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第一章语音分,分钟53英语共计个音素,其中个元音和个辅音,从近三年成人高考解析,集中在482028这些字母和字母组合构成的单词发音上,如“a,cghjou5y‘aiareCh,ea,ed,ex,ere,ewQ0,050w,chSh,th,ureC l.A valueB familyC babyD cat2015B
2.A labB tableC mathD attack2013D
3.A SnowB saleC askD design2015C
4.A lunchB beachC machineD chair2015C
5.A checkB changeC chemistryD chocolate2014方法指导.找同类项法从个选项中找出个把握比较大的选项,如读音相同,则从142剩余个选项中找到与这个读音相同的项或者不同的项根据熟悉程度如第题,其221中这个单词我们都比较熟悉,发音为剩余的个单词,其中也是我们较为熟悉单词,family,cat26/,2baby发音为故的发音肯定是々/,答案选/ei/,value C非除法从个选项中找出个比较大的选项,若发音不同,则其中之一必是答案再从剩余个中24422找出一个熟悉的,以确定这个选项中哪一个是答案,从而排除非答案选项,2如第题,与这个单词,发发故其中之一必是选5check chemistry2check/9/,chemistry/k/,项,结合剩余个单词,较为熟悉,发/日/,故答案选2change CAnswers:l-5CBDCC同步强化练习Bl.A cutB humanC luckD funA
2.A nowB showC growD yellowA
3.A batheB birthC thoughtD thankC
4.A potatoB politeC populationD politeD
5.A featherB headC breadD beachA
6.A cousinB southC groundD thousand.有时间先后,如果构成的是被动关系贝使用的形式4IJ havingbeen done汪忌.形式与形式的否定式是在分词前面加V-ing V-ed not.同步强化练习
1.he sat there,not knowingwhat to do.not know
2.inspired byhim,we workedeven harder.inspireD
3.many times,he finallyunderstood it.A ToldB TellingC Havingtold DHaving beentoldA
4.at myclassmates1faces,I readthe sameexcitement in their eyes.A LookingB LookC Tolook D LookedC
5.Dina,for monthsto find a jobas awaitress,finally tooka positionat a local advertisingagency.A StrugglingB struggledC havingstruggled D to struggleA
6.the citycentre,we saw a stonestatue ofabout10metres inheight.A ApproachingB ApproachedCTo approachD Tobe approached、代B7Tom Iea lot of troubleto theproject.A causedB havingleft C to causeDto have caused、A8at theobservation window,I canenjoy abird-eye viewof the city.A SeatedB SeatingC Toseat DSeat注是被动形式表主动意义,等同于seated sittingAnswers:not knowing,inspired,3-8DACABA
四、情态动词与不定代词一一A
1.There isnobody herein theoffice theyhave allgone home.A mustB canC wouldD should2015C
2.My parentsand Icouldn,t getinto the house lastnight becauseof ushad thekey.A eitherC noneD neither2015A could have arrivedB must have arrivedC
3.The shipat8:30,but it is almost9:30now.should havearrived Dwould havearrived2014D
4.Do you want tochange thislamp foror doyou wantyour moneybackA otherB otherC the others Danother2014E
5.―Mom,do Ihave togo to bed now-Yes,you.川A canB wC may D must2013D
6.He knowsabout the city,for hehas neverbeen there.A everythingB somethingC anythingD nothing2013成考分析:情态动词和不定代词是一项必考题目,这里列举几个情态动词较为Answers:ACCDDD2013-2015常见的用法意为“必须,应当,表示“义务,命令,必要;还有“非得,偏偏”之意l.must must在回答引出的问句时,肯定回答用否定回答常用或表示“没有必要(若must must,neednt donthave to,用,则表示“禁止”之意)mustn t,表示“许可”,相当于“可以”;用于句型…?”时,表示征询对方许可;对该问句的肯定
2.may“May I回答用否定回答用,而表示征询对方许可比客气,表示可能性比小can,mustn tmight maymayo表示“能力”或“客观可能性”,还可以表示“请求和“允许”;用在否定句、疑问句或感
3.can/could叹句中,还可表示“惊异、怀疑、不相信”的态度;在一般疑问句第一人称中,表示征询对方许可”(用比用语气更加委婉,但答语必须用)在一般疑问句第二人称中,和往往用来表示could cancan;can could说话人的请求或征询意见、用于疑问句中,表示说话人向对方提出请求或建议;表示习惯性的动作,有“总是”、“惯于”4will的意思;还可用来表示做某事的意志、意愿、决心或打算表示过去的习惯would性动作,有“总是、常常”的意思表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方提议;表示法律赋予的权shall力和义务;还可表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁意为“应该,理当”,表示义务、责任;意为竟然,万一”,表示惊讶作
4.should need情态动词时,多用于否定句或疑问句中,表示“需要”或“必要”作情态动词时常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中,表示“胆敢”或“敢于”dare.情态动词等除有各自的词义外,还可表示对事情的推测它们的推测程度由6must,may,might,can,could强到弱的顺序是must,can,could,may,might
0、考得常见的有:表示对过去完成之事的肯定推测否定形式是7musthave done cant/couldn thavedone应当做某事而未做,否定形式加Should havedone not能够做某事而未做Can/could havedone不定代词和均可充当形容词,接单数可数名词,意为“每个”,但前者强调个体,可以充当代词,而
1.every each且可用于两个的“每个”;后者强调整体,用于两个以上的“每个”,不可以充当代词Each/Every-not和…均表示部分否定,意为“并非每个者Not every/each Bo既可以充当代词又可以充当形容词,意为“两个中的任意一个”,用法为
2.either“either+单数名词”或复数名词”注意其两种含义选择性用法和兼容性用法如“either+of the+You maysit句意为“你可以坐这条凳的任意一头”,此为其选择性用法又如on eitherend of the bench.Eithe.sid.o.句意为“路的两边都有树”,指的是两边都有树”,不能理解为这边有,那边th.roa.i.line.u.wit.trees.就不能有”,此为其兼容性用法意为“两个都”,接并列主语,用于结构,或接可数名词复数或用于+可
3.both“both Aand B”both of the数名词复数为部分否定,意为并非两个都”其完全否定为…意Both--not-=Not both…Neither of the为“两个都不”意为“三个(含)以上都”,接并列主语,接可数名词复数或用于可数名词复数”结构
4.all allofthe+为部分否定,意为“并非全都……”其完全否定为…意为所有的都不”All-not-Not all…None of the其他的,其余的;往往修饰名词,不能单独使用
5.other个……,另一个……(范围是两者)-------one-the other名词复数,泛指,表示“其他人”或“其他物;些……,-------------others=other+some…others另一些……名词复数,特指,表示某一范围内“剩余的人或物”the other=theother+表示众多当中的“另一个”;也可以作定语,修饰名词another同步强化练习(C)1I heardthey wentskiing in the mountainslast winter.It truebecause、一there waslittlesnow there.C.couldn.be D.mustn.beB.won.beA
2.I agreewith mostof whatyou said,but1dont agreewith.A.everythingB.anythingA.everythingC.somethingD
0.nothing
3..I.Joh.comin.b.tr ain.H.should,bu.h._.not.H.like,dri vin.hi.car A.mus.B.ca..C.nee.D.mayD
4.Th.radi.isn.goo.enough......wan.t.chang.A.anothe.B..goo.on...C.i.wit.anothe.D.i.fo.another A,
5.
