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Unitl Whatis GeomaticsGeomatic.:Wher.doe.th.wor.Geomatic.com.from.GEODES.+GEOINFORMATIC..GEOMATIC.o.GEO.fo.eart.an.-MATIC.fo.mathematica.o.GEO.fo.Geoscienc.an.-MATIC.fo.informatic..No.th.ter.include.th.traditiona.surveyin.definitio.alon.wit.surveyin.steadil.increase.importanc.wit.th.developmen.o.ne.technologie.an.th.growin.deman.fo..variet.o.spatiall.relate.type.o.information.particular!.i.measurin.an.monitorin.ou.environmen..Geomatic.bridge.wid.arc.fro.th.geoscience.throug.variou.engineerin.science.an.compute.science.t.spatia.planning.lan.developmen.an.th.environmenta.science..ISO:the InternationalStandards OrganizationISOsurveyo.:Th.ter.^surveyor.i.traditionall.use.t.collectivel.describ.thos.engage.i.th.abov.activitie..Unit2Geodetic Surveyingand PlaneSurveyingGeodeti.Surveyin..Th.typ.o.surveyin.tha.take.int.accoun.th.tru.shap.o.th.eart.i.calle.geodeti.surveyin..Thi.typ.o.surve.i.suite.fo.larg.area.an.lon.line.an.i.use.t.fin.th.precis.locatio.o.basi.point.neede.fo.establishin.contro.fo.othe.survey..I.geodeti.surveys.th.station.ar.nor.all.Ion.distance.apart.an.mor.precis.instrument.an.surveyin.method.ar.require.fo.thi.typ.o.surveyin.tha.fo.plan.surveyin..Geodeti.contro.surve.points.Widel.space..permanen.monument.serv.a.th.basi.fo.computin.length.an.distance.betwee.relativ.position..Thes.basi.point.wit.permanen.monument.ar.calle.geodeti.contro.surve.points.whic.suppor.th.productio.o.consisten.an.compatibl.dat.fo.surveyin.an.mappin.project..Plan.Surveyin..Th.typ.o.surveyin.i.whic.th.mea.surfac.o.th.eart.i.considere..plane.o.i.whic.th.curvatur.o.th.eart.ca.b.disregarde.withou.significan.error.generall.i.calle.plan.surveyin..The termis usedto designatesurvey workin whichthe distanceso.area.irvolve.ar.o.limite.exter..the curvatureof theearth mustbe takeninto considerationonly inprecise survey,o.lap.area..Survey.fo.th.locatio.an.constructio.o.hig.ways.railroads.canals.an.i.general.th.survey.necessar.fo.th.work.o.huma.being.ar.plan.surveys.a.ar.th.survey.mad.t.establis.boundaries.excep.stat.an.nationa..Ther.i.clos.cooperatio.betwee.geodeti.surveyin.an.plan.surveyin..Th.geodeti.surve.adopt.th.parameter.determine.b.measurement.o.th.eart..an.it.ow.result.ar.availabl.t.thos.wh.measur.th.eart..Th.plan.surveys.i.tur..ar.generall.tie.t.th.contro.point.o.th.geodeti.survey.an.serv.particularl.i.th.developmen.o.nationa.ma.serie.an.i.th.formatio.o.rea.estat.cadastre..Unit3Distance MeasurementElectroni.Distanc.Measuremen.EDM.ED.instrument.refe.t.th.distanc.measuremen.equipment.usin.ligh.an.radi.wave..Bot.ligh.wave.an.radi.wave.ar.electromagneti..Th.adven.o.ED.instrumen.ha.completel.revolutionize.al.surveyin.procedures.resultin.i..chang.o.emphasi.an.technique..优,点Distanc.ca.no.b.measure.easil..quickl.an.wit.grea.accurac..regardles.o.terrai.condition..分类Th.ED.instrument.ma.b.classifie.accordin.t.th.typ.an.wavelengt.o.th.electromagnet!.energ.generate.o.accordin.t.thei.operationa.rang..ED.instrument.us.thre.differen.wavelengt.bands..l.Microwav.system.wit.rang.u.t.l
