beavoidedwith dronesassisting thecrews efforts.By usingthe latesttechnologies,drones couldalso startproviding higher-value servicesfbr railways,detectingfaults inthe railor switches,before theycan causeany safetyproblems.To performthese tasks,drones fbrrail dontneedto beflying overhead.Engineers arenow workingon anew concept:the raildrones ofthe future.They willbe movingonthe trackahead ofthe train,and programmedto runautonomously.Very smalldrones withadvanced sensorsand AIandtravelling aheadofthetrain couldguide itlikeaco-pilot.With theirability tosee ahead,they couldsignal anyproblem,sothat fast-moving trainswouldbeable to react intime.
31.Which isthe mostsuitable titlefbr the textA.What FaultsCan BeDetected withDronesB・How Productionof DronesCan BeExpandedC.What DifficultyDrone DevelopmentWill FaceD.How DronesWill Changethe Futureof Railways【导语】本文是一篇说明文应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术,无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题根据第一段“Can asmall group of drones(无人机)guarantee thesafety andreliability ofrailwaysand,at thesame time,help railwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyearThatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtodays“eyesinthe sky“technology tomake surethat themillions ofkilometers ofrail tracksand infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide aresafefortrainsona24/7basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时,帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来,以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行厂以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全;第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术,无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值,可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来,所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来”符合文章中心思想,适合作为本文的最佳标题故选D
2.(2021年全国甲卷)Who isa geniusThis questionhas greatlyinterested humankindfbr centuries.Lets stateclearly:Einstein wasa genius.His faceis almostthe internationalsymbol forgenius.But wewant togobeyond oneman andexplore thenature of genius itself.Why isit thatsome peopleare somuch moreintelligent orcreativethan therest ofus Andwho aretheyHeres thegood news.In awired worldwith constantglobal communication,were allpositioned tosee flashesofgenius whereverthey appear.And the more welook,themorewe willsee thatsocialfactors(因素)like gender,race,andclass donot determinethe appearanceofgenius.As awriter says,future geniusescome fromthose withintelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),and simplegood fortune,who areable tochange theworld.^^
15.What isthebesttitle forthe textA.Geniuses ThinkAlike B.Genius TakesMany FormsC.Genius andIntelligence D.Genius andLuck【导语】这是一篇议论文文章由问题“谁是天才?”引入,论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义,提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式,不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题根据文章的主要内容,结合文章第一段提出问题“Who isa genius(谁是天才)”和最后一段的“As awriter says,future geniusescome fromthose withintelligence,creativity,perseverance,and simplegeniuses,who areable tochange theworld.”(正如一位作家所说,未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才可知,天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人,他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题故选B
3.(2021年全国乙卷)Youve heardthat plasticis pollutingthe oceans—between
4.8and
12.7million tonnesenter oceanecosystemsevery year.But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymake adifference ArtistBenjamin Von Wong wants you to knowthat itdoes.He buildsmassive sculpturesout of plastic garbage,forcing viewerstore-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts.In apiece from2018,Von Wongwanted toillustrate(说明)a specificstatistic:Every60seconds,a truckloadsworth ofplastic enters the ocean.For this work,titled Truckloadof Plastic,Von Wongand agroupofvolunteerscollected morethan10,000pieces ofplastic,which werethen tiedtogether tolook like theyd been dumped(彳顷侄U)from atruck allat once.Von Wonghopes thathisworkwill alsohelp pressurebig companiesto reducetheir plasticfootprint
31.Which ofthe followingcanbethebesttitlefbrthetextA.Artists,Opinions onPlastic SafetyBMedia Interestin ContemporaryArtC.Responsibility Demandedof BigCompaniesD.Ocean PlasticsTransformed intoSculptures【导语】本文是一篇说明文文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作品,让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckloadof Plastic”说明了每60秒,就有一卡车塑料进入海洋Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提高人们的环保意识【答案】D【解析】标题判断题通读全文,结合第一段“But doesone plasticstraw orcup reallymake adifference ArtistBenjamin Von Wongwantsyoutoknowthat itdoes.He buildsmassive sculpturesout ofplastic garbage,forcing viewerstore-examine theirrelationship tosingle-use plasticproducts.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗?艺术家本杰明•冯王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道,它确实如此他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑,迫使观众重・新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系厂和倒数第二段“In apiece form2018,VonWongwanted toillustrate(说明)a specificstatistic:Every60seconds,a truckloadsworthofplasticenterstheocean.For thiswork,titled TruckloadofPlastic/VonWongand agroupofvolunteers collectedmorethan10,000pieces ofplastic,which werethen tiedtogetherto lookliketheydbeendumped(倾侄ij)from atruck allat once.(在2018年的一个作品中,冯王(VonWong)・想要说明一个具体的统计数字每60秒,就有一卡车塑料进入海洋这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品,冯王和一・组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料,然后把它们绑在一起,让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的)“可知艺术家本杰明•冯王(BenjaminVonWong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料・的关系,唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识,促进环保的发展由此可知,D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑“符合文章主旨,适合作为标题故选D项
4.(2020年新高考全国卷)
10.According toa recentstudy inthe Journalof ConsumerResearch,both thesize andconsumption habits of oureatingcompanions caninfluence ourfood intake.And contraryto existingresearch thatsays youshould avoideating withheavierpeople whoorder largeportions(份),its thebeanpoles withbig appetitesyou reallyneed toavoid.What isthe recentstudy mainlyabout A.Food safety.B・Movie viewership.C・Consumer demand.D.Eating behavior.【导语】这是一篇说明文主耍介绍了饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯会影响人们的食物摄入量【答案】D【详解】主旨大意题根据第一段“According toa recentstudy inthe Journalof ConsumerResearch,both thesize andconsumptionhabitsofour eatingcompanions caninfluence ourfood intake.(根据《消费者研究杂志》最近的一项研究,我们的饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量)“可知,最近的研究主要是关于饮食行为的故选D项
5.(2020年新高考全国卷)
8.Jennifer Mauerhas neededmore willpowerthan thetypical collegestudent topursue hergoal ofearning anursingdegree.That willpowerbore fruitwhen Jennifergraduated fromUniversity ofWisconsin-Eau Claireand becamethefirst inher largefamily toearn abachelors degree.。