1.you.bu..di dn.thin.yo.woul.li ste.t.me..….A.couldhave toldD,
6.
1.Wha.ar.yo.doin.thi.Saturday.I•no.sure.bu..•g.t.th.Roll in.St one.concert.A.mus.B.Woul.C.shoul.D.Might
87、Whe.•wa..child.•.watc.T.wheneve..wantee to.A.shoul.B.couL C.mus.D.need、C8One of our rulesis thatevery studentwear schooluniform whileatschool.、D9You buya gift,but you can ifyouwantto.A.mus.B.mustntC.dar.D.neednt、C10Do youlike whensomeone speaksto youwithout lookingat youAnswers:CADDA DBCDC
五、名词性从句、状语从句B LPlease tellhim mytrain willarrive andask himto pickme up.A whatB when C whetherD how2014C
2.Follow meand Ill showyou thelibrary is.A whatB whenC whereD which2012A
3.I admiremost aboutLee ishis loveof nature.A whatB howC ThatD Where2012Answers:BCA成考分析:和考了名词性从句,状语从句年均未考,故名词性从句这里讲常用法2013-2015201220144它具有名词的功能,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句从属连词无任何词意;均表示“是否,表明从句内容的不确定性;均
1.that whether,if asif,as though表示“好像”、“似乎以上连词在从句中均不充当任何成分0连接代词
2.what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which,whichever,whomever连接副词
3.when,where,how,why.不可省略的连接词4
①介词后的连接词不可省略;
②引导主语从句和同位诗从句的连词不可省略;作主语,表语从句连接句用不用
③reason that,because均为“是否”的意思.但在下列情况下,不能取代:
5.whethe..i.whethe,.i.引导主语从句并位于句首;
①whether
②引导表语从句;从句作介词宾语;
③whether
④从句后有“or not”;
⑤后接动词不定式时大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用充当形式主语
6.it形容词从句A.L.b.+.that-It isnecessary/important/obvious/that…形式从句B.L.b.+Verb-e..that-It isbelieved/known toall that…名词短语从句C.L.b.+.that-It iscommon knowledge/a surprise/a factthat---不及物动词分句D.l.+.that-It appears/happens/occurred to me that***、下列这些词后面常接同位语从句7advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,等problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word、8同步强化训练DLPolice havefound appearsto bethe lostancient statue.D
2.I wantto tellyou is the deeplove andrespect Ihave formy parents.C
3.one ofyou breaksthe windowwill haveto payfor it.A.Whoeve.B.WhateverA
4.People justwonder thatmakes thehousing priceso high.C.wh.i.doe.B
5.The onlyway tosucceed atthe highestlevel isto havetotal beliefyou arebetterthan anyoneelse on the sportsfield.Answers:DDCAB
六、倒装句型成考分析:未考,仅年出了一道题
1.2012-20152013-20152012D
1.Tim wentto workon the farm lastweek,andA hissister didso Bso hissister didCdid hissister soD sodid hissister解析助动词/情态动词主语不同的人做的是相同的事意思是“也一样”,如上题,和他的so+/Be+Tim妹妹都去农场工作,不同的人做的却是同件事,故选D.主语+助动词/情态动词同一个人做同一件事,意思是“的确如此如S0+/Be:Mike likesmusic,so hedoes他们的否定形式是将改成或者如SO neithernor,.他不喜欢音乐,我也不喜欢He doesn5t likemusic,neither/nor doI.他不喜欢音乐,的确如此He doesn1t likemusic,neither/nor hedoes.含否定意义的词如2never,hardly,seldom,little,few,not until,not,not only,no sooner,not asingle•••,no longer,等置于句首时,其后用部分倒装nowhere,by nomeans,at notime,neither,norEg:Never hashe seenthe beautifulscene.加状语即副词/介词短语/状语从句等放在句首时,其后用部分倒装
3.onL.only+Eg BOnly byincreasing thenumber ofdoctors by50percent properlyin thishospital.答案选B.当虚拟条件句含时,可省置于句首
4.were.should.ha..if..were.should.ha.
