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一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词I.不定冠词的用法1指一类人或事,相当于a kindof Aplane isa machinethat canfly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boyis waitingfor you.有个男孩在等你3表示“每一”相当于every,one Westudy eighthours aday.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe arenearly ofan age.—Hello,could Ispeak toMr.Smith用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人—Sorry,wrong number.There isnt______Mr.Smith here.5有类似性质的人或事A.不填B.a C.theD.oneThat boyis rathera LeiFeng.(活雷锋)a coupleof,a bit,once upon a time,in ahurry,have a walk,m6用于固定词组中any atime用于quite,rather,many,half,what,7This roomis rathera bigone.such之后8用于soas,too,how+形容词之后She isas clevera girlas youcan wishto meet.success抽象名词→a success具体化成功的人或事a failure失败的人或事a shame带来耻辱的人或事9用于抽象名词具体化的名词前a pity可惜或遗憾的事a must必需必备的事a goodknowledge of精通掌握某一方面的知识II.定冠词的用法In manyplaces in China,___bicycle isstill___popular meansof1表示某一类人或物transportation.A.a;theB./;aC.the;aD.the;the2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe,the moon,the PacificOcean表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人3Would youmind openingthe door或事4用于演奏乐器play theviolin,play theguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach,the living,the wounded—Could youtell methe wayto____Johnsons,please表示“一家人”或“夫妇”(对比上文的6—Sorry,we don’t have____Johnson herein thevillage.不定冠词用法5)A.the;theB.the;aC./;theD.the;/7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He isthe tallerof thetwo children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛8the UnitedStates,the CommunistParty of China,the French的名词前9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compasswas inventedinChina.在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年10in the1990’s二十世纪九十年代代11用于表示度量单位的名词前I hiredthe carby thehour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词He pattedme on the shoulder.III.不用冠词(又名零冠词)的用法专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名1Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air等名词前名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,ea2I wantthis book,not thatone./Whose purseis thisch,every等限制3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March,Sunday,National Day,spring4表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln wasmade Presidentof America.5表示球类,棋类等运动的名词前He likesplaying football/chess.We wentright roundto thewest coastby______sea insteado6与by连用表示交通方式的名词前f drivingacross______continent.A.the;theB.不填;theC.the;不填D.不填;不填7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband andwife,knife andfork,day andnight8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses areuseful animals.
二、名词和主谓一致I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机可数名词不可数名词构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质
①She heldsome flowersin herhand.花儿个体名词
②The treesare nowin flower开花抽象名词
①Youth isbeautiful.青春抽象名词
②He isa youthof twenty年轻人个体名词
①They have achieved remarkablesuccess in their work.成功抽象名词
②—How aboutthe Christmasevening party成功的事个体名词—I shouldsay itwas asuccess.物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质
①Iron isa kindof metal.铁物质名词
②Please lendme youriron.熨斗个体名词
①He brokea pieceof glass.玻璃物质名词
②He brokea glass.玻璃杯个体名词
①I boughta chickenthis morning小鸡个体名词
②Please helpyourself tosome chicken鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换
①—I’d like______information aboutthe managementof yourhotel,please.—Well,you couldhave____word withthe manager.He mightbe helpfulA.some,a B.an,someC.some,someD.an,a具有动作意义的抽象名
②They sentus wordof thelatest happenings.消息(抽象名词)词加用与某些动词(如A.aB.anC./D.thehave等)连
③Could wehave wordbefore yougo to the meeting话(个体名词)用,表示某一次短暂的动A.aB.anC./D.the作类例have adream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a looktakeawalk/a bathmake an advance进步/make anearly start早点出发/make adecision/makeachange/give acry ofpain发出痛苦的叫声/give atry
①Many peopleagree that___knowledge ofEnglish isa mustin____international tradetoday.A.a,/B.the,anC.the,theD./,thea knowledge of truth知道实际情况表示知识和时间的抽象give afuller knowledgeofChina提供关于中国更为翔实的知识名词转换为普通名词时haveaknowledgeofshorthand有速记的知识可以用来表示
②If therewere noexamination,we shouldhave______at school.其中的一部分A.the happiesttimeB.a morehappier timeC.much happiesttimeD.a muchhappier time
③is money.A.The timeB.A timeC.TimeD.Times
①Oh,John._____you gaveme!A.How apleasant surpriseB.How pleasant surprise抽象名词转换为普通名C.What apleasant surpriseD.What pleasantsurprise词可用来表示“一次、一
②She lookedup whenI shouted.阵、一种”具体的行为、A.in asurpriseB.in thesurpriseC.in surpriseD.in somesurprise事件、现象或结其它例子The giftcame asa completesurprise tome.We havehad someunpleas果这时名词前往往有形antsurprise容词修饰