5.k..wavelengt..c..no.limite.t.lin.o.sigh.an.unaffecte.b.visibility...Ligh.wav.system.wit.rang.u.t..k.fo.smal.machines..visibl.light.laser.an.distanc.reduce.b.visibility..3,Infrare.system.wit.rang.u.t..k.Jimite.t.lin.o.sigh.an.Iimite.b.rai..fo..othe.airborn.particle..两种方法Ther.ar.basicall.tw.method.o.measuremen.employe.whic.ma.divid.th.instrument.int.tw.classificatio.a.electro-optica.ligh.waves.an.microwave..radi.waves.instrument..Thes.tw.basi.method.ar.namel.th.puIs.metho.an.mor.popula.phas.differen.metho..The.functio.b.sendin.ligh.wave.o.microwave.alon.th.pat.t.b.measure.an.measurin.th.tim.difference.betwee.transmitte.an.receive.signals.o.i.measurin.th.phas.difference.betwee.transmitte.an.receive.signal J.returnin.th.reflectin.ligh.wav.t.sourc..Unit4Angle andDirection Measurement.vertica.line..vertica.lin.a.an.poin.o.th.earth’.surfac.i.th.lin.tha.follow.th.directio.o.gravit.a.tha.poin..I.i.th.directio.tha..strin.wil.assum.i..weigh.i.attache.a.tha.poin.an.th.strin.i.suspende.freel.a.th.poin..A..give.poin.ther.i.onl.on.vertica.lin...horizonta.line..horizonta.lin.a..poin.i.an.lin.tha.i.perpendicula.t.th.vertica.lin.a.th.poin..A.an.poin.ther.ar.a.unlimite.numbe.o.horizonta.line...horizonta.plane..horizonta.plan.a..poin.i.th.plan.tha.i.perpendicula.t.th.vertica.lin.a.th.poin..Ther.i.onl.on.horizonta.plan.throug..give.poin...vertica.plane..vertica.plan.a..poin.i.an.plan.tha.contain.th.vertica.lin.a.th.poin...her.ar.a.unlimite.numbe.o.vertica.plane.a..give.poin...horizonta.angle..horizonta.angl.i.th.angl.forme.i..horizonta.plan.b.tw.intersectin.vertica.planes.o..horizonta.angl.betwee.tw.line.i.th.angl.betwee.th.projection.o.th.line.ont..horizonta.plan...vertica.angle..vertica.angl.i.a.angl.measure.!..vertica.plan.whic.i.reference.
1..horizonta.lin.b.plu.up.o.minu..dow..angles.o.t..vertica.lin.fro.th.zenit.directio..Zenith.Zenit.i.th.ter.describin.point.o..celestia.spher.tha.i..spher.o.infinitel.larg.radiu.wit.it.cente.a.th.cente.o.th.eart..Azimuth.Azimut.i.th.horizonta.angl.measure.i..cloc.wis.directio.fro.th.plan.o.th.meridia..whic.i..lin.o.th.mea.surfac.o.th.eart.joinin.th.nort.an.sout.pole..Bearing.Bearin.i.th.traditiona.wa.o.statin.th.orientatio.o.th.lin..l.i.actuall.th.angl.measure.fro.th.nort.o.sout..Unit5TraversingTraversin...surve.travers.i....fiel.angl.an.distanc.measurement.an.use.i.dete.minin.position.o.th.point...general..travers.i.alway.c lassifie.a.eithe.a.ope.travers.o..close.traverse.A.ope.traverse.A.ope.travers.originate.eithe.a..poin.o.know.horizonta.positio.wit.respec.t..horizonta.datu.o.a.a.assume.horizonta.positio..an.terminate.a..statio.whos.relativ.positio.i.no.previousl.know...close.traverse..close.travers.ca.b.describe.i.an.on.o.th.followin.tw.ways..l..close.Ioo.travers..a.th.nam.implies.form..continuou.loo..enclosin.a.are..Thi.typ.o.close.travers.start.a.assume.horizonta.positio.o.a..know.horizonta.positio.wit.respec.t..horizonta.datu.an.end.a.th.sam.poin..