七、形容Eg:If Iwere free tomorrow,I wouldgo fishing.=Were Ifreetomorrow,I wouldgo fishing词用法C
1.Spring isby fartime tovisit theisland.A the better Bbetter C the best D best2015D
2.Dogs havea verysense ofsmell.A chearB niceC highD good2015上述第题是考最高级,因为有春、夏、秋、冬四季,三者以上用最高级,春天是参1见这个岛最好的季节,最高级前回定冠词故答案选the,C;第题考的是形容词意,狗有一个很好的嗅觉,只有项才能表达这个意思,其它与意思不符2D成考分析:仅年考了个关于形容词题型,形容词的各种用法见由武汉大学2012-201520152出版社出版的《全国各类成人高考招生考试规划教材》这里从几年成考中总结几个常见P29-34O的形容词考试题型及规律.大多数单音节和多音节形容词比较级和最局级是在词尾加和1-er一-est,clean cleaner-cleanest.以结尾的单音节和双音节形容词在词尾加和2e-r-st,nice—nicer—nicest.以辅音字母加结尾的形容词比较级和最高级是把改成再加和3y vi,-er一一-est,lucky luckierluckiest.以重读闭音节结尾的,末尾只有一个辅音字母的单音节和双音节形容词比较级和最高级4是双写最后一^^辅音字母,再加-和-如er est,fat^fatter—*fattest.三个音节或以上的形容词比较级和最高级借助于和一般最高级前要加定冠词5more most,,比较级常与比较连词搭配,而最高级常与连用,如the thanof,in,amongI amtaller thanyou.He is the tallestof all.比较级”表示越…,越…”也是,the+、+比较级为一固定形式,如强化题第题,7the+of
1、同----样,中间接形容词或副词原级,不及…8as-as not as/so・・as我和你一样高我不及你高=I amas tall as you.-;l amnotastallasyou,-you aretaller thanI、不规贝形容词常考一一一一91J good/well better—best;many/much moremost一同步强化训练Bad/illTWorse—worstlitter—less least;far—farther/furtherTfarthest/furthestC
1.This oneis ofthe two.A thebest Bbetter CthebetterD muchbetterD
2.Mistake,don.jus.happen,the.occu.fo..reason.Fin.ou.th.reaso.andthen makingthe mistakebecomes.A favourableB preciousC essentialD worthwhileD
3.Th.concer.ha.alread.begun.Yo.shoul.hav.com..littl.bi...A earlyB muchearlier Cmore earlierD earlierB4・・don.thin.thi.fil.i.b.fa.th.mos.boring..hav.see..A betterB worseCthebestDthe worstB
5.In thislecture,I canonly giveyou apurely viewof howwe canlive lifeto thefulland makesome suggestionsabout thefuture.A privateB personalC uniqueD differentAnswers:CDDBB
八、语法题中有固定搭配题和日常用语题,较为简单,需要实记,这里就不多讲了第三章完形填空(分钟)16年成考题2015In nearlyevery townor citycentre in the UK,on mostdays ofthe weekyoucan find oneormor.peopl.standin.i.th.stree.sellin..magazin.
2.Th.Bi.Issue.Thes.peopl.ar.all
2.,bu.the.a r.no.beggi n.fo.money.
2.,the.ar.sellin.th.m agazin.a..means(手段)o.
2..smal.b u.respecta bl.living.Th.Bi.lssu.magazin.wa.
2.i.l
99.b.Jo.Bir.an.G ordo.Roddic.afte.they
2.tha.ther.wer.man.h omeles.pe speltB printedC stuckD calledopl.wh.wer.
2.o.th.stre et.o.London.O.a previous..前..2tNe.Yor.,on.o.the.ha.see.homeles.peopl.sellin.anewspape.know.a.Str ee.New.
2.t he.decide!.se.u.some thin.
3.i.the Britis.capit al.、C7A taskB respectC visitD same、B8A ladyB julyC veryD busy、B zeroC NegroD wolfD9A heroBfood DgoodC footB10A looks注笛以和结感婵词T媛短音其它字库山长音/□:/,但与k d/J,food footJ对特例,正好相反Cll.A bambooB shootC woodD cuckooB
12.A hourB fourC flourD ourB
13.A sailorB fairyCfailure Dtailor A
14.A insureB leisureC measureD pleasureD
15.A humbleB hotelC horizonDhonesty注字母在常见单词、和是不发音的“h”hour honerhonesty、B17A dareB areC glareD spare、D18A thinB thoughtC threeD breathe、B looseC restD purseA19A visit、B courtC pieceD costC20A couldB
16.A explainB exhaustedC extentD expandA
21.A schoolB chairC teachD muchB
22.A angryB singC hungryD EnglishC
23.A helpedB stopedC storedD liked注结尾是浊辅音,后加-可发结尾是轻辅音,后加-发/d/;ed/t/C
24.A livelyB knifeC liveD lifeD
25.A gatherB giftC goalD generalAnswers:l-25BAACD ACBDB CBBAD BBDACABCCD第二章词汇与语法(分分钟)
22.57词汇与语法题共计小题,依据考试大纲要求需要考生掌握个左右常用英语单词和一定数量152000的短语和习惯用语,这里总结了一部分常见短语供考生记忆,当然考生可依据中国言实出版社出版的《全国各类成人高考应试专用教材》书进行强化记忆P9-30固定搭配也是考试经常考查的知识点毕竟,至处、遍及好,不错照例、像以往那样关于,至于after allall overij allright asusual asto版本Nowadays.Th.Bi.lssu.ha.
3.al.ove.th.U.an.th er.ar.eve.d ifferen.ver sions.o.th.ma gazin.i.differen.part.o.th.
3..Th.se ller.bu.eac.magazin.fr o.the organizatio.fo.sevent.penc.an.th e.sel.i.t..
3.fo.on.poun.fift..B.work in.with Th.Bi.Issue.man.peop l.hav.bee.
3.t.escap.fro.homeless ness,an.