③It is_____work ofart thateveryone wantsto havea lookat it.A.so unusualB.such unusualC.such anunusualD.so anunusualII.名词的数规则名词的复数形式名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es(参看有关语法书)英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,请看下表规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,content3只有复数形式s4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,governme5可以作复数(成员)nt,population,crew,team,public,enemy,partycustoms海关,forces军队,times时代,spirits情绪,drinks饮料,san6复数形式表示特别含义ds沙滩,papers文件报纸,manners礼貌,looks外表,brains头脑智力,greens青菜,ruins废墟加-s Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans表示“某国单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese7人”以-man或-woman结尾Englishmen,Frenchwomen的改为-men,-women将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部8合成名词grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches分变为复数将两部分变为复数women singers,men servantsIII.主谓一致规则情况举例His fatheris workingon thefarm.To studyEnglish wellis noteasy.Reading in the sunis badfor youreyes.以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,动名词What hesaid is very importantfor usall.短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用用复数形式复数形式what Ibought werethree Englishbooks.What Isay anddo isare helpfulfor you.法Lucy andLily aretwins由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主The writerand artisthas come.语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词但若所Every studentand everyteach isintheclassroom.连接的两个词是指同一个人或物Many aboy andmany agirl likesit.时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式由and一No boyand nogirl likesit.连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,eaEach ofus hasa newbook.Is everyonehere todaych,every或more thana an/one,maSomebody isspeaking inclass.Everything aroundus ismatterny aan修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数若它后式either,neither,each,every或no+致面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以单数名词和由some,any no,every构成None of the sugarwas left.的复合不定代词,都作单数看待.None ofus hashave beento America.Those whowant togo pleasewrite theirnames onthe blackbo在定语从句里,关系代词that,who,whi原ard.ch等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中He is one ofmy friendswho areworking hard.先行词的数一致He isthe onlyone ofmy friendswho isworking hard.It isI whoam goingto thecinema tonight.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致It iswe whoare goingto thecinema tonight.则The policeare lookingfor thelost child.The cattleare eatinggrass inthe field.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动His familyhas movedto thesouth.他的一家词用单数形式;如果它指的集体的成员,其His familyare watchingTV.(他的家人)谓语动词用复数形式Class fourisonthe thirdfloor.(四班)Class Fourare unableto agreeuponamonitor.(四班的学生)There area lotof peopleintheclassroom.Three-fourths ofthe surfaceoftheearth issea.由a lotof/lots of/plenty of/a hea50percent ofthe studentsin ourclass aregirls.p of/heaps of/the restof/the majo此外,还有a number of+复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但the nrityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百umberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定(用单数)分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动A numberof studentshave gone tothefarm tohelp thefarmer词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定pick apples.The numberof pagesin thisbook isthree hundred.There comesthe bus.On thewall aremany pictures.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语Such isthe result.Such arethe facts.一致Between thetwo hillsstands amonument.Which isyour bagWhichare yourbagsWhat,who,which,any,more,all等Are anyof yougood atEnglishHas anyof yougot apen代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思All canbe donehas beendone.All isgoing well.来决定All havebeen takenout.All havegonetoBeijing.Thirty minutesis enoughfor thework..表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作Twenty poundsis toodear.逻主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体Forty kilosof waterare usedevery day.辑若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复The UnitedStates issmaller thanChina.数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式“The ArabianNights”is aninteresting story-book.意表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形One anda halfapples isleft onthe table.义式一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如mathem一atics,politics,physics以及news,worThe paperworks wasbuilt in
1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年ks等都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际致I don’t thinkphysics iseasy tostudy.意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式原trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors剪刀等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但My glassesare broken.则如果这些名词前有athe pairof等量词The pairof shoesunder thebed ishis.修饰时(clothes被a suitof修饰)谓语动词用单数“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一The oldare takengood careof there.类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,动The beautifulgives pleasureto all.词用单数就当两个主语由either or,neither nor,nEither theteacher orthe studentsare ourfriends.近ot onlybut also,whether or连接时,Neither he nor theyare whollyright./远谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一Neither theynor heis whollyright.一致Is neitherhenorthey whollyright致there be句型中be动词的单复数取决于There aretwo chairsanda desk inthe room.原其后的主语如果其后是由and连接的两There isadeskand twochairs inthe room.则个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致,即就近一致Mr.Green,together withhis wifeand children,has cometo Chi主语后面跟有with,together with,exc na.ept,but,like,as wellas,no lesstha Awoman witha babywas onthe bus.n,rather than,more than,besides,Nobody butJim andMike wasontheplayground.along with,including,in additionto She,like youand Tom,isverytall.等引起的短语,谓语动词要跟主语一致,即The girlsas wellas theboy havelearned tospeak Japanese.就远一致No oneexcept myteachers knowsanything aboutit.。