比较Th.ope.travers.provide.n.chec.agains.mistake.an.larg.error.fo.it.terminatio.a.a.unknow.horizonta.positio.an.lac.o.geometri.closur..Thi.lac.o.geometri.closur.mean.tha.ther.i.n.geometri.verificatio.possibl.wit.respec.t.th.actua.positionin.o.th.travers.station..Thus.th.measurin.techniqu.mus.b.refine.t.provid.fo.fiel.verificatio..A..minimu..distance.ar.measure.twic.an.angle.ar.double..rve.fo..roa.o.railroa..Close.traverses.whethe.the.retur.t.th.startin.poin.o.not.provid.check.o.th.measure.angle.an.distance..I.bot.cases.th.angle.ca.b.close.geometricalL.an.th.positio.closur.ca.b.determine.mathematical!..Therefor.the.ar.mor.desirabl.an.use.extensivel.i.control.constructio..propert..an.topographi.survey..angula.closure.Th.differenc.betwee.th.geometri.su.an.actua.fiel.su.o.th.interio.angle.i.calle.angula.closur..latitude.B.definitio..latitud.her.i.th.north.sout.rectangula.componen.o..lin.an.departur.i.th.east.wes.rectangula.componen.o..lin..Unit6Methods ofElevation DeterminationElevation.A.elevatio.i..vertica.distanc.abov.o.belo..referenc.datu..MS..mea.sea.leve.MSL..MS.i.assigne..vertica.valu.elevation.o...OO.f.o...OO...Direc.o.spiri.leveling.Direc.o.spiri.leveling.b.measurin.vertica.distance.directl..Direc.levelin.i.mos.precis.metho.o.dete.minin.elevation.an.th.on.commonl.use..I.direc.o.trigonometri.leveling.l.direc.o.trigonometri.leveling.b.measurin.vertica.angle.an.horizonta.o.slop.distance......i.calle.Backsigh.BS.whic.i..ro.readin.take.o..poin.o.know.elevatio.i.orde.t.establis.th.elevatio.o.th.instrumen.lin.o.sigh......i.calle.Foresigh.FS.whic.i..ro.readin.take.o..turnin.point.benchmar..o.temporar.benchmar.i.orde.t.determin.it.elevatio..比较Spiri.Levelin.:Th.mos.precis.metho.o.determinin.elevation.an.mos.commonl.use.metho..Trigonometri.Ievelin.i.use.wher.difficul.terrai..sue.a.mountainou.areas.preclude.th.us.o.conventiona.differentia.leveling.Th.importan.note.shoul.b.mentione.her.i.tha.surveyor.use.t.workin.wit.spiri.level.hav.reference.orthometri.height.H.t.th.“average.surfac.o.th.eart..a.depicte.b.MS..However.th.elevatio.coordinat.h.give.b.GP.solution.refer.t.th.heigh.fro.th.surfac.o.th.ellipsoi.t.th.groun.statio..Unit7Robotic TotalStationTota.Station.th.tota.statio.tha.integrat.thes.tw.instrument.int..singLinstrumen..Tota.station.contai.buiIt-i.microprocessor.tha.calculat.an.displa.th.horizonta.distanc.fro.th.measure.slop.distanc.an.vertica.heigh...tota.statio.i.th.mos.commonl.use.instrument.no.i.geomatic.engineerin..whic.i.full.integrate.instrumentha.captur.al.th.spatia.dat.necessar.fo..3-dimensiona.positiona.informatio...tota.statio.integrate.th.function.o.a.electroni.theodolit.fo.measurin.angles.a.ED.fo.measurin.distances.digita.dat.an..dat.recorde..Tota.station.allo.th.measuremen.o..an.point.o..surfac.bein.observe.withi..ver.shor.tim.rang..特Roboti.Tota.Station.点.Whe.thos.tota.station.hav.bee.designe.wit.automati.targe.recognitio..AT..functio..the.allo.th.use.t.automaticall.trac..measur.an.recor.target..Curren.technolog.provide.roboti.motorized.tota.station.tha.ar.abl.t.measur.angle.wit.a.accurac.o.±..5an.distance.wit.a.accurac.o.士.m...pp.t..rang.o.