3.man.ofthe.hav.move.o.t.ne.job.an.ne.li ves.、D
21.A D21AA
22.Ahomeless Bhealthy Csingle DimpoliteB
23.ABesides BInstead CTherefore DAnyhowD
24.Aenjoying Bchanging Cimproving DmakingA
25.A startedBCwritten Dfoundrecognize dD
26.A Dsawhoped Bforgot Cdoubted、27A livingB drivingC workingD drawingA、28B entranceB visitc flightD wayA、29C butB orc andD forA、30B personalB similarc friendlyD naturalAD
31.A landedB brokenc floatedD spreadC
32.A townB cityc countryD worldC
33.A painterB reporterc readerD listenerA
34.A helpedB askedc forcedD neededB
35.A nowand thenB inthe endc in a hurryD all the time[氓兀川)军工叵本入―〜•第一步快速阅读,弄清文章主旨解决好固定搭配题、生活常识题、答案重复题时间分钟,解决好个题43-5第二步精读文章,重点突破解决好语意上下文题、语法知识题、情境题,时间6分钟,解决好大部分选项-8第三步结合主旨,使用代入法、排除法对比较难的、模糊的少数几个选项进行推敲,敲定最后选项,时间分钟,解决最后几个难点题3故做这种题型,考生需要看遍,时间不能超过分钟,不然的话题目是做不完的;315其次做这样题型,先易后难,要有一个跳跃式思维,切记如果从题按照顺序一直做到题,2135是肯定完成不好的以年成考为例2015第一遍题,答案选这是一个答案在下文中多次重复出现的题22Ao题答案选固定搭配题,这里只是在前加了一个定语修饰24,D makeliving,living题,答案选常识题,无家可归的人生活在伦敦大街上27Ao题,答案选常识题,杂志是给人看的,肯定是卖给读者33Co第二遍题,答案选语意上下文21Do题,答案选语意上下文,前面讲他们不是在乞讨,后面讲23Bo他们把兜售杂志作为一种渺小但可敬的职业,故而用相反Instead题,答案选语意上下文,由后面的时间和人物可知这里指这25Ao份杂志的创办的由来题,答案选语意上下文,看到无家可归的人符合语境26D题,答案选语意上下文,由下文在纽约看到卖报纸可知是之28B前的访问题,答案选语意上下文,上文所看,下文所做,故用29C and题,答案选可看作情境题,由在纽约所看的,想到的是办类30Bo似的报纸才符合情境磐鹦肴案选指代由上文的可知英国C UK,different partso不同地方,故用country题,答案选语意上下文,兜售这份杂志帮助许多人逃脱了无34Ao家可归的行列第三遍题,答案选推理题,由后文可知,这份杂志有不同版本,故用传31D spreado遍,其它选项与意思不符题,答案选代入法,时而不时;最后;35B nowand thenintheend急急忙忙;一直,始终in ahurry all the time考生可通过下发的几套试卷,做篇完形填空,按此方法答题4-5第四章阅读理解(分钟)40阅读理解是比今较大的一个题型,主要考查考生收集信息、判断问题、处理信息的能力,综合能力要求高,这就靠平时的练习和积累依据年阅读理解题型,作一定解2012-2015读.阅读理解文章共篇,按先易后难顺序分布,常见的是细节理解题,占以上,其次是主旨大意1450%题、篇章结构题、猜测词意题、推理判断题)细节理解题1所谓细节题,是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问一般包括直接信息题(在原文中可直接找到答案,常用和等提问)间接信息who,what,when,where,why how题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等考生一定要回到短文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子,在理解原文的基础上选择答案
(一)、细节理解题的分类⑴集中型:就文章的单个细节提问,答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单句话或几句话中因为具体细节不同,出题形式千变万化,因题而异⑵分散型:题目涉及到文章某一段或几段,甚至贯穿全文的各个位置,需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节请注意,分散型细节理解题并不意味着题目的正确答案出现在文章的不同位置,正确答案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细节只是说文章的干扰选项是关于不同的细节,需要我们在定位的时候阅读某一个区域分散型细节理解题常见的出题方式有Whichof the following is NOT trueWecan learn/infer fromthe passagethat---Which ofthefollowingisNOTmentioned about***也有因题而异的,有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中,需要考生仔细定位
(二)、解题方法).直接理解题1多数细节理解题是直接考查考生对具体信息的近义或反义理解能力对此类题型,考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定最佳答案代词的复指也属于一种直接信息题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用这种题型,所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在可采用“逻辑关系梳理法”,使人物或事件关系条理化、简明化).间接信息题2做这类题目时,考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理,然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别,这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型,对考生来说有一定难度、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题在成考中不常见,这里就不多讲了
3.主旨大意题2主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一,测试阅读理解的基本能力,要求考生在理解全文大意后归纳文章要点,概括中心思想考生需要分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,从而找出概括文章主旨大意的表达常见考题或Whats thebest titlefor thispassage Themain ideaofthetext isthat.解题指导.把握文章结构,抓主题句,概括段落大意,确定文章的中心思想1主题句有两个功能一是介绍段落/文章的主题;二是阐述控制概念,控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容它在文章中一般出现在文首,文末或者文章中间所以考生在阅读时对这些地方要特别关注阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有⑴时间顺序按时间先后说明某一理论的发展,或某一研究成果由过去到现在的情况这种结构的主题句一般在文首或文末⑵总分顺序首段做总的说明,其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点这种结构的文章主题在文首⑶分总顺序前面几段分别说明,末段总结主题在文末⑷对比进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题分类分类说明的各大项相加为主题
5.文章标题的选择或拟定2标题是文章中心思想精炼的表达形式,用来帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章讨论的中心,把握作者的观点和意图,点明文章的主题标题可以是单词,短语,也可以是句子它的特点是短小精悍,涵盖性强,简洁新颖要恰当地选好标题,需要了解标题的基本拟定方式一般来说,标题的拟定方式是以话题为核心,将控制性概念的词按照一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组要选好标题,还要注意三个原则一是概括性原则要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文,体现文章的主旨二是针对性原则这是对标题外延的一种界定概括性原则要求标题包括文章的主要内容,但如果标题过大,就违背了针对性原则因此针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括,而是要直接指向文章的主要特点,即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小,要量体裁衣,大小适度三是醒目性原则标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂和门面相应的要避免下列三种错误⑴概括不够多表现为部分代替整体,以点带面,以偏概全,从而导致范围太小过度概括多表现为人为扩大范围2以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意
3.词义猜测题一般只考一个,这里不多讲,考生可根据前后句,结合文章主旨进行判断
3.推理判断题考题,这类题型要求较高,一般集中在第篇文章中,是长期积累的一41-24个过程,故做好前篇是根本3考生可通过几套试题卷强化练习,成考要求不是很高,有信心是关键第五章补全对话此类题型比较简单,考生可依据中国言实出版社出版的《全国各类成人高考应试专用教材》熟读几遍,结合文章中文提示,并根据上下文填写,不难解答,这里就不P104-109,多讲了第六章书面表达对于书面表达,无论高考还是成考,可按五步法进行(列提纲);
1.Structure
2.(找词汇);(打草稿);(作修改);、(出亮点)Vocabularies
3.Script
4.Modifying5Lighting以年全国各类成人高等学校招生考试高起点英语考前押题
(二)为例(不参照范文)2016假设你是一个农村学生,进城看到河水被河水被严重污染,请写一篇议论污染的日记,内容包括以下几点、河水颜色发黑,并发出臭味
1.水里没有鱼,也没人游泳
2.污染原因是附近的工厂往河里排放工业废水
3、大家应保护环境,减少污染4注意要符合日记的格式L.词数为字左右2100按照五步法l.Structure文章可分为三部分(陈述现象)Part1Statement(分析原因)Part2Reasons(发出倡议)Part3Advocating
2.VocabulariesCountryside,come from,to onessurprise,pollute/be pollutewith,visit,dark,terrible,chemicalwaste,its impossible for sbto do sth,swim,factory,throw...into,rubbish,pour,environment,environmental protection,allthetime,solve,take action,take measures,prevent...from/stop...from,in addition,raise,awareness,in harmonywith,care for/about,pour,create,government,hope that,etcWhen you make the world better for others,you make the world better foryourself.
3.ScriptSeptember16,2012,Sunday cloudyterrible,Its impossiblefor fish to live in such a dark river and nobody canswim.Why doesthe phenomenonhappen Firstly,itispolluted withchemical wastefrom factories.Thei.wast.i.poure.directl.int.th.rive.al.th.time.Secondly.som.peopl.occasionally throwtheir rubbishinto the river.In myopinion,I thinkthat ourgovernment shouldtake measuresto preventthe riverfrom beingpolluted atonce.besides,as amiddle schoolstudent,we shouldtake action to raise peoples awarenessof environmentprotection.after all,When you makethe worldbetter for others,you makethe worldbetter foryourself.
4.Modifying修改主要是检查时态、长短句搭配、词汇拼写、过渡词的衔接、文章全部信息是否全部覆盖等方面,如第——部分这一句,前面用I saw the dark river inthe river which smell terrible,saw,遵循时态一致规律,后面应改为smell smelt.段:常和完成时态连用,故改成・・Thei.wast.i.poure.directl.int.th.rive.al.th.time.al.th.tim.Their wastehas been poureddirectly into theriverallthetime.第段:修饰名词用形容词,3we shouldtake actionto raisepeoples awarenessof environmentprotectiono故environment—environmentalSlighting亮点就是文章在经过修改后在无错误情况下进行包装,体现在长短句的搭配、高级词汇的运用、过渡词的衔接、定语从句、状语从名、名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)、虚拟语气、强调句型、倒装句型、名人名言、非谓语动词等在文章中是否有体现,当然也不必全部面面俱到,稍用几个点缀一下就行了,如
1..a..middl.schoo.studen.an..com.fro.countryside...a..middl.schoo.student fromcountryside.这里用了一他定语从句,也可改为
1.1sawthedarkriver intheriverwhich smellterrible,what Isaw was a darkriverinthecity.whichsmellterrible,既有主语从句,又有一个非限制性定语从句也可改为弓虽调句型
3.Why doesthe phenomenonhappen whatis itthat happen过渡词可改为高级词汇
4.besides,in addition/whaf smore.这篇文章亮点之处还有许多,如If simpossibleforfishtoliveinsuch adarkriverandnobody(句型使用)ca.swim(宾语从句)from beingpolluted atonce.take action,raisepeople5s awarenessof environmentprotection,take(高级词江);(名action Whenyoumakethe worldbetterforothers,youmaketheworldbetterforyourself人名言).等等总之,写作五步法有运用对于提高写作是一种有效的方式,当然这就要求考生掌握一定的词汇量,如果在书面表达中有最快速度提高写作水平,最简单方法就是背诵有一定代表性作文范文,近几年常考范文有关于环境保护类的、邀请类信、活动组织类的文章,主要考察考生交际沟通能力和环保意识34尽自己最大的努力能够做某事首先to thebest ofone1s abilitybe able to dosth.above allhave accessto有机会进入按照描述因某事控告某人in accordancewith givean accountaccuse sb.of sth.be习惯于采取行动accustomed totake action使某人自己适应总括起来,相当于除了…之外预先,adapt oneselfto addupto inaddition toin advance提前利用,欺骗再三地提前尤其是,最重要的是take advantageof again and againahead oftime aboveall更不用说let alone的数量一个接一个为…负责无论如何the amountof・••one afteranother answerfor inany caseanything决不but维持门面,保持体面爱好昼夜不停地keep upappearances havean appetitefor aroundthe clockartificial人工智能背景音乐每况愈下银行帐intelligence backgroundmusic gofrom badto worsebank account户在海滩上,在岸上床上用品从头至尾onthebeach bedclothes frombeginning toend Uon behalfof代表说大话生育遍体鳞伤talk biggive birthto blackand blue第七章年成人高等学校招生全国统一考试高起点试题2016英语第卷(选择题,共分)1105语音知识共小题;每题分,共分在下列每组单词中,有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词
51.
57.5的划线部分的读音不同找出这个词2345
二、词汇与语法知识共小题;每题分,共分从每小题的四个选择项中,选出最桂拓一
151.
522.5项
6.M.frien.Bo.alway.joke.wheneve.w.ge.together.
7.Befor.To.go.t.th.cinema.th.fil.
08.Th.drive.kep.on.ey.o.traffi.an.th.othe.o.map.不填A...Baa不填C.the.th.D.the;
9..couldn..fin.m.blac.glove.o
10.Mar.picke.u.he.children..clothe.tha.o.th.floor.llJan.ha.alread.finishe.cookin.th.tim..go.home.
12.--Excuse me,where is the meetingroom--Jus..second.ri.hav.someon.yo.there.
13.l.l.neve.forge.th.da..becam..doctor.
14.You.art cl.i.wel.written.bu..thin.yo.shoul.i.again.15Jhere..plent.otrmesyo^.
16.M.bedroo.wa.ver.small.witIh.wiinUotfTstreet.
17..fe.day.ag..visite..frien.o.an.tha.da..Iearne..valuabl.lesson.
18.—Would youlike togo to the theatrewith metonight一,but I dont thinkI canafford thetime.C.l..lik.t.D.l..afrai.not
19.Famil.member.worke.har.sur.tha.the.ha.enoug.food.
20.Th.ligh.wa.s.tha..ha.t.cove.m.eyes.