3500..Lates.model.ar.capabl.o.searchin.automaticall.fo.target.an.the.lockin.ont.the.precise!..turnin.angle.automaticall.t.designate.point.usin.th.uploade.coordinate.o.thos.point..repeatin.angle.b.automaticall.double-centerin..an.eve.equippe.wit.automati.dat.transfe.system..Thes.instruments.whe.combine.wit..remot.controlle.hel.b.th.pris.surveyor.enabl.th.surve.t.procee.wit..reduce,nee.fo.personne..Al.thes.characteristic.mak.th.roboti.tota.station.ver.usefu.fo.geomatic.engineerin.task..Tak.advantag.o.th.measurin.spee.an.hav.multipl.ro.peopl.o.large.job..Roboti.tota.station.ar.alread.bein.Unit8Errors inuse.i.hazardou.area.t.provid.continuou.monitorin.o.structure.o.processes.Measurement.direc.measurement..direc.measuremen.i.on.wher.th.readin.observe.represent.th.quantit.measure..withou..nee.t.ad..tak.average.o.us.geometri.formula.t.comput.th.valu.desire..A.indirec.measurement.A.indirec.measuremen.require.calculatio.an.ca.b.determine.fro.it.mathematica.relationshi.t.direc.measurement..he.i.i.no.possibl.o.practica.t.mak.direc.measurement..error.B.definitio..a.erro.i.th.differenc.betwee..measure.valu.fo.an.quantit.an.it.tru.valu..Th.source.o.error.fal.int.thre.broa.categories.lnstrumenta.Error..Thes.error.ar.cause.b.imperfection.i.instrumen.constructio.o.adjustmen..Fo.example.th.division.o..theodolit.o.tota.statio.instrumen.ma.no.b.space.uniform!..Thes.erro.source.ar.presen.whethe.th.equipmen.i.rea.manuall.o.digitall..Natura.Error..Thes.error.ar.cause.b.variatio.i.th.surroundin.environmen.conditions.suc.a.atmospheri.pressure.temperature.win..gravitationa.fields.an.magneti.field..et..Perso.a.Error..Thes.error.aris.du.t.limitation.i.hu.a.senses.suc.a.th.abilit.t.rea..micromete.o.t.cente..leve.bubbl...h.size.o.thes.error.ar.affecte.b.persona.abilit.t.se.an.b.manua.dexterit..Mistake..Mistake.o.blunder..gros.error..pare.t.th.othe.tw.type.o.error..Carelessness.inattentio..imprope.trainin..badhabits.poo.judgment.advers.measurin.o.observin.conditions.an.variou.negativ.attitude.an.emotion.ar.th.trace.o.th.commo.reason.fo.mistake..Systemati.Error..Systemati.Error.ar.define.a.thos.error.whos.magnitud.an.algebrai.sig.ca.b.calculate.an.applie.a..correctio.t.th.measure.quantit..o.thes.error.follo.som.physicalla.an.thu.ca.b.predicte..Som.systemati.error.ar.remove.b.som.correc.measuremen.procedure^・..・・balancin.backsigh.an.foresigh.distance.i.differentia.levelin.t.compensat.fo.eart.curvatur.an.refractio...Other.ar.remove.b.derivin.correction.base.o.th.physica.condition.tha.wer.responsibl.fo.thei.creatio.