三、完形填空共小题;每题分,共分通读下面的短文,掌握其大意然后,从每小题的四15230个选择项中拄出向土直人相应空白处的最佳选项日he.husban.i.man.way.durin.hi.Ion.
2.politica.life.Sh.als.becam.on.o.th.mos.
2.importantwome.i.America.Sh.fough.fo.equa.right.fo.al.people.日eano.wa.bor.i.Ne.Yor.Cit.i.
1884.He.famil.ha.grea.wealth.Bu..hav.a,日motherthat asa child,her greatesthappiness camefrom helpingothers.In theearly1900s,many peoplewere worriedabout theproblems of25poor people who cameto America日i.2・searc.o・.bette.life.eano.coul.no.
2.understan.ho.peopl.live.i.suc.poo.condition.whil.sh.a ndsomeothers hadso much28wealth日After shefinished school,eanor began29teaching childrento readand writein oneofthepoorest areasof(参与)3,treated.Sh.sa.littl.childre.o.fou.an.fiv.year.ol.workin.unti.the.
3.t.th.floor.Sh.became involvedwith otherwomenwho33shared the same ideasabout improvingsocial conditions.Frankli.Roosevel.bega.
3.visitin.Eleano.whe.h.wa.i.Ne.York.The.go.
3.marrie.i,
1905.l.th.nexteleve.years.the.ha.si.children.Th.Roosevelt.move.t.Washingto.D.C.i.
1913.
212223293031323334.A.praisin.B.visitin.C.attackin.D.controlling
四、阅读理解共小题每题分,共分阅读下15;345列短文,然后根据短文的内容从每小题的四个选择项中选出最彳圭而一项Alt..tha.tim.o.th,year--graduation.Th.en.o.schoo.yea.i.nearLi.sight.an.it..anespecially bigdeal ifyou refinishing high school orcollege.(令人惊叹的)One amazing16-year-old Floridagirl,Grace Bush,graduated fromboth highschool andcollege this(毕业证书)week!She actuallygot her college diplomabefore herhighschoo.diploma.How.sh.d.that(专心致志),Hard workand dedicationshe toldalocalTV newsstation,have mademesucceed indoing highschool andcollege atthe sametime.She startedtaking collegecourses whenshe wasjust
13.Sh.woul.ofte.ge.u.a.5:
3.a.m.an.no.finis.unti.afte.l.p.m.children.al.home-schoole.unti.th.ag.o.
13.He.fathe.i..mat.professo.whil.he.mothe.i..part-timehistor.teache.i..hig.school.Grac.Bus.ha.eame.he.colleg.degre.i.law.wit..nea.perfec.GP.o.3,8also playsbasketball inhercollegeteam inher sparetime.
36.Wh.doe.th.autho.sa.tha.Grac.i.amazingA.Sh.finishe.hig.schoo.earlie.tha.others.B.Sh.neve.wen.t.be.befor.l.p,m.C.Sh.graduate.fro.colleg.a.
16.D.Sh.go.tw.diploma.fro.th.sam.school.
37.Whic.o.th.followin.i.th.ke.t.Grace..successA.Takin.colleg.course.a.l
3.B.Doin.hig.schoo.an.colleg.a.th.sam.time.C.Bein.bor.i..professor..family.D.Bein.devote.t.he.studies.
38.Wha.di.th.parent.d.t.hel.Grac.wit.he.educationA.The.share.wit.he.colleg.histor.lessons.B.The.taugh.he.unti.sh.wa.
13.C.The.mad.he.interested.math.D.The.hire..part-tim.teacher.
39.Wha.d.Grace..parent.wan.he.t.b.i.futureA..new.reporter.B..basketbal.player.C..universit.teacher.D..lawyer.B37swim.Ron..eas.manne.soo.mad.hi..full-tim.employe.a.th.swi.school.汽油)ven.bacQ.spending.too..seldo.driv.t.wor.s.don..havtpa.a.muc.fo.petro...don.tdrin.a.much..g.walkin.i.m.lunc.brea.an.l.v.los.
2.kilos..lov.goin.t.work.Th.whol.famil.i.a lothappier.When oneof hisbrothers called,offering tohelp himfindareal job,he answered,I dontcare..kno.wha.l.doin.i.good.(分期付款)He admitsit wasfearful makingsuch a big changewhen therewas themortgage topay andkidst.cloth.an.feed.bu.i.th.en.h.feel.i.i..simpl.choice.I.you.r.i..jobyoure going to behappy with.4O.Wha.i.Ron..ne.jo.likeA.Well-paid.B.Interesting.C.Eas.t.do.D.N.fre.time.
41.Ho.doe.Ro.manag.t.cu.bac.o.spendingA.H.spend.les.o.clothes.B.H.call.hi.brother.less.C.H.drive.less.D.H.ha.Ies.foo.foJunch.
42.What..Ron..advic.t.th.readersA.Stic.t.th.jo.i.yo.hav.kid.t.raise.B.Chang.th.jo.i.yo.don.Jik.i.an.more.C.Stic.t.th.jo.i.yo.hav.mortgag.t.pay.D.Chang.th.jo.i.yo.don..ge.enoug.money.CIt iswidely acceptedthat Englishistheglobal languageof modemtimes.(夕卜交),About threedecades ago,French wasrecognized asthe languageof diplomacyandnative speakers,Mandarin Chineseistheworlds largestlanguage.Yet there are peoplewho believethat Chinawill becomethe mostpowerful countryin thewidelyspoken thanany otherlanguage,there aremore peoplewho speakChinese thanEnglish duetothelargepopulation inChina alone,If Chinadoes becomea worldpower,there isno doubtthat thislanguage wilspread worldwide.As thecontroversy overwhich languagewill becomedominant intheworldcontinues,therearemany who不可逆fee.tha.th.dominanc.o.Englis.i.uniqu.an.irreversibLof Chinarising asa worldpower,Mandarin coulddefinitely challengethe dominanceof Englishasagloballanguage.
43.Whic.languag.i.no.considere.a.th.languag.o.diplomacyA.French.B.Chinese.C.German.D.English.
44.Whic.languag.ha.th.larges.populatio.o.nativ.speaker.A.Chinese.B.English.C.German.D.French.
45.Th.autho.say.tha.Chines.i.expecte.t.sprea.worldwid.i..A.Chin.become..rea.worl.powe.B.Chin.ha.Jarge.population
46.Wha.doe.controvers.i.th.las.paragrap.probabl.meanA.PIan.B.Argument.C.Condition.D.Goal.DAll butthe tiniestof roadshavetohave namesso theycan berecognized ona map,and sopeople canaskdirection.t.them.American.nam.Jo.o.bridges.too.Ver.ofte.thes.name.carr..clea.geographica.reference--th.Pennsylvani.Tumpike.fo.example.Or,like theGeorgeWashington Bridge,roads andbridges are named forfamous historicalfigures orpowerful officers.W.mak..bi.dea.ou.o.namin.things.a.whe.someon.decide.t.nam.a.airpor.afte..U.S.judge.So nowwe havethe BaltimoreWashington InternationalThurgood MarshallAirport.Many,if notmost,of ourcollege buildingsarenamedfor wealthypeoplewhogave alot ofmone.t.th.schools.An.ou.sport.center.too.thi.ide..ste.further.Companie.pai..wholelo.o.mone.fo.what..calle.th.namin.rights.t.U.S.Cellula.Fiel.i.Chicago.fo.example,and CitizensBank Parkin Philadelphia.(州长)Now thegovernor ofVirginia,Bob McDonnell,wants tosell namingrights toroads andbridges in算)th.state.H.say.no.jus.companies.bu.als.wealth.people.woul.hel.th.Virgini.transportatio.budget bypaying tohavetheir names--or perhapsthose ofloved ones--placed onroads andbridges,and thusonmaps aswell.(Peopl.hol.differen.views.however.Supporter.sa.American.ar.use.t.havin.thing.sponsore.^助),Other.disagree.Considerin.th.ide.a.th.nex.ste.i.th.companie.O.Annerica..The.wonde.ho.far suchan ideamightspread,and whereit wouldend:attheBurger KingPacific Ocean,perhaps.
48.Wh.ar.man.colleg.building.name.fo.accordin.t.th.passageA.Powerfu.officers.B.Famou.judges.C.Historica.figures.D.Wealth.people.
49.Wh.doe.th.governo.o.Virgini.wan.t.sel.namin.rightsA.T.remembe.th.love.names.B.T.mak.th.stat.well-known.C.T.hel.th.transportatio.budget.D.T.increasxompanies.sales.
50.Wha.ca.w.lear.fro.th.las.paragraphA.Peopl.hav.differen.idea.toward.namin.things.B.American.hav.sponsore.namin.Jot.C.Everythin.i.name.b.a.America.company.D.Pacifi.Ocea.wil.b.renamed.第卷(非选择题,共分)II45
五、补全对话共句;每句满分为分,共分根据中文提示,把5315对话中缺少的内容写在线上这些句子必须符合英语表达习惯打句号的地方,用陈述句;打问号的地方,用疑问句提示与不期而遇,邀请他一起吃晚饭但当晚点要去北京,下周一回来Mary BillBill7让回来后给施打电话Mary BillMary=M;Bill=Bis thatyou Ihavent seenyou fora longtime.B.Hi.Mary.,Grea.t.se.yo.again.Ho.ar.you B:Well,it soundsgreat,but Imleaving forBeijing/goingtoBeijing at7o clock.M:What a pity!B:Well,Ill beback nextMonday Wecanfinda timeto meetagain.M:Okay.Cal.me/Phon,me/Giv.m..cal.whe.yo.ar.back.B.N.problem.Goodby.!M:Bye!30
六、书面表达满分分Tim,,写信给英国朋友问他是否愿意租房子给你的好友李明,并介绍他包括品学兼优)将去伦敦某大学学习计算机;
2.喜爱读书、看电影、听音乐)乐于助人)定能融洽相处;二愿意提供更多信息
1.100注意词数应为左右2,rent生词租房子aroow\.亚〃仁力小政小伙八.t.as,i・i・M.bes.fricAL.Mih.t.rcA./oo・i・gaA.hobsq.H・i.gpiGt.SC0%S/.N•
0.1・匕州力八,勿卬比沙利小峪.尸笈八/八七小〃,0/
6.・0\/42,/6/2g*Yours,UHixa过去某个时间前.Peter hadvisited5countries before12years old同步强化练习:D
1.The companyhad about20notebook computers,but onlyone-third Usedregularly.时态一致及主谓一致A isB areC wasD wereAis broadcastB isbeing broadcastChasbeenbroadcast Dhad beenbroadcastC
3.The volleyballmatch willbe putoff ifitA will rain Brained Crains Dis raining
2.B Wouldyou pleasekeep silentThe weatherreport andI wantto Listen.D
4.Send myregards toyour wifewhen youhome.A wroteB willwrite Chave writtenD writeD
5.Where inthe pastthree yearsAhad you gone Bhave yougoneC didyougoD haveyou been注have goneto表示去了某地还未回;have beento表示去过了某地已经回来A wasbusy Bis busyC hadbeen busyD willbe busy是否如果B7I dontknow ifit tomorrow,If IllstaySA
6.Bob wouldhave helpedus yesterday,but he.A rains,rains Bwill rain,rainsC willrain,willrainD rains,will rainIndoors.、B8Jack washappy thatthe trainwhen hethe station.A left,had arrivedB hadnot left,arrivedC hadnot left,had arrivedD left,arrivedAnswers:DBCDD ABB
二、定语从句11A l.The reasonthe presidentkept silentis stillunknown.A whyB howC whatD when2015C
2.Mary waslooking fora shopshe couldbuy somechocolate.A whichB that C whereD Cwhich Dwho2014was reallyaC
3.James hadnever seenBrando again,pity,where2013A whoB whatAnswers:ACC成考分析:年语法未考定语从句,但年后每年考个定语从句题,具2012-2015201220131体用法参见武汉大学出版社出版的《全国各类成人高考招生考试规划教材》这里P105-108o从几年成考中总结几个常见的规律)总的原则:主要看先行词(所修饰的名词或名词性短语)在定语从句中所作的是什么1成分,如作的是主语、宾语、定语则使用关系代词,关系代词有which,that,who,()如作的是状语则使用关系副词,关系副词有whom,whose=of which;when,和连用表方式:where,why,that=in which,way宾格所有格类别指代范围主格关人whom Whose=of whomwhich Whoseof whichwho系物whichthat whose代thatAs词人或物Such...asAsThe sameas关系代词如果在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略关指代范围工接词功能系时间介词状语When+which副地点介词状语where+which词原因介词状语why+which方式介词状语that+which.作主语,指人,不可省Egl.The boywho/that talkedtomeis myclassroom、可省略作宾语,指人,可省2The boywho/whom/that/is myclassroom作定语
3.The boywhose parentsare abroadis myclassroom.