・・・・.applyin..compute.correctio.fo.eart.curvatur.an.refractio.o..trigonometri.levelin.observation..Surveyor.shoul.kno.ho.t.dea.wit.systemati.error..Th.firs.requiremen.i.t.recogniz.an.accep.th.possibl.existenc.o.error..Next.identif.th.variou.source.tha.migh.b.affectin..readin.systematical!..the..determin.wha.th.u system.i..Onc.systemati.error.discovere.an.quantifie..th.error.ca.b.essentiall.compensate.b.certai.processe.o.measurin.o.corrected.reduc.thei.effec..Rando.Error..Rando.als.know.a.accident.error.ar.introduce.int.eac.measuremen.mainl.becaus.o.huma.an.instrumen.imperfection.a..el.a.uncertaintie.i.determinin.th.effect.o.th.environmen.o.measurement..Example.o.rando.error.ar.a.imperfec.centerin.ove..groun.poin.durin.distanc.measuremen.wit.a.ED.instrument.b.bubbl.no.centere.a.th.instan..leve.ro.i.rea..an.c.smal.error.i.readin.graduate.scale..Unit9Basic StatisticalAnalysis ofRandom ErrorsRandom errors:Randomerrorsare thosevariables thatremain aftermistakes aredetected andeliminatedand allsystematic errorshave beenremoved orcorrected from the measuredvalues.rondo merrorsfollowthe followingempirical rules:...rando.erro.wil.no.excee..certai.amoun....Positiv.an.negativ.rando.error.ma.occu.a.th.sam.frequenc....Error.tha.ar.smal.i.magnitud.ar.mor.likel.t.occu.tha.thos.tha.ar.large.i.magnitud....Th.mea.o.rando.error.tend.t.zer.a.th.sampl.siz.tend.t.infinit..Mean.Th.mos.com.onl.use.measur.o.centra.tendenc.i.th.mea.o..se.o.dat..sample..Th.concep.o.mea.refer.t.th.mos.probabl.valu.o.th.rando.variabl..The meanis definedas x=2kwher.回
0.ar.th.observations..i.th.sampl.siz..o.tota.numbe.o.observation.i.th.sampl..an.x.i.th.mea.whic.i.als.calle.mos.probabl.valu..MP...Standar.deviation.Standar.deviatio.i..numerica.valu.indicatin.th.amoun.o.variatio.abou..centra.valu..Propagatio.o.error.o.erro.propagation.Erro.propagatio.i.on.o.th.man.aspect.o.analyzin.error..l.i.th.mathematica.proces.use.t.estimat.th.expecte.rando.erro.i..compute.o.indirectl.measure.quantit..cause.b.on.o.mor.identifie.an.estimate.rando.error.i.on.o.mor.identifie.variable.tha.influenc.th.precisio.o.th.quantit..Unit10Accuracy andPrecisionPrecision.Th.degre.o.refinemen.i.th.performanc.o.a.operatio..o.th.degre.o.perfectio.i.th.instrument.an.method.use.t.obtai..result.o.a.indicatio.o.th.uniformit.o.reproducibilit.o..resul..Precisio.relate.t.th.qualit.o.a.operatio.b.whic..resul.i.obtaine..an.i.distinguishe.fro.accurac..whic.relate.t.th.qualit.o.th.resul..Accuracy.Th.degre.o.conformit.o..fina.measure.valu..wit.respec.t.th.tru.valu.a.define.b.accepte.stand ar区另」:・th・truth…I.th.wide.th.scatte.o..se.o.result.abou.th.mea..th.les.reliabl.the.wil.b.compare.wit.result.havin..smal.scatte..
2.Precisio.mus.no.b.confuse.wit.accuracy.th.forme.i..relativ.groupin.withou.regar.t.th.nearnes.t.th.trut..whils.th.latte.denote.absolut.nearnes.t.th.trut..