4.1have boughtsuchabook asyou did
5.September1st isthe daywhen=on whichschool begins.、6That isthe schoolwhere=in whichI study.、7This isthe reasonwhy=for whichhe wasabsent fromclass.、8Idon/t likethe waythat=in whichhe speaks.汪忌.、如果先行词是等不定代词时,关系1all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none代词只用不用that,which.⑵、如果先行词被形容词最高级以及等词修饰,关系代first,last,any,only,few,most,no,some,very词常用不用that,which,who,whom.⑶、非限制性定语从句中,不用关系代词作宾语用的关系代词也不能that,省略,如指代前面整个一句话,一般用which.、先行词有个,既包含人,又包含物,关系代词只能用42that同步强化练习A
1.Look out!Don tget tooclose tothehouseroof isunder repair.A whoseB whichC ofwhich DthatC
2.Where isthefarmyour brotheris workingAthat B whenCon whichD inwhich浙B
3.We liveinanage moreinformation isavailable withgreater easethan everbefore.2012江高考A whyBwhenCtowhom Don whichC
4.Do youknow thestudent wonthe speechcontestA/B whichC whoD whomB
5.I wantto buythesamecoat you are wearing..13A whichB thatC oneD andD
6.She gotthe schoolarship,made herhappy.A whoB whatC thatD which、B7do morningexercise havea strongbody.A AllB AllthatCAll whichD Allwhat、C8I workinacompany everybodyhas highsalary.A howB whichC whereD thatAnswers:ACBCB DBC
三、非谓语动词B
1.It wasapitythat hemissed themeeting inLondon lastmonth.A tobe toldB heldC havingtold Dto hold
20142.D EveryFriday eveningGeorge willsit quietlyinthechair,his favoriteTV show.A to watch Bwatch Cwatched Dwatching2014A
3.with allhis homework,the boywas allowedtowatchTV.A finishedB tofinish Cwill finishD havingfinished2013C
4.The filmstar walkedto hiscar,by acrowd offans.A tofollow Bfollow Cfollowed Dtobefollowed2012D
5.a smallbusiness,Jane isabletosupport herfamily now.A RunB RanC RunningD Torun2012成考分析:非谓语动词是一项重点和难点的题目,它包含:不定式、现在分词、Answers:BDACC2012-2015过去分词三种形式,在句子成分中除谓语不在能充当,其它成份均可以,故称为非谓语动词成考考试中出题不会很难,这里列举几个较为常见的现象不定式)动词不定式一般式()表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之后;表示发生在谓语动作之前,用不1t do定式的完成式()tohavedoneo)不定式表示一次性的动作(动名词表示一般性、经常性的动作)214有些动词只跟不定式作宾语,常用的这类动词有3want,wish,hope,expect,agree,decide,learn,pretend,ask,等promise,plan,refuse,beg,demand,manage,offer,prepare,claim,struggle表示动作已经发生;4remember,forget,regret+v-ing.我记得看见过你Eg:l rememberseeing you表示动作还未发生remember,forget,regret+to do我记得要做作业了Eg:l rememberto domy homework•在后,用动名词和不定式所表达的含义不同,要注意5try,stop,mean,go on,cant help试着做某事;尽力做某事Try doingsth tryto dosth停止做某事;停下来再做某事Stop doingsth stopto dosth意味着;打算做某事Mean doingsth meanto dosth继续做和原来事相同,继续做另一件事Goon doingsth goontodosth忍不住情不自禁;不能帮助做某事Can*t helpdoing can,t helptodosth不定式作定语一般用主动式,只有当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时,才用被动式6同步强化练习C
1.warm atnight,I wouldfill thewoodstove,then setmy alarmclockfor midnightso Icould refillit.A
2.The challengewe arefaced withisthework beforethe fixedtime.D
3.Volunteering givesyouachance lives,including yourown.B
4.Tom tooka taxitotheairport,only hisplane highup inthe sky.A
5.Please makemy excuseat tomorrowsmeeting—Ive gottoo muchworkAnswers:CADBA和形式V-ing V-ed形式与形式是非谓语动词的一种,在句法功能上主要起形容词或副词作用,在句中可作除谓语V-ing V-ed之外的所有成份其中最难的一种是作状语的用法,相当于副词用法,用句子结构中,形式与V-ing V-ed形式可以表时间、条件、原因、伴随、方式、让步等例句
1.Walking inthe street,he metan oldfriend.
2.Having alotofthings todo,I can,t goswimming withyou.
3.Turning rightand coveringanother twoblocks,you willget toyour destination.
4.He camehere,running andsinging.
5.Asking around,I findmany peoplewilling topay slightlyhigher pricesfor thingsthat areenvironmentally friendly.
6.Seen fromthe topofthehill,thecitylooked likeabiggarden.
7.Deeply movedby thestory,the excitedpeople stoppedquarrelling witheach other.、8Given anotherchance,he willdo better.、9Laughed atby manypeople,he continuedhis study.形式与形式结构及用法(三原则)V-ing V-ed)逻辑主语一致原则形式与形式首先遵循逻辑主语一致的规律,即主、从句共主语1V-ing V-ed)、且看构成主主谓还是动宾的原则2如果逻辑主语与谓语动词构成主动关系,使用形式;如果逻辑主语与谓语动词构成被动关系,使V-ing用形式)、且看有没有时间先后的原则V-ed3四种情况耀寸间先后,如果构成的是主动关系:则使用的念U V-ing口盘患隼后,如果构成的是主动关系:则使用鼠盛酒having丽后如果构成的是被动关系贝唯用“包16。