3.Precisio.ma.b.regarde.a.a.inde.o.accurac.onl.whe.al.source.o.error.othe.tha.rando.errors.hav.bee.eliminate..A.exampl.tha.explain.th.differenc.betwee.precisio.an.accurac.bette.tha.an.othe.i.surveyin.ha.t.d.wit.erro.o.closur.i.traversin..Man.surveyor.see.t.thin.tha.erro.o.closur.check.th.accurac.o.th.wor..Wron..Erro.o.closur.primaril.check.th.precisio..no.th.accurac..I.check.accurac.onl.i.tha.i.ca.fin.blunder..But.sine.i.canno.detec.systemati.error.i.th.distances.i.canno.full.chec.accurac..Unit31Interferometric SARIn SARRada.interferometry.Rada.interferometr.i..techniqu.fo.extractin.three-dimensiona.informatio.o.th.Earth.surfac.b.usin.th.phas.conten.o.rada.signa.a.a.additiona.informatio.sourc.derive.fro.th.comple.rada.dat..SAR.Syntheti.Apertur.Rada.i.a.activ.senso.transmittin.an.receivin.microwav.signal.J.e.measurin.distanee.betwee.th.senso.an.th.poin.o.th.Earth’.surface.wher.th.signa.i.backscattere..Th.senso.emit.electromagneti.radiatio.EMR.an.the.record.th.strengt.an.tim.dela.o.th.returnin.signa.t.produc.image.o.th.groun..The interferometricdata processingscheme includesin general1registration of the compleximages,2the formationof theinterferograms,3the phaseunwrapping,and4the digitalelevation modelreconstruction.
1.To DEFINEthe backgroundand argumentof the present study:Althoughthe researchsubject...,the relatedproblem...is asyet undeterminedTh.researc.subject•••.however.th.relate.problem.remain.unsolved.Previous studieshave examined...,the relatedproblem isthat...,despite...Problems incertain researcharea are...,yet the present solutionhas frequentlybeenquestioned because...This paperdescribes/presents...the argumentwithin...a theoreticalcontextWhil.th.debat.o.certai.researc.subject.seem.to-**.th.presen.agreement.i.stil.problematic.
2.To STATEthe purposeof the present study:This paperadvances theview that...The articleadvocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailedexplanation for/investigatesinto/proposes/holds that/...The purpose/intention ofthis paperis...The primarygoal/aim ofthis researchis...The overallobjective ofthis studyis...In thispaper/study,we aimat...The work/investigation presentedin thispaper focuseson...This researchis designedto determine/measure/evaluate...The authorintends/attempts ooutline theframework of/obtain someknowledge of...
3.To DESCRIBEthojmgl^jofpbservingJssues:...fromtheangle of......in thelight of the contextthat...To viewsomething ata differentangle/from variousangles...From thepoint ofview of...From theperspective of...
4.To INTRODUCEthe mainparticipants ormaterials:\/\^WX/ZVWWWX/WX/^/WV/WZWVWWWWWV\/WWWWWV/WWWW\AZWV*The present study hasinvestigated...by using/analyzing...participants/m Inthis study,we inquired/examined/evaluated...participants/materials The experiments/investigations of thepresentstudy involved...p/materials
5.To DESCRIBEresearch methodand procedures:Detailed informationhas beenacquired bythe authorsusing..Several setsof experimentshave beenperformed totest thevalidity of...The techniquethe authoradopted isreferred toas...The experimentsconsisted offour steps,which aredescribed in...The method/approach usedin thepresentstudyis...The experiment/investigation inthe paperis conductedby adopting...The procedurethepresentstudy followedcan bebriefly describedas...Theexperiment/study consistedofthefollowing steps:...Included inthe experimentwere...Based on the ideathat...,we conductedthepresentstudy,categorized...,and evaluated...The resultsoftheexperiment indicate/suggest that...;it isalso foundthat...The resultsare asfollows:...Th.analysi.o.th.sample.indicate.that..The dataobtained seemto bevery similaro thosereported earlierby...It isconcluded that..;the results also implythe furtherstudy into...The investigation/experiment variedby...and theresultsalsorevealed that...These findings ofthe research haveled theauthor tothe conclusionthat...Based on/upon theoutcome/findingsoftheresearch,...The data/results obtainedappear to...,thus wemay concludethat...As aresult ofthe currentexperiments,we concludethat...The authorpoints out/recommends/concludes that...In summingup itmay bestated that...All thepreliminary resultsthrow lightonthenature of...。